岩体裂隙三维可视化新方法及其应用

快速准确地识别岩体裂隙的三维分布特征是西南山区铁路防灾减灾的关键.本研究提出了一套岩体裂隙可视化新方法,基于测窗调查的裂隙数据,依托球坐标及极射赤平投影进行数字化处理及降维,利用K-Means++聚类算法、Fisher分布模型和蒙特卡洛模拟,完成裂隙产状数据的自动分组和模拟,最后运用Python及圆盘模型实现岩体裂隙三维可视化.本研究采用坐标变换和三角网格曲面的方式,更有利于与其他三维建模软件嵌套分析.水电站工程的先行应用研究表明产状数据服从Fisher分布,本文的模型相对于传统玫瑰花图和施密特图有着一定的优势.因此,本文建立的岩体裂隙模型具有直观快速反映区域裂隙网络三维分布特征的优点,研究成果可以直接服务于西南山区铁路施工阶段隧道掌子面及洞壁的节理裂隙三维识别以及防灾减灾研究.      

Visualization of the El Berrocal granite: application to rock engineering

This paper outlines the visualization of the El Berrocal granite using a computer-based geological modelling system, EarthVision, and discusses the application of this visualization to engineering aspects of waste disposal in crystalline rocks. The El Berrocal Project was an international study with the aim of understanding and modelling the migration processes which have controlled the distribution of naturally occurring radionuclides in a fractured granitic environment. EarthVision was used to provide three-dimensional geological models of the site structure and properties. Modelling of the site structure concentrated on the development of visualizations of the main discontinuities in the granite. These included a model of the main mineralized structures, a model of the regional fracture network, models of local fracture networks between borehole clusters and a visualization of the mineralogy of the fractures in individual boreholes. These fracture models were visualized with the boreholes and access gallery to the mine. In addition, the fracture network in the region of a large scale tracer test was visualized with the injection and extraction zones for the tracer test. Three-dimensional interpolations of the rock and fluid structure were undertaken. A model of the hydraulic conductivity illustrated large-scale variations in hydraulic conductivity and channelling effects in the tracer test zone. A model of the sulphate concentrations in the groundwater illustrated the interpolation of spatial data based on structural domains. The visualizations of the geology of the El Berrocal granite illustrate that, despite limitations, geological modelling can be a powerful and graphic tool in rock engineering. The use of computer visualizations can be provide the three-dimensional structural framework for computations, can aid decision making during the construction phase of waste repositories and can be useful in understanding and analysing the results of numerical calculations.     

A methodology to constrain the parameters of a hydrogeological discrete fracture network model for sparsely fractured crystalline rock,exemplified by data from the proposed high-level nuclear waste repository site at Forsmark,Sweden

The large-scale geological structure of the crystalline rock at the proposed high-level nuclear waste repository site at Forsmark, Sweden, has been classified in terms of deformation zones of elevated fracture frequency. The rock between deformation zones was divided into fracture domains according to fracture frequency. A methodology to constrain the geometric and hydraulic parameters that define a discrete fracture network (DFN) model for each fracture domain is presented. The methodology is based on flow logging and down-hole imaging in cored boreholes in combination with DFN realizations, fracture connectivity analysis and pumping test simulations. The simulations suggest that a good match could be obtained for a power law size distribution where the value of the location parameter equals the borehole radius but with different values for the shape parameter, depending on fracture domain and fracture set. Fractures around 10–100 m in size are the ones that typically form the connected network, giving inflows in the simulations. The report also addresses the issue of up-scaling of DFN properties to equivalent continuous porous medium (ECPM) bulk flow properties. Comparisons with double-packer injection tests provide confidence that the derived DFN formulation of detailed flows within individual fractures is also suited to simulating mean bulk flow properties and their spatial variability.     

Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) of a coastal carbonate aquifer (Port-Miou, SE France)

As part of a larger regional research program “KarstEAU”, the authors have applied electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) techniques to characterize heterogeneities in the Port-Miou coastal karst aquifer (Cassis, SE France). Field surveys were carried out on intensely fractured and karstified Urgonian carbonates. Extensive research has characterized macro- and micro-scale geology of the Port-Miou area and particularly underground water-filled conduits and fault/fracture and karst systems within a former quarry. The authors applied 2D ERT along two surface profiles of length 420 and 595 m to test capability for delineating subsurface conduits and possibly relationship between conduit and fault/fracture/karst orientation; and 3D ERT with a dense 120 electrode array at 1 m spacing (11 × 10 m) was applied over an area of the quarry that had been profiled using 3D georadar and which has had intensive nearby structural geological interpretation. The 2D profiling imaged several underground conduits at depths to >50 m below ground surface and below sea level, including possibly the main Port Miou submarine spring and smaller springs. The 2D profiling within the quarry provided a better understanding of the connectivity between major fractures and faults on the quarry walls and secondary springs along the coast supporting flow of the secondary springs along interpreted fracture orientations. In addition, 2D inversion-derived conductivity models indicate that high resistivity zones above sea-level are associated with non-saturated zones and low resistivity anomalies in the non-saturated zone are associated with residual clays in paleokarsts. A partitioned lower resistivity zone below sea-level can be associated with a higher porosity/permeability zone with fractures and karstic features. Inversion models of the dense 3D ERT data indicate a higher resistivity volume within the larger surveyed block. The survey characterized the non-saturated zone and the ERT resistivities are correlated with karst features interpreted by 3D georadar and visible in the inferior wall of the quarry.     

利用成像测井资料分析汶川地震断裂带科学钻探3号孔(WFSD-3)裂缝特征

WFSD-3孔是汶川地震断裂带科学钻探主要钻孔之一,全井段(终孔深度1 502.30 m)实施了连续取心(累计取心进尺1 548.44 m)和测井作业。采集到的成像测井资料包含丰富的原位地质特征信息,对裂缝、破碎带识别和构造应力场分析具有重要作用。利用该钻孔的电阻率成像测井和超声成像测井资料,结合岩心资料进行了裂缝特征分析。结果表明,WFSD-3孔岩层高角度斜交缝最为发育,其次是低角度斜交缝,垂直缝和水平缝极少;25～200 m和900～1 000 m深度范围内裂缝尤为发育;不同深度的裂缝倾向存在明显差异:410 m之上主要分布于260°～290°,410～730m集中于330°～360°,730～960 m主要分布于210°～240°,960～1 185 m与410 m之上基本一致,1 410～1 450 m与前述各深度段不同,集中于180°～200°;裂缝与破碎带、层理密切相关,宏观分布受构造控制。     

一种基于物性数据的深部三维地质建模方法

地质采样信息不足是制约深部三维地质建模的重要因素, 深部物性探测数据由于其易于获取而能够有效形成可视化模型.结合这一特点, 在地质调查项目工作中探索出了一种基于物性探测数据的三维地质建模方法.它首先利用岩石样品物性测量实验数据提取出物性参数及其对应地质属性的映射关系, 然后将不同地球物理方法所获取到的物性数据进行综合建模并解释, 最后将解释后的可视化模型转换为地质三维模型.实践证明, 该方法能够针对性地解决项目中的一些深部地质三维建模问题.      

Study of pore pressure change during mining and its application on water inrush prevention: a numerical simulation case in Zhaogezhuang coalmine,China

Most of water inrush incidents in coalmines are originally derived from a seepage flow through rock mass fractures, particularly in fault zones. Water inrush is typically caused by hydromechanical coupling interactions induced by human activities. Taking the Zhaogezhuang coalmine in northern China as an example, the progress of a lagging water inrush, which occurred at a depth of about ?1,100 m, was simulated and analyzed based on the hydromechanical coupling mechanism. A 3D model incorporating the main structures of the study area was constructed based on the geological data and field investigation. The equivalent continuum medium was employed to describe fault zones. Processes of determining the mechanical, rheological and hydraulic parameters are discussed in details. Three hydromechanical coupling models are applied: (1) the elastoplastic strain-fluid coupling mechanism in rock mass within the fault zone, (2) the inelastic creep-fluid coupling mechanism in rock materials within the fault gouge, and (3) the stress-permeability coupling mechanism in the fractured porous rocks. The evolution of water-recharge zones along the fault zone was presented in different mining phases. By comparing the simulated pore pressures with the in situ monitored ones, the following conclusions can be drawn: (1) the actual hydraulic behaviors are a combination of the long-term trends and short-term effects; (2) the creep-fluid coupling model reflects the rock hydraulic behaviors of long-term trends, while the elastoplastic strain-fluid coupling model demonstrates the short-term effects; (3) a prediction method called ‘time window’ for the risk of the lagging water inrush is proposed. Its feasibility is discussed.     

莺歌海盆地流体垂向输导体系及其对天然气成藏控制作用

垂向输导体系主控下的热流体活动是莺歌海盆地重要的地质特征之一, 决定了盆内独特的油气成藏过程.依据地震剖面综合解释、三维地震属性提取和岩石薄片观察, 分析了流体垂向输导体系的构成要素, 并利用PetroMod v11进行2D盆地数值模拟, 定量化计算了自源超压和传导超压的大小, 获得以下主要认识: (1)底辟伴生断裂和水力破裂是东方区最主要的2种垂向输导要素, 且在垂向上存在分异性, 深部流体输导以水力破裂为主, 浅层输导以底辟伴生断裂为主; (2)流体的垂向输导刺穿了超压封存箱并导致自源超压面在盆地中央抬升近2 000 m, 现今盆地东方区3 000 m左右黄流组油气藏中剩余压力的90%来自传导型超压; (3)盆内存在2个有利天然气聚集带: 箱顶传导常压带和箱内自源-传导超压带, 其中后者天然气藏受水力破裂输导控制, 具有流体输导高效且距离烃源灶近的优势, 是盆地内最有勘探潜力的天然气聚集带.      

History of actinide and minor element mobility in an Archean granitic batholith in Manitoba,Canada

Surface and borehole core samples from the Lac du Bonnet granite, Manitoba, Canada, have been analysed for major element concentrations,Fe³⁺/Fe (total) ratios, rare earth element (REE) content and actinide isotopic abundances. This work forms part of the geological investigations of the Canadian Nuclear Fuel Waste Management Program, performed by Atomic Energy of Canada Limited (AECL). The study attempts to understand the history of, and processes governing, mobilisation of elements and naturally occurring radionuclides during high- and low-temperature alteration events in fluid-bearing fractures in the granite.One surface sample and two core samples (from ∼ 150 m and 730 m) are each in contact with fractures in the granite and show evidence of alteration events that penetrated the rock matrix over distances of at least 3 cm. Loss of Ca and Na is seen in cores from a depth of ∼ 150 m from the highly altered, hematite-rich rock adjacent to sub-horizontal fracture zones at the Underground Research Laboratory (URL) of AECL, near Lac du Bonnet. In contrast, K, Fe,Fe³⁺/Fe and U concentrations increase towards the fracture surface due to formation of illite and association of U with hematite and the illite. At the fracture surface, U continues to increase, but Fe and theFe³⁺/Fe ratio decrease indicating Fe removal by reduction. The REE also show some enrichment in more altered rock at intermediate depths, but the total REE concentration is lower than in the surface and deep core samples. No clear trends are visible for parent and fracture-surface REE in surface and deep core samples, however.Disequilibrium values of²³⁴U/²³⁸U and ²³⁰Th/²³⁴U ratios in surface and intermediate depth core samples indicate that U has been mobilised in recent geological time (the last Ma), but Th has remained relatively immobile. High Th/U and²³⁰Th/²³⁴U ratios in surface samples are indicative of rapid leaching of U but little isotopic fractionation, probably within the last 10⁵ a. Apparently unaltered rock, several centimetres distant from the fracture in surface and intermediate- depth samples, has lost appreciable U, but evidence from U-series disequilibrium studies suggests that this process occurred more than one million years ago, perhaps during deuteric or hydrothermal alteration. Core from a fracture at depth in the granite shows little hematite or clay formation and lacks evidence of REE and recent or ancient actinide mobilisation.The U-series results are correlated with the observed concentrations and isotope activity ratios of U in groundwaters sampled from the same or adjacent fractures. Analyses of samples of highly altered rubble recovered from centre portions of fracture zones at the URL show both excesses and deficiencies of²³⁴U and²³⁰Th in neighbouring locations, possibly due to the presence of a redox front whose position is controlled by modern groundwater composition.The implications of these results are discussed for the concept of disposal of nuclear fuel waste at depth in plutonic rock on the Canadian Shield.     

岩体结构面计算机三维扩展模型研究

结合水电站工程采集岩体结构数据的特点,详细介绍岩体中结构面在空间上的扩展与延拓方法,即试图利用有限的地质数据,建立结构面的拟合函数,从而实现三维地质模型可视化。     

地质三维信息模型研究及其应用

地质三维模型研究与应用在地质构造研究、资源勘探与开发等领域具有十分重要的意义。针对地质勘探等原始离散数据采用UML建立数据静态结构模型,利于GIS空间数据库集中存储管理;根据原始数据的特征,采用矢量层面构模技术建立了三维层面模型,生成地层表面和地层层间实体的连续数据;三维可视化模型采用流行的OpenGL图形技术,实现了原始数据、特征层表面和地质体三维显示与交互式剖切操作等。基于组件开发技术建立了地质三维信息模型系统,成功应用于城市地质勘察三维建模与可视化分析,并指出可在三个层次对此模型进行重用与扩展,具有较高的推广应用价值。     

新疆柯坪-巴楚地区碳酸盐岩构造裂缝发育的控制因素及油气勘探意义

构造裂缝发育程度是碳酸盐岩地区构造裂缝定量研究的重要方面,对碳酸盐岩裂缝油气藏的储层预测具有重要意义。论文基于野外地质实际考察,研究岩性、地层厚度、构造性质等因素对构造裂缝的影响,建立比较系统的构造裂缝发育分布规律,建立构造裂缝发育的地质模型。白云岩的裂缝密度明显大于灰岩类的裂缝密度。地层越厚裂缝密度越小,但裂缝规模较大。走滑断裂控制的构造裂缝的裂缝密度与距断裂的距离呈指数关系且存在"断裂控制的裂缝带","断裂控制裂缝带"与断裂的性质、规模和断距等因素密切相关。提出不同性质断裂"断裂控制裂缝带"宽度与断层破碎带宽度的比值K,这个比值的发现对断裂控制的裂缝油气勘探开发具有重要的应用价值。     

高台子油田扶余油层现今地应力数值模拟及对水力压裂的影响

利用微地震资料和岩石波速各向异性实验数据计算统计了高台子油田扶余油层相关井点的现今地应力方向, 并通过水力压裂资料及岩心古地磁定向、差应变、声发射实验得到井点的现今地应力数值; 结合岩石三轴抗压实验确定扶余油层的岩石力学参数, 在此基础上利用ANSYS软件建立研究区的有限元模型, 以井点现今地应力参数为约束条件, 对扶余油层现今地应力场进行数值模拟, 并分析了水力压裂施工时现今应力场及天然裂缝活动性对人工压裂缝的影响。研究结果表明, 高台子油田扶余油层水平最大主应力集中在34 MPa附近, 呈北东东-南西西向, 水平最小主应力为26~30 MPa, 方向北北西-南南东。断层带内有较高的应力值, 研究区西北部的背斜翼部水平主应力值较大, 而东部、南部较为平缓的背斜核部则是水平主应力的低值区。西部的背斜翼部及断裂带是天然裂缝的活跃区域, 天然裂缝对压裂缝的延伸方向影响较大; 东部的背斜核部平缓地带天然裂缝的活动性较低。      

Geotechnical site investigations for possible urban extensions at Suez City, Egypt using GIS

With the development of economic activities in the world, the construction activities have also increased. A proper surface and subsurface investigation is made to assess the general suitability of the site and to prepare an adequate and economic safe design for the proposed work. The main purpose of the current study is to create a spatial model of the geotechnical conditions and considerations by using geographic information systems (GIS) techniques to develop and analyze a site model and to plan site activities at the new extension of Suez City (SC). In the geotechnical site evaluations, GIS can be used in four ways, data integration, data visualization and analysis, planning and summarizing site activities, and data presentation. The integrated data can be displayed; manipulated and analyzed using tools build into the GIS programs, thus creating the geotechnical site model of the study area. Decisions can be made for further site activities and the results of the site activities can be integrated into the GIS site model. Interpretation of geotechnical data frequently involves assimilating information from many sites each with a unique geographical location. Interpretation of these data requires the spatial location to incorporate into the analysis. Weights are assigned to different of mechanical, physical soil properties, geological, hydrogeological, and other ancillary data. Finally, the weighted maps are integrated using a GIS based on the construction purposes for the new extension of SC for significant cost savings in design, construction and longevity. The ideal and good zones’ highest regime has been observed towards central and western regions with sporadic pockets. The marginal zones to average zones are moderately suited for shallow foundation.     

Micromine三维地质建模及其地质意义

通过对桌铜矿区地形、勘探线剖面图及中段平面图等基础地质资料的收集整理,利用Micromine三维软件,分别对矿区的地形、地层、岩浆岩、矿体进行了三维地质建模。在三维可视化环境下对矿体的形态、产状以及矿体与围岩、断裂的关系有了清楚的认识,对矿区整体的构造格架有了明确的把握。     

三维地质建模及可视化技术在固体矿产储量估算中的应用

将三维GIS技术、三维地质建模及可视化技术与固体矿产储量估算相结合,对于提高储量估算和管理的智能化和自动化水平,具有重要意义.文章提出了一种利用三维地质建模与可视化技术进行固体矿产储量估算的可行性方案.并提出了应用轮廓线进行三维矿体表面建模时尖灭与分支情况处理、带约束的三维矿体表面建模的解决方案.     

Effects of fracture lineaments and in-situ rock stresses on groundwater flow in hard rocks: a case study from Sunnfjord, western Norway

Systematic field mapping of fracture lineaments observed on aerial photographs shows that almost all of these structures are positively correlated with zones of high macroscopic and mesoscopic fracture frequencies compared with the surroundings. The lineaments are subdivided into zones with different characteristics: (1) a central zone with fault rocks, high fracture frequency and connectivity but commonly with mineral sealed fractures, and (2) a damage zone divided into a proximal zone with a high fracture frequency of lineament parallel, non-mineralized and interconnected fractures, grading into a distal zone with lower fracture frequencies and which is transitional to the surrounding areas with general background fracturing. To examine the possible relations between lineament architecture and in-situ rock stress on groundwater flow, the geological fieldwork was followed up by in-situ stress measurements and test boreholes at selected sites. Geophysical well logging added valuable information about fracture distribution and fracture flow at depths. Based on the studies of in-situ stresses as well as the lineaments and associated fracture systems presented above, two working hypotheses for groundwater flow were formulated: (i) In areas with a general background fracturing and in the distal zone of lineaments, groundwater flow will mainly occur along fractures parallel with the largest in-situ rock stress, unless fractures are critically loaded or reactivated as shear fractures at angles around 30° to σ_H; (ii) In the influence area of lineaments, the largest potential for groundwater abstraction is in the proximal zone, where there is a high fracture frequency and connectivity with negligible fracture fillings. The testing of the two hypotheses does not give a clear and unequivocal answer in support of the two assumptions about groundwater flow in the study area. But most of the observed data are in agreement with the predictions from the models, and can be explained by the action of the present stress field on pre-existing fractures.     

Modeling 3D thermal fracture propagation by transient cooling using virtual multidimensional internal bonds

Thermal fracturing can play an important role in development of unconventional petroleum and geothermal resources. Thermal fractures can result from the nonlinear deformation of the rock in response to thermal stress related to cold water injection as well as heating. Before the rock reaches the final failure stage, material softening and bulk modulus degradation can cause changes in the thermo‐mechanical properties of the solid. In order to capture this aspect of the rock fracture, a virtual multidimensional internal bond‐based thermo‐mechanical model is derived to track elastic, softening, and the failure stages of the rock in response to the temporal changes of its temperature field. The variations in thermo‐mechanical properties of the rock are derived from a nonlinear constitutive model. To represent the thermo‐mechanical behavior of pre‐existing fractures, the element partition method is employed. Using the model, numerical simulation of 3D thermal fracture propagation in brittle rock is carried out. Results of numerical simulations provide evidence of model verification and illustrate nonlinear thermal response and fracture development in rock under uniform cooling. In addition, fracture coalescence in a cluster of fractures under thermal stress is illustrated, and the process of thermal fracturing from a wellbore is captured. Results underscore the importance of thermal stress in reservoir stimulation and show the effectiveness of the model to predict 3D thermal fracturing. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Quantifying fracture geometry with X-ray tomography: Technique of Iterative Local Thresholding (TILT) for 3D image segmentation

This paper presents a new method—the Technique of Iterative Local Thresholding (TILT)—for processing 3D X-ray computed tomography (xCT) images for visualization and quantification of rock fractures. The TILT method includes the following advancements. First, custom masks are generated by a fracture-dilation procedure, which significantly amplifies the fracture signal on the intensity histogram used for local thresholding. Second, TILT is particularly well suited for fracture characterization in granular rocks because the multi-scale Hessian fracture (MHF) filter has been incorporated to distinguish fractures from pores in the rock matrix. Third, TILT wraps the thresholding and fracture isolation steps in an optimized iterative routine for binary segmentation, minimizing human intervention and enabling automated processing of large 3D datasets. As an illustrative example, we applied TILT to 3D xCT images of reacted and unreacted fractured limestone cores. Other segmentation methods were also applied to provide insights regarding variability in image processing. The results show that TILT significantly enhanced separability of grayscale intensities, outperformed the other methods in automation, and was successful in isolating fractures from the porous rock matrix. Because the other methods are more likely to misclassify fracture edges as void and/or have limited capacity in distinguishing fractures from pores, those methods estimated larger fracture volumes (up to 80 %), surface areas (up to 60 %), and roughness (up to a factor of 2). These differences in fracture geometry would lead to significant disparities in hydraulic permeability predictions, as determined by 2D flow simulations.