THE IMPACT OF HUMAN ACTIVITIES ON GROUNDWATER RESOURCES IN THE SOUTH EDGE OF TARIM BASIN，XINJIANG

In the modern times ,the population growth,development of industrial and agricultural production and the petroleum exploitation,brought about the unceasing expansion of artificial oasis and abrupt increase of water demand .The artificial hydraulic irrigation engineering took the place of the natural river systerm,the reservoirs took the placeof natural lakds,which in turn enhanced the space-time redistribution of surface water based on the natural evolution,and so did groundwater.The groundwater recharge reduced 26.2% in 46 years from 1950 to 1995 in the southern piedmont fold plain of Tarim Basin due to mean yearly population increase rate of 27.7‰ and associated with the water use rate increasing from 24.6% to 58.4%.At the same time the artificial water system seepage give primary play to groundwater recharge,which is up to 57.6% whilst that of the natural system reduce to 33.7%.As a result,groundwater level drop 3-5m widespread except some irrigation area and surrounding of plain reservoir.Sping water discharge also reduce about 37.6% and discharge some continuously move away to the north with the value of 0.5-1.2km in the past 40 years.     

山东省郓城县岩溶热储回灌试验

近年来,随着地热资源利用规模的不断提高,郓城县岩溶热储水位呈逐年下降趋势,并产生了热污染等地质环境问题。为查明郓城县岩溶热储回灌能力,保障地热资源可持续开发利用,开展了同层对井回灌试验和示踪试验,并对水质、水温、水位进行了监测。结果表明,回灌对热储层的水位、水质、水温影响小,岩溶热储层内水力联系强,热水运移速度为10.46 m/h,回灌水水温对热储层最大自然回灌量影响较大,当开采量小于130 m~3/h时,回灌率可达100%,回灌条件适宜。     

Resource Flows of Villages with Contrasting Lifestyles in Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve, Central Himalaya, India

Resource use efficiency analyses of village ecosystem are necessary for effective and efficient planning of resource utilization. This paper deals with economic and energy input-output analyses of different components of village ecosystem in representative buffer zone villages, which are practicing transhumance and settled way of lifestyles in Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve （NDBR） of Garhwal Himalaya. While the villages practicing transhumance used various natural resources spatially segregated,the villages practicing settled way of lifestyle have to manage resources from a limited spatial area through rotation and varied extraction intensities. Forests subsidized the production activity in both type of villages and the per capita resource extractions were found to be greater in tran~humance village than settled village. Though crops provided maximum energy, in terms of economic criteria, animal husbandry played important role in both settled and transhumance villages. As villages representing both the situations showed different ways of adjustments to the conservation oriented land use changes, management authority needs to address the eco-development plans fulfilling the aspirations of all people traditionally using the resources of the Reserve to reduce the conflicts and encourage their participation in the conservation of the area.     

城郊型村庄用地发展问题研究—以2002—2014年莱芜市高庄坡草洼村为例

在城镇化快速演进的背景下,我国建设用地扩展导致耕地面积减少已成为学界共识。农民对城镇化进程成本支付能力低,土地成为来分享财富用于城镇化的工具,导致农村地区频频出现村庄“空壳化”、城镇人口“两头占地”、土地利用粗放等现象。作为城郊型村庄具有明显的区位优势、环境优势和资源优势,不断诱发村庄建设用地扩展、延伸,使土地集约利用的趋势更为严峻。该文通过研究坡草洼村近12年的村庄形态的演变进程,挖掘造成村庄土地利用混乱、耕地面积不断减少、人均建设用地不断增加的原因。在保障农民土地财产权的前提下,应让静态的土地“流”起来,使沉睡的资源“活”起来,不仅能解决“就地城镇化”的土地瓶颈问题,还能让村民生活质量真正的“市民化”。     

邹城市双村岩溶水系统水化学演化分析

以山东省邹城市双村岩溶水系统为研究对象,利用多年水质监测资料对主要离子含量的变化特征及分布规律进行研究比对,分析地下水开采及生活污染对地下水水化学环境的影响,有助于认识在人类生产活动影响下的水化学场时空演化,为地下水合理开发、水源保护提供参考依据。     

沂蒙山区南龙口岩溶地面塌陷形成机制探讨

沂蒙山区南龙口隐伏灰岩分布区,上覆第四系砂砾石层、砂质黏土等,受地下水集中开采、降水等诱发因素的影响,近年来多次发生地面塌陷,导致交通干线、民房及村中道路受损,造成一定的经济损失,对当地村民的生命安全及重要交通干线构成威胁。该文初步分析研究了岩溶地面塌陷的特征、形成条件及影响因素,提出了防灾减灾措施。     

基于不同地质模式下稠油油藏变速驱波及规律实验研究

南海东部海相砂岩稠油油藏普遍具有胶结疏松、强底水、隔夹层分布复杂、采出程度低等特点,现有的常规水驱油实验无法准确描述稠油单井波及规律。基于PY油田稠油地质油藏特征,设计了改进的底水平板水驱物理模拟实验,考虑储层韵律、隔夹层发育规模以及提液时机,综合研究单井的波及规律和稠油采出程度。实验结果表明:①均质韵律和正韵律储层发育隔夹层,将原来的底水驱动变为次生边水驱动,发育隔夹层井距越长,对底水锥进抑制作用越强,同时,受重力分异作用,多次控幅提液后,可将下部过渡带、中上部中、小孔喉内以及隔夹层附近的剩余油受效驱替出来,能提高单井波及系数。其中,特高含水期采取4级变速控幅提液后波及系数总体可提高34.1%~54.9%;Z1680均质韵律储层和Z1610正韵律储层通过多次控幅提液,实际日产油提高至提液前2~3倍,生产效果良好。②对于极差为5~10的反韵律储层,顶底部渗透性差异大,易在顶部形成高渗通道,层内隔夹层发育长度和提液方式变化,对波及范围影响不大,Z1640反韵律储层通过多次控幅提液,生产效果变化不明显。研究成果可为不同地质模式稠油油藏产液结构优化以及提液方式制定提供解决方案。      

Analysis of runoff characteristics in midstream of Yinma River

To use the water resources reasonably in the midstream of Yinma River is of great significance to Changchun City which is short of water. With the runoff data of physical measuring, the paper analyses the characteristics surface rmoff of the area, by means of the groundwater flow numerical simulation, and represents the characteristics of the groundwater runoff in the area. Based on combination analyses of the two runoffs, the authors point out the problem of the water resources use in this area and bring forward a resolution of conjunctive regulation and storage of the surface water and groundwater.     

广西龙江流域水环境状况及地下水资源潜力评价

龙江流域是西南岩溶区一个典型的水文盆地。由于降水丰沛 ,地下水、地表水资源十分丰富 ,但受工矿企业废水的污染 ,龙江河水在枯水季节已基本失去了作为人畜饮用水水源的功能 ,沿江许多城镇人畜饮用水困难。在水资源十分丰富的西南岩溶区 ,类似的许多沿江城市出现水质性缺水 ,给水文地质工作提出了新的要求。文章认为以一定规模的水文盆地为基本单元 ,以流域地表水地下水资源的可利用性的综合评价为出发点 ,有针对性开展缺水城镇及岩溶干旱片的供水论证及地下水生态环境调查 ,是新一轮水文地质工作的重点 ,也是基础性公益性水工环工作的首要任务。     

ANALYSIS AND CALCULATION OF REGULATED WATER RESOURCES OF GROUNDWATER RESERVOIR

Groundwater reservoir is a kind of important engineering, which can optimize water resources arrangement by means of artificial regulation. Regulated water is the blood and value performance of groundwater reservoir. To resolve the problem of real-time quantification of regulated water, the paper analyzed sources and compositions of regulated water in detail. Then, under the conditions of satisfying water demand inside research area, the paper analyzed quantity available and regulation coefficient of different regulated water and established a formula to calculate regulated water. At last, based on a pore groundwater reservoir in the middle reaches of the Yinma River,Jilin Province, the paper calculated regulated water with the formula and the result shows that the method is feasible.With some constraint conditions, the formula can be adopted in other similar areas.     

Analysis of runoff characteristics in midstream of Yinma River

To use the water resources reasonably in the midstream of Yinma River is of great significance to Changchun City which is short of water. With the runoff data of physical measuring, the paper analyses the characteristics surface rtmoff of the area, by means of the groundwater flow numerical simulation, and represents the characteristics of the groundwater runoff in the area. Based on combination analyses of the two runoffs, the authors point out the problem of the water resources use in this area and bring forward a resolution of conjunctive regulation and storage of the surface water and groundwater.     

多源三维模型融合技术在三调城镇村内部细化调查中的应用研究

城镇村内部土地利用细化调查是第三次全国土调查中的重要组成部分,全面细化和完善的城镇村庄内部土地利用调查成果,有助于掌握翔实准确的全国国土利用现状和自然资源变化情况。本文基于多源三维模型融合技术,生成高精度高空地面、室内室外一体化三维模型,将其应用于城镇村内部土地利用细化调查工作中,修正城镇村内部土地利用现状图斑边界和地类属性等内容,最终形成准确的城镇村内部土地利用现状成果。利用融合后的三维模型上开展城镇村内部土地利用细化调查是一种有效的调查模式,可为三调高精度高效率调查工作提供技术支撑。     

Chemical and isotopic approach to groundwater cycle in western Qaidam Basin, China

Due to the extremely arid climate in the western Qaidam Basin, the groundwater almost becomes the single water source for local residents and industrial production. It is necessary to know the reliable information on the groundwater cycle in this region for reasonable and sustainable exploitation of the groundwater resources with the further execution of recycling economy policies. This study focused on the recharge, the flow rate and the discharge of groundwater in the western Qaidam Basin through investigations on water chemistry and isotopes. Hydrological, chemical and isotopic characteristics show that the groundwater in the western Qaidam Basin was recharged by meltwater from new surface snow and old bottom glaciers on the northern slope of the Kunlun Mountains. In addition, the results also prove that the source water is enough and stable, and the rates of the circulation and renewal of the groundwater are relatively quick. Therefore, it can be concluded that the groundwater resources would guarantee the regional requirement if the meltwater volume of the mountains has not a great changes in future, moreover, water exploitation should be limited to the renewable amount of the groundwater reservoir in the western Qaidam Basin.     

THE HYDROLOGICAL EFFECT UNDER HUMAN ACTIVITIESIN THE INLAND WATERSHEDS OF XINJIANG, CHINA

I INTRODUCTIONNatllral environment and water transform in theworld have changed faster and faster under the effect ofhuman activities. The study on effect of human activities to hydrological processes, and its extent and tendency has been more and more important as one of theresearch projects of hydrology in the world (RAI et al.,1998, BASS et al., 1998, WANGet al.,, 1998; HILLet al., 1998; LIU, 1997). It became one of the mainresearch program of international Hydrological Decade(…     

试论地下水资源的保护和管理

本文论述了地下水资源管理的意义，介绍了地下水水质管理的几个基本问题以及发达国家在地下水资源保护方面所采取的三类措施；①了解情况；②选择协调开发和保护策略；③方式方法的选择，最后论述了地下水资源管理的主要内容和方法。     

山东省烟台市观水镇白垩纪基岩裂隙水供水可行性分析

近年来,由于地下水污染问题加剧,山东省烟台市观水镇生活用水矛盾日益突出,急需寻找优质地下水缓解当地居民用水问题。通过水文地质调查、地球物理勘探、实施探采结合井、抽水试验和水质化验等手段,初步查明了观水镇及附近区域的蓄水构造类型及赋存规律,圈定了优质地下水的富水地段,论证了白垩纪基岩裂隙水供水可行性,为政府相关部门决策、解决村民吃水问题提供科学建议。     

华北平原水资源合理开发利用的思路与举措

经过几十年的大量开采利用,华北平原地下水资源不仅表现为区域超采和局部严重超采,也暴露出地下水补给源严重萎缩的问题。其主要表现在中西部粗质平原的地下水易补给区,因汇流山地水库强力拦蓄,河道主体补给功能丧失,而在中东部细质平原的径流主产区,因水位埋藏浅和水质咸化,降水径流不能形成对地下水的有效补给,蒸发流失严重。以往实践强调山区水利工程建设而轻视了东部低平原区径流拦蓄利用,重视对高海拔咸水体的改造利用而忽视了对低海拔咸水体的改造利用,强化地表水库建设的重要性而忽略了地下水库的重要性。面对华北平原供水紧张的严峻形势,调整水资源开发战略势在必行,其具体思路是:以千方百计提高降水利用水平为中心,调整和改善水资源开发利用整体布局;以地下水补给调蓄为重点,大力集蓄雨洪水和改造利用浅层水,充分发挥地表水和地下水两大功能作用。其具体举措有:实施山前梯级水坝的地下水库"回灌"工程;实施中东部及滨海淡水蓄水利用工程;实施东部浅层地下水规模化改造开发利用工程。若上述措施得以实施,可使降水利用率从现状的20.65%提高到26%以上,则华北平原供水问题有望获得解决。     

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THE GROUNDWATER RESOURCES AND ITSSUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTIN THE SOUTH EDGE OF TARIM BASIN

1 INTRODUCTIONSustainability as present understand comes fromword protection strategy commission, which firstly putforward some wide excepted environmental sustainability principles and three important identifications forlife support system: soil, air and water. Then, in thereport of Our Common Future (WCED, 1987), theconcept of sustainable development is put to an outstanding level. Sustainable groundwater resources development is then a great issue in the recent years andthe future (…     

基于水稳定同位素的地下水型陆地植被识别:研究进展、面临挑战及未来研究展望

地下水型陆地植被具有重要的生态服务功能,但正遭受严重威胁,亟需在水资源管理中予以关注和保护.准确识别地下水型陆地植被是其管理和保护的前提.水稳定同位素方法是识别地下水型陆地植被的唯一直接方法,其中:①直接比较法只能获得植物对地下水利用的定性信息,但目前的应用最为广泛;②同位素混合模型能定量评估植物对地下水的依赖性,近期随贝叶斯模型的引入取得了较大进展.当前,植物对地下水利用的时空异质性增加了基于水稳定同位素的地下水型陆地植被的识别难度,还限制了小尺度上的研究成果向大尺度上的拓展;部分植物以间接方式利用地下水,对地下水型陆地植被的识别造成了困扰;根系吸水过程中的同位素分馏和同一植株内木质部水同位素组成的时空异质性常使植物样品的代表性受到质疑;采集到具有代表性的地下水和土壤样品也是当前面临的一个主要挑战.为应对上述挑战,未来应加强3个方面的研究:①研发植物木质部水同位素组成的原位在线连续观测技术,提升基于水稳定同位素的地下水型陆地植被识别的时空分辨率;②借助控制性的同位素标记实验,精细刻画地下水-土壤-植物体系内同位素体的迁移和分馏过程;③将同位素观测与具有物理学意义的生态水文模型相耦合,提高定量评估的分辨率和降低不确定性,探索解决时空异质性和升尺度难题的途径.