贵州大气降水的时空分布规律研究

用全省现有84个气象台站的雨量资料,分析研究大气降水的时空分布规律,研究指出:贵州各地有着相对稳定而充沛的年降水资源,年降水量大多数县市为1 200mm左右,站平均年降雨量的相对变率为11.8%;各地降水量年内分配不均,夏半年(4-9月)多雨,约占全年雨量的3/4,冬半年(10-次年3月)少雨,仅占1/4,夏半年各月雨量年际变化呈现不稳定性,导致春夏干旱的频繁发生;各地重大降水过程集中在汛期,暴雨以上(≥50mm)降水日数主要出现在5-9月,约占全年的91%;对贵阳站长达84 a连续降水量序列的分析表明,其年、季雨量的年际和年代际波动较明显。最后结合贵州大气降水资源现状对开展人工增雨问题进行了讨论。     

基于GRACE数据的天山阿克苏河流域水储量变化分析

水储量变化可视为气候变化对水文系统影响的指示器。基于GRACE数据,结合气候数据和冰川积雪数据,分析了近10 a年来阿克苏河流域的水储量变化。研究结果表明:(1)过去10 a间阿克苏河流域的水储量呈递减趋势,减少速率为-0.12±0.85 cm/a,且春季表现为正距平,而秋季表现为负距平;(2)山区冰川退缩和积雪消融是该流域山区水储量减少的主要原因,近半个世纪以来冰川物质平衡为负平衡,同时近十年来积雪面积递减速率为-24 km~2/a;(3)阿克苏河流域的耕地面积的迅速增加导致了地下水过度超采,是绿洲区水储量减少的主要驱动因子。     

气候与水资源

六十年代中期以后,我国进入少雨时期,加之工农业生产和人民生活用水的增加,“水”已经不是取之不尽用之不竭的了。我国许多城市不同程度地发生水荒。特别是1981年京、津等大城市严重缺水,对工农业生产和人民生活产生一定影响,引起了党和国家的重视。缺水,从根本上说,是个气象问题,特别是气候及气候变化的问题。作为气象工作者,应该重视这方面的研究,为合理利用和规划水资源提供依据。国外近年来对水资源作了大量的研究工作。1980年12月在广州召开的亚洲和太平洋地区气候会议向各国气象工作者提出三个重要课题,即气候与粮食生产、气候与能源、气候与水资源,并呼吁各国政府重视和鼓励这方面的研究。作者在1981年研究了吉林省气候变化对水资源的影响,得到一些有意义的结果。本文将讨论气候与水资源的问题。     

广州市“龙舟水”的时空分布特征分析

利用广州市5个国家气象观测站和122个区域自动气象站的逐日降水量监测数据,通过线性趋势分析、M-K检验、小波分析和主成分分析等统计办法,研究广州市“龙舟水”的时空分布特征,结果表明:(1)广州全市和花都近30年“龙舟水”雨量整体呈上升趋势,且花都上升趋势略高于广州平均,花都区“龙舟水”异常年与广州其它地区并不一定同步。(2)广州全市逐年“龙舟水”以7~9年周期为主,2007年以前有4年左右的小周期,之后存在2~3年周期,且特征趋于不明显,花都“龙舟水”雨量变化存在8~10年周期,2007年以前存在4~6年小周期,之后转变为3~4年小周期。(3)广州全市2005和2014年“龙舟水”雨量出现增多突变,2008年又出现了雨量减少的突变;花都“龙舟水”雨量在2014年出现雨量增加的突变,2017年“龙舟水”显著增加。(4)广州“龙舟水”雨量大值区主要位于北部偏东一带,从化和花都北部、白云南部、天河、番禺东部和南部、南沙北部降水年变化相对较为稳定,其余地区逐年变化幅度相对较大。(5)对广州逐年“龙舟水”标准化距平场作EOF分析结果表明,前4个模态解释方差共占91.2%,分别为全市一致偏多或偏少型、南北偶极型、南北向四极型、东西向三极型。     

开都河流域面雨量与径流变化分析

对开都河流域及其附近的8个气象站和3个水文站的1961—2000年的年降水资料进行自然正交分解(EOF),利用梯度距离平方反比法(GIDS)作为差值公式,建立了主要特征向量与地理因子的插值模型,并以数字高程模型(DEM)的1km×1km网格数据为基础,推算出开都河流域平均年降水量的空间分布以及逐年面雨量序列。计算结果表明:开都河流域面雨量年平均为80.6×108m3,径流量与面雨量之比(R/P)平均为0.38,最大为0.53,最小为0.32。面雨量与径流量的年际相对变化幅度是一样的,变差系数Cv值为0.17。     

吉林省区域自动气象站雨量数据的质量分析与评估

区域自动气象站雨量资料对于气象预警、决策服务、效果检验都能提供有效的数据支撑,建立科学有效的雨量资料质量评估与控制方法,对于提高雨量数据的应用性至关重要。基于吉林省区域自动气象站5年雨量观测历史数据,提出了适用于本省的雨量数据质量控制方法,并利用此方法对雨量数据进行质量分析与评估,最终得到错误及异常数据。根据错误及异常数据占比以及对应站点占比情况,可初步判断样本数据的数据质量相对较高,可用性较强。     

天气与广州城市的水──在宣传和贯彻实施《广东省气象管理规定》新闻发布会暨世界气象日纪念会上的讲话

水如同阳光和空气，是人类生存必不可少的条件。水资源是指当前科学经济水平下可以为人类所利用的淡水资源。由于降雨季节和年际变化产生径流量的丰、平、枯，地形、植被、河流等自然地理条件限制造成水量在地域上的差异，以及人为的水资源管理体系未理顺，水资源浪费等现象，严重制约着广州市水资源的持续利用和保护。如何合理开发利用与保护水资源，重视研究气象等因素与城市水资源的关系已成为广州市未来城市供水的重要课题。1广州城市水资源和城市供水广州地处南亚热带，受季风环流的影响及南海的海洋调节，雨量充沛，年降雨量1158～251…     

我国降水量的自动观测与人工观测之差异分析

利用全国2 400个国家站自动与人工平行观测期的第二年的对比观测资料,以及基准站1999—2010年所有雨量观测数据,对比分析了自动与人工观测的雨量数据差异,并对基准站雨量数据序列进行了显著性检验。结果表明:(1)自动与人工观测的雨量数据存在一定差异,且自动观测数据略大于人工观测数据,平均相对差值为1.8%;(2)两者在不同降水等级的月降水量平均差值介于-1.3～3.9 mm之间,当降水等级增大时,两者差值并非同比例增大;(3)两者的月平均最大相对差值为2.9%,最小相对差值为0.8%;(4)两者相对差值的空间分布表明,5月和9月偏差略高于7月;(5)通过对平行观测期的第2年自动月雨量值的显著性检验表明,在显著性水平a=0.05时,全国站点月雨量显著性检验未通过率为2%。     

天气雷达定量测量中若干问题的讨论

本文总结了1972—1978年对3.2厘米天气雷达的标定工作,讨论了标定在雷达定量测量中的重要性。主要结论是: (1)雷达参数逐年有变化,必须经过标定后才能进行定量测量。雷达一经安装固定,几个对测量Ze有影响的因子中,变动较大的是Pr_(min)。对本雷达,在冰雹季节内用讯号发生器校准,Pr_(min)变动不超过3分贝。由此所得Ze值的最大变幅为±2分贝 (2)施放携带标准反射体的气球,可以直接标定出给定距离上气象目标物的雷达最小可测反射率因子Ze_(min)值,由此计算所得Ze值的最大变幅为±1分贝。此法简便、实用,并且排除了雷达高频系统变动的影响。     

闽中雨季区域雨量统计特性及人工影响的效果

本文对福建古田水库地区三年人工降水随机试验的效果,应用双样本回归分析方法作了统计检验。结果发现:(1)区域雨量的四次方根变换正态性很好,拟合度达0.94;(2)区域雨量回归分析中,催化单元与对比单元的余方差不一定相等;(3)三年试验目标区平均增雨量20.3％,平均绝对增雨量1.11(毫米/3小时),显著度a=0.05;(4)在各种天气条件下,以锋面天气的催化效果最好,平均增雨量达70.6％(a<0.05),平均绝对增雨量2.82(毫米/3小时)。其它天气条件下的平均效果都不显著;(5)自然雨量小时,相对增雨量大,它随自然雨量增大而减小,当对比区自然雨强大于3(毫米/小时)时,催化效果就不显著;(6)催化效果大于20％的区域位于作业点下风方10—50公里,宽约20公里的范围;(7)介乙醛与碘化银的催化效果,差异不显著。     

Design storm studies for the Upper Krishna river catchment upstream of the Almatti dam site

Summary The Almatti dam is the major engineering feature in the development of water resources in the Upper Krishna river forming a storage reservoir of 6425 million m³ at spillway crest level. In this paper, the design storm rainfalls for different return periods and also the Probable Maximum Precipitation (PMP) for the catchment above Almatti dam have been estimated to review the adequacy of the flood spillway design for the dam. The design storm rainfalls of various return periods have been computed from a statistical analysis of point and areal time series of annual maximum rainfall. In evaluating the PMP, the maximum observed rainfall obtained by Depth Duration method were maximized as the orography of the Western Ghats plays profound influence over the catchment. It was found that (area 35925 km²) the highest areal rainfalls over the catchment were 14.0 cm, 21.5 cm and 24.6 cm in 1, 2 and 3-day durations, respectively. These are scaled up by a factor of 1.23 to obtain the PMP rainfalls. The areal PMP estimates for the upper Krishna River (UKR) catchment above Almatti dam have been found to be 18.0 cm, 27.0 cm and 31.0 cm, respectively.With 6 Figures     

Rain-fed fig yield as affected by rainfall distribution

Variable annual rainfall and its uneven distribution are the major uncontrolled inputs in rain-fed fig production and possibly the main cause of yield fluctuation in Istahban region of Fars Province, I.R. of Iran. This introduces a considerable risk in rain-fed fig production. The objective of this study was to find relationships between seasonal rainfall distribution and rain-fed fig production in Istahban region to determine the critical rainfall periods for rain-fed fig production and supplementary irrigation water application. Further, economic analysis for rain-fed fig production was considered in this region to control the risk of production. It is concluded that the monthly, seasonal and annual rainfall indices are able to show the effects of rainfall and its distribution on the rain-fed fig yield. Fig yield with frequent occurrence of 80 % is 374 kg ha^?1. The internal rates of return for interest rate of 4, 8 and 12 % are 21, 58 and 146 %, respectively, that are economically feasible. It is concluded that the rainfall in spring especially in April and in December has negatively affected fig yield due to its interference with the life cycle of Blastophaga bees for pollination. Further, it is concluded that when the rainfall is limited, supplementary irrigation can be scheduled in March.     

SOME RULES OF VARIATION COEFFICIENT OF ANNUAL RAINFALL IN XINJIANG, CHINA

In this paper,the variation of annual rainfall in Xinjiang by variation coefficient (C_v) widely used in statistics and hydrology is studied.Based on analysing of 25 years' observational data in 98 stations,the authors found that the variation coefficient of annual rainfall has better relation with annual rainfall and sea level elevation,which can be expressed by a bivariate function.This discovery is no doubt valuable to the study of climatic theory and water resources in the area where data are rare.     

祁连山空中云水资源开发潜力研究新进展

祁连山及河西走廊地区是我国气候变化敏感区和生态脆弱区。本文通过对2005a以来祁连山云水资源相关最新研究成果的总结,旨在揭示气候变暖对祁连山云水资源影响包括气候变化、水汽时空变化、地形云特征的基础上,分析评估了祁连山云水资源开发潜力及效益。实验研究表明,在祁连山区开展人工增雨(雪)作业,每年可增加降水量3.7×10_⁸～７.4×10_⁸m_³。近10年来,甘肃春季飞机人工增雨作业年均增加降水量为13.5×10_⁸m_³,平均投入产出比为1:30。     

Turbulence and Rainfall Microphysical Parameters Retrieval and Their Relationship Analysis Based on Wind Profiler Radar Data

Rainfall is triggered and mainly dominated by atmospheric thermo-dynamics and rich water vapor.Nonetheless, turbulence is also considered as an important factor influencing the evolution of rainfall microphysical parameters. To study such an influence, the present study utilized boundary layer wind profiler radar measurements. The separation point of the radar power spectral density data was carefully selected to classify rainfall and turbulence signals;the turbulent dissipation rate ε and rainfall microphysical parameters can be retrieved to analyze the relationship betweenε and microphysical parameters. According to the retrievals of two rainfall periods in Beijing 2016, it was observed that(1) ε in the precipitation area ranged from 10~(-3.5) to 10~(-1) m~2 s~(-3) and was positively correlated with the falling velocity spectrum width;(2) interactions between turbulence and raindrops showed that small raindrops got enlarge through collision and coalescence in weak turbulence, but large raindrops broke up into small drops under strong turbulence, and the separation value of ε being weak or strong varied with rainfall attributes;(3) the variation of rainfall microphysical parameters(characteristic diameters, number concentration, rainfall intensity, and water content) in the middle stage were stronger than those in the early and the later stages of rainfall event;(4) unlike the obvious impacts on raindrop size and number concentration, turbulence impacts on rain rate and LWC were not significant because turbulence did not cause too much water vapor and heat exchange.     

How effective is the new generation of GPM satellite precipitation in characterizing the rainfall variability over Malaysia?

We investigated the potential of the new generation of satellite precipitation product from the Global Precipitation Mission (GPM) to characterize the rainfall in Malaysia. Most satellite precipitation products have limited ability to precisely characterize the high dynamic rainfall variation that occurred at both time and scale in this humid tropical region due to the coarse grid size to meet the physical condition of the smaller land size, sub-continent and islands. Prior to the status quo, an improved satellite precipitation was required to accurately measure the rainfall and its distribution. Subsequently, the newly released of GPM precipitation product at half-hourly and 0.1° resolution served an opportunity to anticipate the aforementioned conflict. Nevertheless, related evidence was not found and therefore, this study made an initiative to fill the gap. A total of 843 rain gauges over east (Borneo) and west Malaysia (Peninsular) were used to evaluate the rainfall the GPM rainfall data. The assessment covered all critical rainy seasons which associated with Asian Monsoon including northeast (Nov. - Feb.), southwest (May - Aug.) and their subsequent inter-monsoon period (Mar. - Apr. & Sep. - Oct.). The ability of GPM to provide quantitative rainfall estimates and qualitative spatial rainfall patterns were analysed. Our results showed that the GPM had good capacity to depict the spatial rainfall patterns in less heterogeneous rainfall patterns (Spearman’s correlation, 0.591 to 0.891) compared to the clustered one (r = 0.368 to 0.721). Rainfall intensity and spatial heterogeneity that is largely driven by seasonal monsoon has significant influence on GPM ability to resolve local rainfall patterns. In quantitative rainfall estimation, large errors can be primarily associated with the rainfall intensity increment. 77% of the error variation can be explained through rainfall intensity particularly the high intensity (> 35 mm d^-1). A strong relationship between GPM rainfall and error was found from heavy (~35 mm d^-1) to violent rain (160 mm d^-1). The output of this study provides reference regarding the performance of GPM data for respective hydrology studies in this region.     

黄河上游水源补给区气候变化及对水资源的影响

应用黄河上游重要水源补给区玛曲县气温、降水资料分析得出:气温年际变化呈上升趋势,降水量年际变化呈下降趋势。气候变化导致可能蒸发量增加,可利用水资源量减少。水资源量多项式拟合变化趋势呈2谷1峰波动型,枯水期年际变化的时间尺度成倍延长。     

Rainfall variability and kinetic energy in Southern Nigeria

A decreasing trend of rainfall has been observed in West Africa, where rainfall erosivity is also considered to be high. Therefore, this study was carried out to evaluate the variability of rainfall and its erosivity in two contrasting zones in southern Nigeria between 1977 and 1999 to understand the implications of climate variability on rainfall erosivity. The study sites were Ibadan, a sub-humid zone, and Port-Harcourt, a humid zone. Time of occurrence of rainfall, rainfall amount (A), intensity (I ₁₅ and I ₃₀), kinetic energy (E) and rainfall erosivity factor (R), were evaluated. Kinetic energy was estimated with Brown–Foster (BF) equation, making the rainfall erosivity (product of kinetic energy and intensity) to be designated as EI ₃₀-BF and EI ₁₅-BF. The frequency of rainfall during daylight (06:00–18:00 h) was 48% for Ibadan and 69% for Port-Harcourt. There were time-specific differences in daily rainfall occurrence between the zones, suggesting a strong influence of local effects on rainfall generation, such as, relief in Ibadan and proximity to the sea in Port-Harcourt. Annual E was 213 MJ ha⁻¹for Ibadan and 361 MJ ha⁻¹ for Port-Harcourt. Ibadan had a significantly higher daily E than Port-Harcourt because of higher intensity while Port-Harcourt had significantly higher annual E than Ibadan because of higher annual rainfall amount. Annual erosivity at Ibadan using the EI ₃₀-BF was 9,742 MJ mm ha⁻¹ h⁻¹ whereas it was 15,752 MJ mm ha⁻¹ h⁻¹ at Port-Harcourt. Using the EI ₁₅-BF, Ibadan had an annual value of 14,806 MJ mm ha⁻¹ h⁻¹ while Port-Harcourt had 20,583 MJ mm ha⁻¹ h⁻¹. Thus, annual rainfall erosivity was significantly higher in the humid than the sub-humid zone because of higher amount of rainfall but the reverse was the case with daily erosivity because of higher intensities in the sub-humid zone. Rainfall intensity was, therefore, a key measure of erosivity. There was a strong positive relationship between rainfall erosivity and rainfall amount. Between 1977 and 1988, 50–88% of the 12 years had rainfall erosivity which exceeded the long-term average but rainfall erosivity was less than the long-term average between 1989 and 1999. This suggested a decreasing trend in erosivity due to the decreasing trend in rainfall amount in West Africa. However, the trend did not imply lesser soil erosion and environmental degradation risks.     

Increasing trend of northeast monsoon rainfall over the equatorial Indian Ocean and peninsular India

Peninsular India and Sri Lanka receive major part of their annual rainfall during the northeast monsoon season (October–December). The long-term trend in the northeast monsoon rainfall over the Indian Ocean and peninsular India is examined in the vicinity of global warming scenario using the Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) dataset available for the period 1979–2010. The result shows a significant increasing trend in rainfall rate of about 0.5 mm day^?1 decade^?1 over a large region bounded by 10 °S–10 °N and 55 °E–100 °E. The interannual variability of seasonal rainfall rate over peninsular India using conventional rain gauge data is also investigated in conjunction to the Indian Ocean dipole. The homogeneous rain gauge data developed by Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology over peninsular India also exhibit the considerable upward rainfall trend of about 0.4 mm day^?1 decade^?1 during this period. The associated outgoing longwave radiation shows coherent decrease in the order of 2 W?m^?2 decade^?1 over the rainfall increase region.     

Land Cover, Rainfall and Land-Surface Albedo in West Africa

Land surface albedo is an important variable in General Circulation Models (GCMs). When land cover is modified through anthropogenic land use, changes in land-surface albedo may produce atmospheric subsidence and reduction of rainfall. In this study we examined albedo time series and their relationships with rainfall, land cover, and population in West Africa. This particular region was selected because it has become a focal point in debates over biophysical impacts of desertification and deforestation. Our analyses revealed that albedo and rainfall were related only modestly at short time scales (monthly and annual) and that mean annual albedo values remained relatively stable from 1982–1989 over a widerange of climatic and vegetation zones in West Africa. The relationship between long-term mean rainfall and mean albedo was strong and curvilinear(r² = 0.802). The same was true for the relationship betweenpercent tree cover and mean albedo (r² = 0.659). These results suggest that long-term climate patterns, which control vegetation type and canopy structure, have greater influence on albedo than short-term fluctuations in rainfall. Our results reinforce other recent studies based on satellite data that have questioned the extent and pervasiveness of desertification in West Africa.