Organic Matter in the Waters of Lake Pleshcheevo Basin at the Present Stage

Organic matter concentration and parameters of its seasonal variations in the waters of the Pleshcheyevo Lake and the Trubezh River at the present stage during the operation of the lake water intake facility are presented. Results of comparison of these data with the ones obtained earlier testify to the capacity of the ecosystem to cope with various internal and external loads.     

Estimating Net Primary Productivity and Nutrient Stock in Plant in Freshwater Marsh,Northeastern China

We have investigated the contributions of three dominant macrophyte species, Deyeuxia angustifolia, Carex lasiocarpa, and Carex pseudocuraica (covering about 10 304 km²), to carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) stocks in the largest freshwater marsh (17 300 km²) in China for a 3‐year period (from 2002 to 2004). The monthly biomass, seasonal, and annual net primary productivity (NPP), and nutrient concentrations of three species were measured. All three plant species showed rapid growth in the rainy season. The maximum and minimum production rates in the freshwater marsh were ～36.19 and ～9.92 g m^?2 day^?1, respectively. The total NPP accounts 1900–2700 g m^?2 year^?1 in the studied area. Total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) concentrations in roots were higher than those in stem and leaf tissues. The vast beds of the three studied species comprise 80% of the grass covered marsh of Sanjiang plain, contributing annual nutrient stocks of ～10.99 × 10⁶, ～788.36 × 10³, and ～18.10 × 10³ t (tonnes) for TOC, TN, and TP, respectively. Our results suggest that the nutrient bioaccumulation capacity in freshwater marshes depend mainly on plant species, which are decided by hydrological conditions. The nutrient stocks in the Sanjiang plain marsh have been greatly reduced because some of the area occupied by C. lasiocarpa was replaced by D. angustifolia as a result of succession caused by the changes of water table.     

Performance Evaluation of Constructed Wetlands Treating Wastewater Treatment Plant Effluent in Taihu Lake,China

Constructed wetlands are often used for advanced treatment of the secondary effluent of municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Through assessing wetlands based on economic, technical, environmental, and social impacts, an optimal process is selected. In this study, a set of assessment methods for wetland treatment technology is established: The analytic hierarchy process (AHP) is used to establish the evaluation index system; the entropy weight method is employed to calculate the index weights; and the preference ranking organization method for enrichment evaluation (PROMETHEE) is utilized for ranking of the selected treatment technologies. Then four processes applied in Taihu Lake basin, China are evaluated. The results show the following ranking: Vertical‐flow wetland–ecological pond–surface‐flow wetland–horizontal‐flow wetland, vertical‐flow wetland–horizontal‐flow wetland, ecological pond–horizontal‐flow wetland–surface‐flow wetland, and ecological ditch–ecological pond. The wetland exhibits certain universality and space portability with regard to treatment of municipal WWTP effluent. From the view of comprehensive benefits, the ranking of the treatment technology based on the vertical‐flow wetland is high (Φ values between 0.0224 and 0.0349), whereas that based on the ecological pond is low (Φ values between ?0.2086 and ?0.2652), owing to the mechanism of the process itself and the role of microorganisms in the system. Moreover, for organic matter removal, a vertical‐flow wetland process is recommended (48%), whereas for the removal of N contamination, an integrated‐flow wetland process is suggested (31.2% for NH₃‐N, 32.4% for TN removals).     

基于WWW的湖泊信息系统

本文阐述了中国湖泊数据库原有基础与特点,结合近年来信息技术和地理信息系统的进展,提出了英特网时代中国湖泊信息系统的新概念,探讨以万维网为平台的湖泊信息系统组织模型与客户机－服务器为基础的服务模型,并解决了基于万维网的湖泊信息系统的若干关键技术问题。     

Plant functional types in Lake Nubia in relation to physicogeographic factors

The shoreline vegetation of Lake Nubia in Sudan was studied by means of morphological characteristics and functional traits of plants established-phase as published in literature reviews. The 57 species recorded in 83 sampling sites were classified according to 15 morphological traits into six Plant Functional Types (PFTs), using Two Way Indicator Species Analysis (TWINSPAN). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to evaluate the homogeneity of these groups in terms of their traits. The resulting PFTs were related to the physicogeographical variables measured (soil texture, soil moisture, soil thickness and elevation) using canonical correspondence analysis (CCA). The ratios in occurrences of the functional types were calculated per each moisture segment, and can be used as an indicator of the shoreline dynamics.     

东太湖水生植物生物质腐烂分解实验

以东太湖挺水植物、浮叶植物、沉水植物优势种的茎叶为实验材料,并引入原位底泥中的微生物。在室内开展了为期1周年的水生植物生物质腐烂分解实验,对总重量以及碳、氮、磷的消减过程特征进行了分析研究,结果表明,浮叶植物腐烂分解速度快,周年腐烂分解率高;沉水植物初期腐烂分解速度较快,但周年腐烂分解率较低;挺水植物腐烂分解过程比较缓慢,挺水植物和浮叶植物生物质的周年腐烂分解率在70%以上,沉水植物则不到50%,在前期,水生植物生物质所包含的磷优先释放出来。     

内蒙古乌梁素海沉水植物的收割工程技术

在我国典型的草型湖泊——内蒙古乌梁素海设立试验示范基地,进行较大规模沉水植物收割工程试验,探索以机械化方式收割沉水植物转移氮、磷营养盐对草型湖泊进行生态治理的实用技术。试验表明:有计划、合理地收割沉水植物不仅能够有效地削减草型湖泊内源性营养物负荷的积累与释放,使输入与输出的营养盐趋于平衡,使湖泊生态系统逐渐进入良性循环状态;而且不影响沉水植物的繁殖与再生,不会造成藻类蔓延。从而解决了草型湖泊富营养化适度控制的生物治理技术可以长期正常运行的一个关键问题,提供了在湖泊生态治理的同时可以持续开发利用沉水植物资源的可能性。     

无锡五里湖环境综合整治对旅游价值的影响评估

条件价值法是目前环境经济价值货币化评估中最为广泛应用的方法.以无锡市五里湖环境综合整治为例,在对条件价值法回顾总结的基础上,通过对受益周边地区居民及外地游客的面对面直接问卷调查,对周边旅游环境的改善所带来的旅游支付意愿及影响因素进行了评估和分析,结果表明:(1)游客对五里湖综合整治后总的支付意愿为2.49亿元/年,比整治前多0.68亿元/年,占当地旅游总收入的1.49%;(2)游客的支付意愿与其收入成正比,与其年龄也基本为正相关关系,而与其受教育程度的关系比较复杂;(3)游客对五里湖景区满意度表现最差的是娱乐设施,其次是购物、住宿的便利性和水面的表观形象,表现最好的是空气质量和其安静的氛围.本文最后对本次采用的调查方法与国内外广泛应用的双边界二分式CVM进行了有益的对比和讨论,并对环境综合整治为当地带来的经济和社会绩效提出了期望,以期为其相应的政策措施的制定和环境资源资本的运作及管理提供理论依据.     

Seasonal Variation in Primary Productivity and its Interrelationship with Chlorophyll in the Lake Jaisamand (Rajasthan,India)

Lake Jaisamand near Udaipur (Rajasthan) is one of the oldest man-made lakes in India. The primary productivity of the lake showed a bimodal pattern with a first peak of a higher magnitude in July (7.605 g/m₂d C) and the second of a lower magnitude (5.851 g/m₂ dC) in December. The minimum production was 2.455 g/m₂ dC in November. The chlorophyll values were high during low water levels of summer and low during monsoon months when the water level rises, thereby dispersing the phytoplankton biomass and decreasing its density per unit of water volume. From the results obtained it appears that beside temperature and transparency, the trophogenic area and seasonal water level fluctuations have a considerable influence on the primary productivity in this lake. Based on annual production rates and chlorophyll values lake Jaisamand could be regarded as an eutrophic waterbody.     

围栏养蟹利用与女山湖沉水植物资源保护

本文对亚洲中部地区内陆湖泊近百年来的变化及其变化的原因,特别是气候因素进行了考察与分析,位于我国内蒙古东部及蒙古高原北部的湖泊,近百年来其变化以及水位上涨与面积扩张为主,产生这种湖泊水位上升的原因与该地区降水增加有关。     

Plant Species Richness Affected Nitrogen Retention and Ecosystem Productivity in a Full‐Scale Constructed Wetland

The effects of plant species richness (SR; i.e., 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 species per plot) on substrate nitrate and ammonium retention and ecosystem productivity in a full‐scale constructed wetland (CW) with high nitrogen (N) input were studied. Substrate nitrate (0.1–16.4 mg kg^?1) and ammonium concentrations (1.3–9.2 mg kg^?1) in this study were higher than those in other comparable biodiversity experiments. Substrate nitrate concentration significantly increased while ammonium concentration significantly decreased with the increase of plant SR (p = 0.008 and 0.040, respectively). The response of ecosystem productivity to increasing SR was unimodal with four species per plot achieving the greatest productivity. Transgressive overyielding, which was compared to the most productive of corresponding monocultures, did not occur in most polycultures. We conclude that substrate N retention was enhanced by plant SR even with high N input, and plant SR could be managed to improve the efficiency of N removals in CWs for wastewater treatment.     

Evaluation of phosphorus bioavailability in El Mex Bay and Lake Mariut sediments

Phosphorus (P) fractions and their bioavailability in the sediments from El Mex Bay and Lake Mariut in Egypt were investigated using different chemical extraction methods. Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) extractable P (Olsen-P) was the largest fraction (14.42%), followed by algal available P (AAP) (3.56%), water soluble P (WSP) (0.79%), and readily desorbable P (RDP) (0.06%) for El Mex Bay. While AAP con-tributed 9.94% to total P in sediments from Lake Mariut, Olsen-P 8.53%, WSP 4.11%, and RDP 0.92%. Summation of the bioavailable P fractions didn't exceed the sediment quality guidelines, and, therefore, P doesn't represent a danger to marine organisms. Correlation coefficients showed that no apparent relations between total P (TP) and iron (Fe), aluminum (Al), and calcium (Ca) in the sediments. Fur-thermore, Fe:P ratio was less than 15 indicting that there was not enough Fe in surface sediments to bind to P at most of the sampling sites. The positive correlation between TP and organic matter (OM) for Lake Mariut and El Mex Bay sediments indicated that the organic matter content of the sediment was a useful predictor of the total phosphorus content. Data from this study constitute a baseline of phosphorus bioavailability in sediments from El Mex Bay and Lake Mariut and could be used as a reference for future studies on the changes of bioavailable and residual phosphorus fractions over time.     

Evaluation of Sediment-associated Heavy Metal Pollution in Chaohu Lake,Eastern China

Water Resources - Heavy metal pollution in lacustrine sediments is a worldwide environmental issue. In the present study, eight heavy metals including Zn, Pb, Co, Cr, Cd, Mn, As and Cu in sediment...     

基于EOS/MODIS数据的青海湖遥感监测

在二十世纪八十年代,NASA 开始设计地球观测系统(EOS),MODIS 数据是地球观测系统中很具特色的数据,在 TERRA 和 AQUA 卫星上均搭载有 MODIS 传感器．利用 MODIS 的较高的空间分辨率和光谱分辨率进行地球资源的监测 及预测、预报未来变化的研究是近几年热点的研究问题．本文介绍利用 EOS/MODIS 遥感数据进行湖泊水域计算机自动 识别及面积计算、湖水面温度反演、湖冰信息自动提取、湖泊封冻和解冻监测原理和方法,并以青海湖为例介绍了实际应 用情况．     

基于TOPSIS评价法的城市应急避难所选址适宜性评价研究

由于城市中人口高度聚集,一旦发生灾害需疏散受灾居民到应急避难所中,因此应急避难所选址的合理性与适宜性就成为研究的重点。本文从经济性、效率性、公平性、安全性、可达性及环境因素等6个方面出发,选取12个应急避难所选址适宜性评价因子,并构建评价指标体系;利用TOPSIS评价方法构建适宜性评价模型,对研究区42处备选应急避难所的适宜性进行评价,结果表明:优秀级别8个、良好级别10个、中等级别23个、差等级别1个。研究结果可为应急管理部门在选择应急避难所建设位置时提供决策依据。     

基于组件式GIS的太湖流域洪涝灾害评估系统

太源流域洪涝灾害评估系统是太湖流域防汛决策支持系统的一个重要组成部分,对准、及时地预测预报和评估太湖流域洪涝灾情,为防汛抗洪、抢险救灾提供科学依据具有重要的意义,本文从GIS应用开发的角度,系统介绍了GIS软件的技术体系,系统的技术框架,空间数据库的特点和作用以及系统的主要功能。     

Evaluation of impacts of climate change and human activities on streamflow in the Poyang Lake basin,China

Variations in streamflows of five tributaries of the Poyang Lake basin, China, because of the influence of human activities and climate change were evaluated using the Australia Water Balance Model and multivariate regression. Results indicated that multiple regression models were appropriate with precipitation, potential evapotranspiration of the current month, and precipitation of the last month as explanatory variables. The NASH coefficient for the Australia Water Balance Model was larger than 0.842, indicating satisfactory simulation of streamflow of the Poyang Lake basin. Comparison indicated that the sensitivity method could not exclude the benchmark‐period human influence, and the human influence on streamflow changes was overestimated. Generally, contributions of human activities and climate change to streamflow changes were 73.2% and 26.8% respectively. However, human‐induced and climate‐induced influences on streamflow were different in different river basins. Specifically, climate change was found to be the major driving factor for the increase of streamflow within the Rao, Xin, and Gan River basins; however, human activity was the principal driving factor for the increase of streamflow of the Xiu River basin and also for the decrease of streamflow of the Fu River basin. Meanwhile, impacts of human activities and climate change on streamflow variations were distinctly different at different temporal scales. At the annual time scale, the increase of streamflow was largely because of climate change and human activities during the 1970s–1990s and the decrease of streamflow during the 2000s. At the seasonal scale, climate change was the main factor behind the increase of streamflow in the spring and summer season. Human activities increase the streamflow in autumn and winter, but decrease the streamflow in spring. At the monthly scale, different influences of climate change and human activities were detected. Climate change was the main factor behind the decrease of streamflow during May to June and human activities behind the decrease of streamflow during February to May. Results of this study can provide a theoretical basis for basin‐scale water resources management under the influence of climate change and human activities. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

An Evaluation of Coulomb Stress Changes from Earthquake Productivity Variations in the Western Gulf of Corinth,Greece

Spatial and temporal evolution of the stress field in the seismically active and well-monitored area of the western Gulf of Corinth, Greece, is investigated. The highly accurate and vast regional catalogues were used for inverting seismicity rate changes into stress variation using a rate/state-dependent friction model. After explicitly determining the physical quantities incorporated in the model (characteristic relaxation time, fault constitutive parameters, and reference seismicity rates), we looked for stress changes across space and over time and their possible association with earthquake clustering and fault interactions. We focused our attention on the Efpalio doublet of January 2010 (M = 5.5 and M = 5.4), with a high aftershock productivity, and attempted to reproduce and interpret stress changes prior to and after the initiation of this seismicity burst. The spatial distribution of stress changes was evaluated after smoothing the seismological data by means of a probability density function (PDF). The inverted stress calculations were compared with the calculations derived from an independent approach (elastic dislocation model) and this comparison was quantified. The results of the two methods are in good agreement (up to 80 %) in the far field, with the inversion technique providing more robust results in the near field, where they are more sensitive to the uncertainties of coseismic slip distribution. It is worth mentioning that the stress inversion model proved to be a very sensitive stress meter, able to detect even small stress changes correlated with spatio–temporal earthquake clustering. Data analysis was attempted from 1975 onwards to simulate the stress changes associated with stronger earthquakes over a longer time span. This approach revealed that only M > 5.5 events induce considerable stress variations, although in some cases there was no evidence for such stress changes even after an M > 5.5 earthquake.     

Evaluation of water resource management in Salt Lake City,West Bengal,India

The tenets of sustainable development are often ignored by growing cities in developing countries. Salt Lake City, located on the eastern fringes of Kolkata, despite being a planned township, has failed to manage its water resources in a sustainable way. Results from the study show that the water supplied at the households is hard in nature, saline, and replete with dissolved solids. The problem is further aggravated due to over-extraction of groundwater resources, resulting in an intense fall of the groundwater level in the area. This paper attempts to suggest measures for sustainable water resource management, with particular emphasis on rainwater harvesting.     

青海湖沉积碳酸盐矿物之间氧同位素分馏的评估及其环境意义

青海湖沉积岩芯的矿物学和稳定同位素研究结果显示自生碳酸盐矿物以单种或多种矿物形式保存在沉积物中;不同碳酸盐样品的δ18O值的变化范围为5.47‰至-1.04‰,差值最高达6.5‰;δ18O值与总碳酸盐含量呈正相关关系,与碳酸盐矿物种类的改变则无明显关联.结果表明,造成δ18O显著变化的主导因素是湖水氧同位素组成,自然条件下生成的不同碳酸盐之间的氧同位素分馏不明显.说明δ18O是指示闭流湖泊降水蒸发水量平衡变化的敏感指标之一.