Typhoon-dominated influence on wood debris distribution and transportation in a high gradient headwater catchment

Wood debris is an important component of mountain streams. It causes serious damage and renders difficulty of water resource management in Taiwan. In this study, the quantity of wood debris and variation of migratory wood debris during flood events were examined. The downstream of Gaoshan Creek and Qijiawan Creek, located at Central Taiwan, was selected as the study area. The distribution and dynamic of wood debris in a high gradient headwater catchment were quantified using field surveys. A formula of critical depth for wood debris entrainment was used to evaluate the wood debris migration during three flooding events. In the study area, wood abundance and unit volume increased downstream, and wood density decreased downstream within a channel network. The channel morphology, riparian vegetation, and wood debris characteristics were found to influence the wood storage. As a result, the wood debris has an irregular accumulative distribution in the steep stream, and it migrates easily in the stream because of a high flow discharge. Strong relationships between the channel width and wood debris variables are discovered. Moreover, wood debris has a tendency to accumulate at sites with low stream power and wood debris dams, topographical notches, and unique geological structures. Our findings assist in the understanding of the effects of channel characteristics on distributions of wood debris in steep stream systems.     

地下工程建设对岩溶水流场的影响及其修复

工程建设改变地下水流场危及建筑物的安全。以济南经十路沿线大型地下综合体为例, 通过数值模拟计算工程建设对地下水渗流场的影响, 并建立了地下水流场修复模型。结果表明: 地下空间结构会阻挡地下水运移, 地下水水位壅高造成地基承载力降低; 将地下工程设置导流措施后, 其迎水面水位随时间呈现衰减趋势, 且越接近天然状态水位衰减速率越慢; 因地层结构差异, 壅高水位基本回落的时间存在较大差异; 不同地质条件下流场修复所需导流井数量与导流几何体结构参数呈负相关关系, 所需导流井数量的预测方程反映了地质条件的复杂性和多变性。除导流几何体自身结构外, 围岩水力梯度与渗透系数对导水能力产生影响, 其中渗透系数大小制约导水速率的快慢, 水力梯度则控制导水行为的发生。导流措施的实施可减小工程建设对地下水环境的影响, 确保地下工程建设对水环境影响可控。      

冲击作用下饱和土性状的试验研究

在三轴条件下,对饱和土(砂土和黏土)进行排水与不排水条件下的冲击试验及冲击后再固结试验,对比研究了不同渗透性土在不同排水条件下的冲击动力响应和冲击后再固结性状.结果表明:饱和黏土不排水冲击时的孔隙水压力随冲击击数增加而升高并逐渐稳定,排水冲击时的孔隙水压力则是先达到峰值然后有所下降;砂土不排水冲击时的冲击能量对孔隙水压力影响最明显;饱和砂土不排水冲击时的轴向应变与冲击击数呈近似线性关系,饱和黏土冲击及饱和砂土排水冲击则呈近二次曲线关系;饱和砂土不排水冲击后再固结阶段的孔隙水压力立即消散为0,同时体变迅速增大到一定值;饱和黏土在冲击后再固结阶段的孔隙水压力在一定时间内逐渐消散完毕,同时体变逐渐增大;饱和黏土排水冲击时,冲击阶段产生的体变占冲击引起总体变的39%~49%,冲击后再固结阶段产生的体变占51%~61%;砂土和黏土的总体变均表现为排水冲击明显大于不排水冲击,改善冲击时的排水条件有利于提高加固效果.     

青岛市大沽河流域防汛信息系统

随着计算机信息技术在水利学科中应用的深入,以及数字水利、数字流域概念的提出,水利信息化已经成为这一行业领域的主要发展方向,各种流域模型在与地理信息系统平台结合后在数据的收集、存储,提取与处理的基础上都有了很大的发展,在水利工程的规划设计、防洪减灾、水量分配等方面有更为广泛的应用。青岛市大沽河流域内洪水有来势猛、峰高量大和暴涨暴落的特性,为满足防汛管理部门对洪水预测及相关信息快速浏览查询的需求,建立了青岛市大沽河流域防汛信息系统。该系统在MAPX地理信息系统开发软件、数据库存储技术和水流数学模型的支持下,实现了大沽河流域的地理信息、水文信息以及其他信息的综合管理,同时通过水流数学模型对一维和二维洪水进行预测预报,并根据用户的需要完成所需的查询与分析功能,以最直观简洁的方式向用户展示系统的输出结果。系统数据库的开发在满足系统要求的基础上完成了与青岛市雨情水情自动监测系统的对接,保证了水文数据的实时性、完整性和准确性。系统集成了一维非恒定流模型与平面二维非恒定流水流模型,可以根据大沽河流域降雨量计算干流的水位变化以及发生溃堤后洪水的淹没过程。应用表明,该系统界面友好、功能完善、性能良好,具有很强的实用性。     

不同地下水流系统模式渗流场和温度场的互相影响

在地热资源丰富的地区，需要研究不同地下水流系统发育模式下渗流场和温度场的互相影响。基于二维潜水盆地多源汇的数值模拟和室内砂箱实验，改变降雨入渗强度，通过砂箱底部加温研究上下边界不同温度差条件下的渗流场和温度场的变化。研究结果表明:①随着降雨入渗强度加大，地下水流速增大，地下水流系统由单一区域系统向复杂的局部+区域、局部+中间+区域多级嵌套系统转化，水流对温度的再分配影响变大；②补给区等温线受下降水流影响下移，排泄区等温线受上升水流影响上抬，其中区域补给区和区域排泄区温度变化幅度最大；③砂箱底部加热后，含水层潜水面下降，地下水流速增大，流线循环深度整体变大，滞留带范围缩小。温度差是地热丰富地区的地下水流系统研究中不可忽视的驱动力。      

Characteristics of viscous debris flow in a drainage channel with an energy dissipation structure

A new type of drainage channel with an energy dissipation structure has been proposed based on previous engineering experiences and practical requirements for hazard mitigation in earthquakeaffected areas. Experimental studies were performed to determine the characteristics of viscous debris flow in a drainage channel of this type with a slope of 15%. The velocity and depth of the viscous debris flow were measured, processed, and subsequently used to characterize the viscous debris flow in the drainage channel. Observations of this experiment showed that the surface of the viscous debris flow in a smooth drainage channel was smoother than that of a similar debris flow passing through the energy dissipation section in a channel of the new type studied here. However, the flow patterns in the two types of channels were similar at other points. These experimental results show that the depth of the viscous debris flow downstream of the energy dissipation structure increased gradually with the length of the energy dissipation structure. In addition, in the smooth channel, the viscous debris-flow velocity downstream of the energy dissipation structure decreased gradually with the length of the energy dissipation structure. Furthermore, the viscous debris-flow depth and velocity were slightly affected by variations in the width of the energy dissipation structure when the channel slope was 15%. Finally, the energy dissipation ratio increased gradually as the length and width of the energy dissipation structure increased; the maximum energy dissipation ratio observed was 62.9% (where B = 0.6 m and L/w = 6.0).     

Flow variability along a vegetated natural stream under various sediment transport rates

The influence of vegetation and sediment on flow characteristics in open channels cannot be neglected. To study the flow variability under the effects of the instream natural vegetation and sediment supply, experiments were conducted with varied water and sediment supply in a movable bed of a river prototype. The instantaneous three-dimensional velocities near two types of vegetation patches (the shrub and the weed) and along the centerline of the main channel with vegetation belts were measured using a 3-D side-looking acoustic Doppler velocimetry. The experimental results show that both the instream vegetation and sediment supply strongly affect the flow and turbulence characteristics. In the case of vegetation patches, both the shrub and weed have a considerable influence on the distribution of the streamwise velocity and turbulence intensity of their surrounding water. The streamwise velocity distribution followed as J-shape and linear shape around the weed and shrub under different experimental conditions. The turbulence intensity was large at the top of the weed and shrub; the shrub had its greatest influence on the downstream water flow. In the case of vegetation belts, the streamwise velocity along the centerline of the main channel exhibited an S-shape, J-shape and linear shape at different locations under varied water, vegetation structures and riverbed configurations. The turbulence intensity along the centerline of the main channel ranged from 0.0 to 0.1. The upstream turbulence intensity was affected considerably by a sediment supply, while the downstream turbulence intensity changed with the varied vegetation characteristics and riverbed topography. The second flow coefficient M-value increased longitudinally and was almost positive along the centerline of the main channel, implying that the rotational direction of the secondary current cell was clockwise.     

Characteristics of a drainage channel with staggered indented sills for controlling debris flows

The characteristics of a new type of drainage channel with staggered indented sills for controlling debris flows were studied. The intermediate fluid in the non-viscous debris flow exhibited a helical movement, whereas the fluid near the sidewall had a stop-start movement pattern; the viscous debris flow exhibited a stable structure between the indented sills. The experimental results indicate that the mean velocity of the debris flow increased with increasing channel gradients, and the debris flow velocity was slightly affected by the angle of the sills. The average velocity of the non-viscous debris flow increased in the range of(0.5–1.5) interval between the indented sills, whereas the average velocity of the viscous debris flow increased initially and then decreased in the range of(0.75–1.25) interval between the indented sills. The depth of the non-viscous debris flow tended to gradually increase as the channel gradients increased, whereas the depth of the viscous debris flow gradually decreased as the channel gradients increased. When the discharge of the debris flow was constant, the angle and the interval between the indented sills had a slight effect on the depth of the viscous debris flow, whereas the depth of the non-viscous debris flow exhibited a different trend, as the sill angles and intervals were varied.     

Channel response to gravel mining activities in mountain rivers

The removal of bed material from active river channels usually affects the bed profile of the streambed, causing progressive degradation upstream and downstream of the extraction site. These effects can extend for kilometers affecting hydraulic structures located in the vicinity of the river reach. In this paper, the geomorphic effects of gravel mining are reviewed and summarized. Some cases in Venezuelan streams are presented to illustrate the problem. To describe the processes of erosion and sedimentation in a gravel extraction pit, a recent developed mathematical model for the simulation of flow and sediment transport in gravel-cobble bed streams is applied to a hypothetical case of gravel mining in a river channel. A simple rectangular dredge pit is imposed as initial condition in the channel bed, and changes in bed elevations and grain size distribution of bed material are calculated by using the numerical model. The process of deposition within the pit, and the downstream and upstream migration of the erosion wave are well simulated by the model and closely resemble the phenomena observed in laboratory experiments. The response of the friction coefficient to the changes in flow and bed elevations shows the importance in modeling adequately flow resistance and sediment transport in gravel-cobble bed streams.     

Downstream Decreasing Channel Capacity of a Monsoon-dominated Bengal Basin River: A Case Study of Dwarkeswar River,Eastern India

Downstream changes in channel morphology and flow over the ephemeral Dwarkeswar River in the western part of the Bengal Basin, eastren India were investigated. The river stretches from the Proterozoic Granite Gneiss Complex to the recent Holocene alluvium, forming three distinctive geomorphological regions across the river basin: the pediplane and upper and lower alluvial areas. Sixty cross-sections from throughout the main trunk stream were surveyed and the bankfull width, depth, cross-sectional area, and maximum depth were measured. Sediment samples from each location were studied and the flow velocity, stream power, Manning's roughness coefficient, and shear stress were estimated. The results show that the bankfull channel cross-section area, width, width-to-depth ratio, and channel capacity increased between the beginning and middle of the river. Thereafter, the size of the river started to decrease in the lower alluvial area. This was characterized by gentle gradients, cohesive bank materials with grass cover, and channel switching. Within the lower part of the river, the channel capacity was observed to diminish as the drainage area increased. This increased the bankfull flow frequency and accelerated large floodwater losses in the floodplain via overbank flows and floodways.     

ELECTROCHEMICAL STUDY ON CORROSION BEHAVIOUR OF STEELS IN SAND WITH WATER

ImooUcr0NCormsinnofsodinconatisnowrognindasaseriousproblemwithlargeere-nondconSequenas.Thecormsionproducofondatthesurfaeeofrenfontin-dutaltenSioninthernaterial,resultinginfraCtureandspillingoftheconcretefromtherenfoot(Madrinaldetal.,l99l).Asaasult,theconCretestructure'sIneCanhalstwthisgreatiytalued.0wingtothephyShaldfultyofconduCtingforchdricalexperiInentsinconare,muCoftheworkintheaasofndanisticdCtendnationsforcormsionofstalincon-~wereconduedinalkalinesolution,generallyofporewatCr(Romirz…     

南梁煤矿多煤层开采地下水系统演化规律

煤层开采对所在矿区地下水系统有着重要影响。以往研究单煤层开采对地下水系统的影响较多，而对多煤层的影响研究甚少，特别对于我国西部缺水矿区。以南梁煤矿为例，运用地下水系统演化理论和岩石力学模拟等，对该矿井水文地质结构、矿井涌水变化规律、矿井地下水流场演变、矿井地下水化学成分变化等方面进行了综合分析研究，重构了多煤层开采条件下南梁矿井地下水系统流动模型，初步揭示了矿井水化学成分的演化机理。研究结果表明，2-2煤单煤层开采时，顶板导裂带的最大发育高度为42.1 m，而2-2和3-1煤层重复开采时则增大为83.1 m，相应地应力、位移、塑性区范围后者也比前者增大许多。这揭示出多煤层重复采动明显增大了顶板导裂带的发育高度，加剧了矿井水文地质结构变异，进一步地，导水裂隙带改变了天然地下水渗流路径，沟通了不同含水层之间的水力联系，增强了地下水流动速度和水文地球化学作用，整体扩大了地下水流动系统的规模，从降雨入渗→导裂带渗流→各煤层涌水→井底水仓排水构成了一个自然-人工复合地下水流动模式。研究成果可以为南梁煤矿的矿井水害防治及水资源高效利用提供科学依据，也为类似矿区提供研究参考。      

近50 a来新疆孔雀河灌区地下水流系统演变特征

新疆孔雀河灌区面临地下水超采问题，科学认识区域地下水流系统的发育条件和演变特征，是优化地下水资源开发利用方式的基础。通过构建第四系含水层三维地下水稳定流模型，利用流线追踪技术，模拟识别了孔雀河流域1970-2020年期间地下水流系统的变化特征。结果表明，不同补给区和排泄区通过流线进行组合，在孔雀河周边形成了交错分布的地下水流系统，其空间分布格局随灌区地下水开采规模而变化。在20世纪70年代的拟天然状态，灌区主要发育自北向南的地下水流系统，其空间分布格局取决于水文地质参数和排泄要素，并可能存在1~4个以孔雀河为排泄带的流动系统。在有强烈地下水开采的现状条件下，灌区地下水流系统转变为从四周流向漏斗中心，截断了从孔雀河上游渗漏到中下游河道排泄的水流系统。近50 a来，以潜水蒸发为排泄方式的地下水流系统投影面积萎缩了29%，而以地下水开采为排泄方式的地下水流系统投影面积从零增加到研究区面积的40%。潜水蒸发对自然生态系统具有重要的支撑作用，灌区地下水开采应有所控制以保障潜水蒸发型地下水流系统的发育条件。      

通量上边界渗透系数随埋深增加指数衰减的地下水流系统

地下水流系统理论是当代水文地质学的核心概念框架,研究不同控制因素对盆地地下水流系统发育模式的影响具有重要意义。近年来的研究表明利用通量上边界能够更好地揭示盆地不同要素对地下水流系统模式转化的影响。基于通量上边界,采用数值模拟方法,研究稳定流条件下,渗透系数随埋深呈指数衰减的非均质含水层对盆地地下水流系统模式转化的影响。结果表明:随着渗透系数随埋深指数衰减程度的加大,盆地潜水面整体抬升,盆地上部地下水流速增大,水力梯度增大;同时,盆地地下水流系统由复杂的多级次水流系统到单一的局部水流系统,顺向局部水流系统占据的空间消减,而逆向局部水流系统占据的空间增大,流速近似为零的局部滞留区域向左下方移动。      

STUDY ON FREQUENCY CODING ANTI—INTERFERENCE SYSTEM FOR DATA TRANSMISSION IN SHALLOW WATER ACOUSTIC CHANNELS

Achieving reliable underwater communication in shallow water acoustic channels is a difficult because of the random time-varying nature of multipath propagation,severe amplitude fluctuation,and spatial variability of the channel conditions.This paper describes a new signal processing technique-frequency coding and decoding by means of real-time measurement of signal width,jamming and suppressing multipath interference and using redundant coder.The application of the technique to thd model ZTY-1 status monitor for underwater system of seabed is introduced in this paper.The main principle,the technique specifications and the key techniques of the system are discussed here.Theoretical estimations and experimental results proved that the performance of the system is excellent.The method can be used for some other related low-data-rate data transmission detecting in shallow water acoustic channel.     

Dynamics of loose granular flow and its subsequent deposition in a narrow mountainous river

A large amount of loose debris materials were deposited on the slope of mountainous areas after the 2008 Ms 8.0 Wenchuan earthquake. During and after the earthquake, these loose debris deposits collapsed and slide into valleys or rivers, changing river sediment supply condition and channel morphology. To investigate the mechanisms of granular flow and deposition, the dynamics of slope failure and sediment transportation in typical mountainous rivers of different intersection angles were analyzed with a coupling model of Computational Fluid Dynamics and Discrete Element Method(CFD-DEM). The numerical results show that the change of intersection angle between the granular flow flume and the river channel can affect the deposit geometry and the fluid flow field significantly. As the intersection angle increases, the granular velocity perpendicular to the river channel increases, while the granular velocity parallel to the river channel decreases gradually. Compared to the test of dry granular flow, the CFD-DEM coupling tests show much higher granular velocity and larger volume of sediments entrained in the river. Due to the river flow, particles located at the edge of the deposition will move downstream gradually and the main section of sediments deposition moves from the center to the edge of the river channel. As a result, sediment supply in the downstream river will distribute unevenly. Under the erosion of fluid flow, the proportion of fine particles increases, while the proportion of coarse particles decreases gradually in the sediment deposition. The build-up of accumulated sediment mass will cause a significant increase in water level in the river channel, thus creating serious flooding hazard in mountainous rivers.     

Particle image velocimetry and numerical simulations of the hydrodynamic characteristics of an artificial reef

This article reports a particle image velocimetry study and the comparative results of a numerical simulation into the hydrodynamic characteristics around an artificial reef.We reveal the process of flow separation and vortex evolution,and compare the force terms generated by our artificial reef model.The numerical simulation agrees well with experimental results,showing the applicability of computational fluid dynamics to the hydrodynamics of an artificial reef.Furthermore,we numerically simulate the hydrodynamics of the reef model for seven velocities.The results show that the drag coefficient is approximately 1.21 in a self-modeling region for Reynolds numbers between 2.123×104and 9×104.Therefore,the upwelling height and current width of the flow field do not change significantly when the inflow velocity increases.Our study indicates that computational fluid dynamics can be applied to study the hydrodynamics of an artificial reef and offer clues to its construction.     

Dynamic hydraulic jump and retrograde sedimentation in an open channel induced by sediment supply: experimental study and SPH simulation

Mountainous torrents often carry large amounts of loose materials into the rivers, thus causing strong sediment transport. Experimentally it was found for the first time that when the intensive sediment motion occurs downstream over a gentle slope, the siltation of the riverbed is induced and the sediment particles can move upstream rapidly in the form of a retrograde sand wave, resulting in a higher water level along the river. To further study the complex mechanisms of this problem, a sediment mass model in the framework of the Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics(SPH) method was presented to simulate the riverbed evolution, sediment particle motion, and the generation and development of dynamic hydraulic jump under the condition of sufficient sediment supply over a steep slope with varying angles. Because the sediment is not a continuous medium, the marker particle tracking approach was proposed to represent a piece of sediment with a marked sediment particle. The twophase SPH model realizes the interaction between the sediment and fluid by moving the bed boundary particles up and down, so it can reasonably treat the fluid-sediment interfaces with high CPU efficiency. The critical triggering condition of sediment motion, the propagation of the hydraulic jump and the initial siltation position were all systematically studied. The experimental and numerical results revealed the extra disastrous sediment effect in a mountainous flood. The findings will be useful references to the disaster prevention and mitigation in mountainous rivers.     

武所屯煤矿12煤老空积水区水文地质参数研究

通过该矿12煤老空积水的疏放试验,选取相应的数学模型,计算了太原组12煤老空积水区的水文地质参数——渗透系数、充水系数;为滕北矿区类似条件下的老空积水疏放提供了理论依据。根据试验提出了利用集水廊道原理,扩大钻孔涌水量,节约工程费用,提高疏放效率的工程设计方法。     

Study on internal waves generated by tidal flow over critical topography

Resonance due to critical slope makes the internal wave generation more effectively than that due to supercritical or subcritical slopes(Zhang et al., 2008). Submarine ridges make a greater contribution to ocean mixing than continental margins in global oceans(Müller, 1977; Bell, 1975; Baines, 1982; Morozov, 1995). In this paper, internal wave generation driven by tidal flow over critical topography is examined in laboratory using Particle Image Velocimetry(PIV) and synthetic schlieren methods in synchrony. Non-tidal baroclinic velocities and vertical isopycnal displacements are observed in three representative regions, i.e., critical, outward-propagating, and reflection regions. Temporal and spatial distributions of internal wave rays are analyzed using the time variations of baroclinic velocities and vertical isopycnal displacement, and the results are consistent with those by the linear internal wave theory. Besides, the width of wave beam changes with the outward propagation of internal waves. Finally, through monitoring the uniformly-spaced 14 vertical profiles in the x-z plane, the internal wave fields of density and velocity fields are constructed. Thus, available potential energy, kinetic energy and energy fluxes are determined quantitatively. The distributions of baroclinic energy and energy fluxes are confined along the internal wave rays. The total depth averaged energy and energy flux of vertical profiles away from a ridge are both larger than those near the ridge.