内蒙古赤峰南窝铺铀矿床英安岩的SHRIMP锆石U-Pb年龄、地球化学特征及地质意义

南窝铺铀矿床位于西拉木伦缝合带以南、康宝—围场—赤峰断裂带(华北北缘断裂带的一部分)以北的白乃庙加里东期岛弧带和华北古板块北缘海西期俯冲—碰撞带,属沽源—红山子铀成矿带北东段红山子—广兴铀成矿亚带的一个铀矿床,铀矿体赋存在额里图组安山岩—英安岩—流纹岩组合中.该组合中的英安岩SHRIMP锆石n(206Pb)/n(238...     

松辽盆地南部早白垩世火山岩的地球化学特征及其成因

对松辽盆地南部早白垩世火石岭组和营城组火山岩进行的岩石地球化学研究表明,火石岭组火山岩主要以玄武质粗面安山岩和粗安岩为主,存在少量粗面英安岩,其Si O2=53.8%~68.6wt%、K2O+Na2O=7.70%~9.59%、Mg#=26.72~33.89,以富集轻稀土和大离子亲石元素(LILEs,如Rb、Ba、Th、U等),亏损重稀土和高场强元素(HFSEs,如Nb、Ta、Ti、P等)为特征,这些特征与俯冲带火山岩类似。营城组火山岩以流纹岩为主,存在少量的玄武质粗面安山岩、粗面安山岩和英安岩,基性端元具有低硅(Si O2=49.3%~56.6%)、低碱(K2O+Na2O=4.57%~6.60%)、富镁(Mg#=33.49~59.51)的特征,主要属于钙碱性系列,暗示其原始岩浆主要来源于地幔;酸性端元的Si O2=65.4%~74.9%,K2O+Na2O=3.23%~7.75%,低镁(Mg#=21.76~39.18)。营城组火山岩稀土配分型式呈右倾型,富集轻稀土和大离子亲石元素,亏损重稀土和高场强元素,与俯冲环境火山岩相似。其中,营城组流纹岩地球化学特征类似A型花岗岩,暗示形成于伸展环境。结合区域研究成果,认为松辽盆地南部早白垩世火山岩的形成与古太平洋板块向欧亚大陆之下的俯冲作用有关。火石岭组火山岩形成于活动大陆边缘环境,营城组火山岩的形成与岩石圈拆沉作用引发的伸展背景有关。     

内蒙古西部阿拉善地区哈里努登花岗岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄和地球化学特征

哈里努登岩体位于阿拉善地块北缘,主要由花岗闪长岩、黑云母二长花岗岩组成。锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb测年显示其形成时代为284.0Ma±1.8Ma,并非以往认为的志留纪。岩石SiO2含量为67%~72%,CaO为2.2%~4.4%,Na2O为3.7%~4.3%,K2O为2.1%~2.9%,具有较高的全碱含量,属钙碱性—高钾钙碱性系列,Al2O3含量为14.5%~17.2%,为准铝—弱过铝质（A/CNK=0.90~1.07）,总体显示出I型花岗岩的特征。稀土元素总量较低（35.2×10-6~130.6×10-6）,轻稀土元素相对富集,Eu呈正异常（δEu=1.04~1.90）。在原始地幔标准化图解中,大离子亲石元素（K、Rb、Ba、Sr）富集,亏损高场强元素（Ta、Nb、P、Yb、Y等）,显示出弧花岗岩的特征。结合区域背景分析,阿拉善北缘在早二叠世时可能还存在与弧物质有关的岩浆活动。     

塔河地区海西晚期火山岩地球化学特征及地质意义

通过岩心观察,塔河地区海西晚期先后发育基性火山岩和中酸性火山岩两大类。两类火山岩具有不同地球化学组成:基性火山岩K2O+Na2O=3.49%~4.25%,K2O/Na2O=0.18~0.381,为钠质系列玄武岩,富集大离子亲石元素K、Rb、Ba、Th和高场强元素Nb、Ta、Ti、Zr、P,δEu≈1,无明显亏损;中酸性火山岩表现为高场强元素Nb、Ta、Sr、P、Ti亏损,大离子亲石元素K、Rb、Ba、Th较为富集,稀土元素δEu=0.43~0.661,铕具明显负异常特征,K2O+Na2O=6.86%~8.82%,K2O/Na2O=1.25~1.591,为钾玄或高钾钙碱性系列英安岩。强不相容元素Th/Ta、Nb/U比值说明,玄武岩与英安岩成因没有明显亲缘性,玄武岩来源于地幔,英安岩来源于地壳。结合邻区火成岩对比分析,塔河地区发育的玄武岩、英安岩分别与塔中地区玄武岩和南天山分区花岗岩具有相同的地球化学特征,构造判别图解表明,玄武岩形成于板内主裂陷期,英安岩、花岗岩形成于板块边缘岛弧构造环境,作为特殊古构造位置,塔河地区先后发育的玄武岩、英安岩为板内主裂陷盆地边缘和弧火山边缘相互耦合的产物。     

西藏八宿吉利地区新发现寒武纪变质花岗岩锆石U-Pb年龄、地球化学特征及其地质意义

八宿吉利地区寒武纪变质花岗岩位于曲扎湖-提卡一带,主要由变质二长花岗岩和变质花岗闪长岩组成。这一新发现对于认识和恢复原特提斯构造历史演化具有重要意义。锆石CL图像显示变质花岗岩锆石为岩浆成因。锆石LA-ICP-MS测年得出片理化变质二长花岗岩年龄为503.7±4.7Ma、变质花岗闪长岩年龄为494.7±3.4Ma,表明该岩体形成时代属于寒武纪。通过岩石地球化学分析,变质二长花岗岩SiO2含量介于69.87%~79.89%之间;变质花岗闪长岩SiO2含量介于66.63%~70.15%之间。前者Al2O3含量变化于12.36%~14.82%,Na2O含量为2.54%~7.16%,K2O含量为0.15%~5.95%,K2O/Na2O=0.02~2.34;后者Al2O3含量变化于14.66%~15.41%,Na2O含量为3.60%~5.63%,K2O含量为0.77%~2.78%,K2O/Na2O=0.14~0.77,属于钙碱性-碱性过铝质花岗岩。在侵入岩构造环境Rb-(Y+Nb)判别图解、Rb-(Yb+Ta)判别图解中,样品均落入“火山弧花岗岩”区域中,表明其形成于大陆边缘火山弧环境。结合锆石测年结果及区域地质背景分析,认为吉利地区变质花岗岩形成于冈瓦纳大陆裂离卡穷微陆块阶段,同时表明原特提斯洋形成最早时限可追溯至寒武纪。     

小兴安岭东南部胜利林场地区晚三叠世A型花岗岩地球化学特征及构造指示意义

小兴安岭东南部胜利林场地区晚三叠世花岗岩位于松嫩地块东缘,东部以嘉荫－牡丹江断裂为界与佳木斯地块相接。晚三叠世花岗岩以二长花岗岩和正长花岗岩为主。它具较高的SiO2（72.51%~78.83%,平均值75.70%）、K2O+Na2O（7.65%~9.84%,平均8.58%）及FeO*/MgO(5.79~24.43,平均值为12.81);较低的CaO（0.1%~0.87%,平均值0.55%）、P2O5(0.01%~0.03%,平均值0.02%);过碱指数AI=mol(Na2O+K2O)/Al2O3（0.82~1.0,平均值0.88）;以上各值同A型花岗岩值相同。δEu=0.11~0.55,平均为0.31,表现中等－较强的Eu负异常。原始地幔标准化蛛网图上,富集Th、La、Ce、Ta和Rb等元素,而Ba、Sr、Nb和Y明显亏损。在A１、A２型花岗岩类的判别图解上,除一个样品外,其它样品均显示了A2(后碰撞)花岗岩特征。暗示晚三叠世A型花岗岩为造山后伸展拉张环境的产物。     

海南岛中部五指山地区早白垩世火山岩地球化学特征及其形成构造背景

海南岛中部五指山地区发育一套中酸性向酸性演化的火山岩系,总厚度2 299 m,岩性自下而上主要由英安质—流纹质熔岩及相应的火山碎屑岩组成,在TAS火山岩分类图上大部分落入流纹岩区,仅个别落入英安岩、玄武安山岩、粗面安山岩区。岩石具有Si O2、Al2O3、Na2O、K2O偏高,而Ca O、Mg O、Ti O2等偏低的特点。稀土配分模式均表现为呈右倾的轻稀土富集型曲线,轻、重稀土分异较强,LREE/HREE=10.17~22.34(平均13.56)。岩石富集大离子亲石元素,亏损高场强元素,具有正常弧花岗岩浆的特点,推断其形成于伸展的大地构造背景。     

冀北大滩盆地粗面岩的年代学、地球化学特征及成因研究

丰宁大滩盆地位于西拉木伦河断裂带以南的华北古板块北缘,燕辽Mo-U-Ag-Pb-Zn多金属成矿带西段和沽源-红山 子铀成矿带西南段,空间上与赋存张麻井大型铀钼矿床的沽源盆地毗邻。大滩盆地张家口组粗面岩-流纹岩组合构成盆地 的主体,是热液型铀矿的主要围岩。粗面岩SHRIMP锆石U-Pb年龄为140.3 ± 1.4 Ma（2σ, MSWD=1.09）,地质时代属于早 白垩世早期。具有较高的SiO2、K2O+Na2O含量,SiO2=61.6%~63.1%,K2O+ Na2O=9.28%~10.2%,在K2O-SiO2图解中投影点落在橄榄玄粗岩系列范围,TAS图解上都落在碱性系列粗面岩或粗面英安岩范围,结合标准矿物Q含量为12.9%~18.4% （小于20%）,属典型的粗面岩。稀土元素含量高,富集轻稀土,铕负异常不明显,ΣREE=（279~318） ×10-6,δEu=0.77~ 0.88,稀土配分曲线图表现为右倾的轻稀土富集型,具高压型粗面岩的稀土元素特征;富集大离子亲石元素K、Rb、Ba、 Pb和高场强元素Zr、Y,亏损Nb、Ta、Sr、Ti元素。较低的Ti/Zr（8.40~14.72）、Nb/Ta（14.07~15.26） 比值,较高的Rb/Sr （0.95~1.60）,具有高Sr-Ba 英安岩-流纹岩的微量元素的特征;具有较高的（87Sr/86Sr）i （0.7077~0.7096）、较低的εNd(t)（-12.09~ -10.67）,较大的TDM2 （1911~1796 Ma）,较低的（206Pb/204Pb）t （16.92~17.04）、（207Pb/204Pb）t （15.39~15.42） 和（208Pb/204Pb）t （37.58~37.67）,在（87Sr/86Sr）i -t/Ga和（208Pb/204Pb） t-（206Pb/204Pb）t 图解上投影点位于下地壳和地幔之间,并靠近EMⅠ富集地幔,在εNd(t)-（87Sr/86Sr）i 图解上投影点位于EMⅠ富集地幔演化线上,与汉诺坝二辉麻粒岩包体的区域一致。可见,大滩盆地粗面岩的成因可用两阶段模式进行解释：古元古代源于EMⅠ富集地幔的岩浆与少量古老下地壳物质部分熔融产物混合形成年轻下地壳,早白垩世早期在加厚地壳背景下年轻下地壳部分熔融形成的岩浆喷出地表形成粗面岩。     

新疆额尔宾山花岗岩侵位年龄和成因及其对南天山洋闭合时代的限定

额尔宾山花岗岩岩体位于南天山晚古生代侵入岩带,对该花岗岩进行锆石U-Pb定年获得296.1±1.8Ma的年龄,为早二叠世。岩石主量元素分析结果表明,该花岗岩的Si O2含量为66.96%~67.3%,富碱(Na2O+K2O=7.53%~7.97%),K2O/Na2O1(1.15~1.27),属高钾钙碱性系列岩石;Al2O3为15.56%~15.62%,Al2O3K2O+Na2O+Ca O,属于过铝型。岩石稀土元素配分模式呈现轻稀土元素(LREE)富集((La/Yb)N=27.03~30.62)、重稀土元素(HREE)亏损((LREE/HREE)=18.2~20.1)、具有中等程度的负Eu异常(δEu=0.64~0.68)。微量元素判别结果显示,其具有I-A型花岗岩过渡的特征。结合区域地质背景综合分析,初步认定该岩体可能形成于南天山同碰撞向后碰撞构造体制转换时期,据此可以推测南天山洋盆闭合时限至少应该在早二叠世以前。     

内蒙古西部阿拉善地区哈里努登花岗岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄和地球化学特征

哈里努登岩体位于阿拉善地块北缘,主要由花岗闪长岩、黑云母二长花岗岩组成。锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb测年显示其形成时代为284.0Ma±1.8Ma,并非以往认为的志留纪。岩石SiO2含量为67%~72%,CaO为2.2%~4.4%,Na2O为3.7%~4.3%,K2O为2.1%~2.9%,具有较高的全碱含量,属钙碱性—高钾钙碱性系列,Al2O3含量为14.5%~17.2%,为准铝—弱过铝质(A/CNK=0.90~1.07),总体显示出I型花岗岩的特征。稀土元素总量较低(35.2×10-6~130.6×10-6),轻稀土元素相对富集,Eu呈正异常(δEu=1.04~1.90)。在原始地幔标准化图解中,大离子亲石元素(K、Rb、Ba、Sr)富集,亏损高场强元素(Ta、Nb、P、Yb、Y等),显示出弧花岗岩的特征。结合区域背景分析,阿拉善北缘在早二叠世时可能还存在与弧物质有关的岩浆活动。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Mountains,nations, parks,and conservation

Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km² and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

NEW SET OF LOW CONCENTRATION STANDARDS FOR LA, CE, SM, YB, LU, Y, SC, V, NB AND TA IN SILICATES

We have developed a set of four synthetic standards for the rare earth and high field strength elements designed for use in the determination of those elements in silicates. The base material is a glass nominally at the eutectic of the MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ ternary system. The nominal doping level was 2 wt% of the elements as oxides. To avoid problems associated with peak interference, the elements were doped in four separate glasses.