川宣地1井发现厚层海相可溶性“新型杂卤石钾盐”工业矿层

1研究目的(Objective)近年来,中国地质科学院矿产资源研究所郑绵平院士团队在四川盆地东北部宣汉普光地区下三叠统嘉陵江组四—五段(简称“嘉四—五段”)发现了一种与石盐共生的碎屑颗粒杂卤石,此种分布于石盐基质中的碎屑颗粒杂卤石易溶于水,便于采用水溶法低成本、规模化开采,因而被命名为“新型杂卤石钾盐矿”,是一种全新的海相可溶性优质硫酸盐型钾盐矿床类型。为进一步查明新型杂卤石钾盐矿的沉积分布特征与含钾性等基本地质参数,结合区域物探资料和野外地质调查结果,优选钻探靶区,以嘉四—五段为主要目的层系,设计部署锂钾综合地质调查井——川宣地1井,力争取得海相可溶性新型杂卤石钾盐找矿突破,并为该区钾盐资源评价提供可靠依据。     

四川盆地东部垫江盐盆早三叠世嘉陵江组四段杂卤石成因及对成钾的指示

四川盆地三叠纪是主要的成钾期,目前发现的主要含钾矿物为杂卤石,有关早三叠世嘉陵江组四段石盐岩中杂卤石成因一直存在争议.采用薄片鉴定、扫描电镜、稀土元素和锶同位素等手段,分析了四川盆地东部垫江盐盆长寿地区嘉陵江组四段石盐岩中杂卤石矿物形态特征,初步探讨了该杂卤石成因及对寻找海相钾盐的指示意义.扫描电镜下与石盐岩共生的杂卤...     

哈萨克斯坦日良矿成矿模式及其开发潜力

中国是个缺钾的国家,每年需要大量进口钾肥。哈萨克斯坦的日良钾盐矿是一座大型钾石盐-杂卤石矿山,位于哈萨克斯坦西部滨里海盆地的东部边缘,紧邻乌拉尔褶皱带。含盐矿层为二叠系孔谷阶,矿体位于近南北向的日良背斜上,上钾盐层为2~3个钾石盐分层,下钾盐层为3个杂卤石分层。日良钾盐矿与滨里海盆地及乌拉尔褶皱带上的其他钾盐矿(如上卡姆钾盐矿)的沉积条件类似,同时拥有滨里海盆地及乌拉尔褶皱带上其他钾盐矿的特征,但具有独特的产生大规模原生杂卤石成矿条件,使得研究日良的杂卤石对研究滨里海盆地及乌拉尔褶皱带这2个重要钾盐成矿带的形成和演化有很大的参考价值。     

成盐理论引领我国找钾取得重要进展

中国地质科学院矿产资源研究所郑绵平院士钾盐团队在地质调查项目和国家自然科学基金重点项目联合资助下,联合柴达木综合地质矿产勘查院等单位,在柴达木盆地西部阿尔金山前第四纪早期地层发现新型砂砾含钾卤水层,根据钻探资料控制的资源量3.5亿吨,有望成为柴达木盆地钾盐后备基地。在塔里木库车凹陷发现厚达百米的古新纪含钾盐矿层,氯化钾达工业品位盐层厚度为41 m;深入阐明了在四川盆地大规模三叠系杂卤石资源:提出该资源既是深层富钾卤水钾重要来源,更是宝贵的缓释钾肥;对上扬子盆地13个储卤构造含钾卤水矿进行评估,估算氯化钾资源量4917万吨;在滇西南勐野井建立钾盐二层楼成矿模式,大幅度缩小陕北奥陶系盐盆找钾靶区,海相钾盐找矿崭露曙光。     

K~+、Na~+、Mg~(2+)、Ca~(2+)/Cl~-、SO_4~(2-)-H_2O六元体系中杂卤石形成条件的研究

<正> 杂卤石(K_2SO_4·MgSO_4·2CaSO_4·2H_2O)是一种分布较广的钾盐矿物,几乎所有硫酸盐型的钾盐矿床中都有杂卤石层分布。波兰下三迭统赫洛波夫杂卤石矿床是一重要的工业矿床,绝大多数氯化物型钾盐矿床中也常有少量杂卤石产出。杂卤石是最易保存的钾盐矿物之一。美国新墨西哥钾盐矿床,就是在石油钻井岩屑中发现了杂卤石之后,进一步找到钾石盐的。袁见齐教授(1974)指出:就现有的地质资料来看,杂卤石的产出无论是在时间上还是在空间上都与可溶性钾盐矿层(或矿化)有密切的关系。不论成因如何,一个盐盆地中若有杂卤石出现,其中就有可能存在其它钾盐矿物或矿     

川东北宣汉地区新型杂卤石钾盐矿的地球化学特征及其意义

新型杂卤石钾盐矿分布于川东北宣汉地区早-中三叠世蒸发岩层中,以杂卤石碎屑不均匀的分布于石盐层为特征。笔者对HC3井新型杂卤石钾盐矿段进行连续取样,并进行水溶化学实验,根据其可溶部分的主量、微量元素特征发现:①溶液中的(K+Mg)/Ca值平均为1.24,略小于杂卤石中的(K+Mg)/Ca值(1.27),整体损失率为2.36%,远小于CaSO4组分在杂卤石中的含量(48%),表明杂卤石在石盐基质溶解形成的NaCl溶液中有较好的溶解度,有利于溶采;②Br×103/Cl值分布在0.16～0.44,显示新型杂卤石钾盐矿的蒸发阶段位于正常石盐阶段内,整体较高,蒸发阶段稳定无剧烈波动,仅顶部出现快速淡化,结合前人对杂卤石的成因研究,笔者认为石盐层不具备形成杂卤石的条件,杂卤石碎屑是一种"外来物";③含硬石膏碎屑中,(K+Mg)/Ca值随着Br×103/Cl值的增加而增高,表明碎屑中的杂卤石的含量随成盐卤水浓缩程度的升高而增加。     

青海察尔汗盐湖别勒滩区段杂卤石成因及其成钾指示意义

别勒滩区段位于青海察尔汗盐湖西部,前人认为察尔汗盐湖固体钾盐矿物以光卤石为主,在别勒滩区段西部发现有杂卤石,但并未引起足够重视,对杂卤石成因未做详细研究。本文通过对别勒区段七个钻孔样品的矿物鉴定及地球化学分析,发现别勒滩区段杂卤石以原生和准同生交代方式赋存,且以后者为主,多交代石膏等硫酸盐矿物产出,少量出现交代石盐现象。杂卤石主要分布于别勒滩中西部地区,整个别勒滩区段自西向东出现了以杂卤石为主渐变为以钾石盐—光卤石为主的分布规律。结合别勒滩区段晶间卤水的补给条件,研究认为别勒滩区段杂卤石形成是涩聂湖硫酸镁亚型湖水与先期形成的盐类矿物发生交代反应的结果。别勒滩地区杂卤石作为典型的陆相成因,对研究海相蒸发岩矿床中普遍存在的杂卤石成因具有一定的对比借鉴意义,海相蒸发岩矿床中的杂卤石可能是盆地形成的内陆盐湖湖水与早期沉积的盐类矿物发生交代反应形成,对寻找海相钾盐有一定的指示意义。     

四川华蓥山浅层杂卤石钾矿地质特征及其成因意义

四川浅层杂卤石钾矿分布于华蓥山背斜北倾没端下中三叠统之硬石膏岩层中。杂卤石钾矿体呈透镜体状分布,伴有多钙钾石膏和硫锶钾石,为富钾溶液交代作用形成。浅层杂卤石钾矿具有资源及固态可溶性钾盐找矿的指示意义。     

四川南充盐盆下中三叠统杂卤石形成条件及找钾意义

杂卤石(K₂SO₄·MgSO₄·2CaSO₄·2H₂O)是一种复盐,为盐类矿产中分布较为广泛的一种含钾矿物,在四川盆地三叠纪蒸发岩中广泛发育,并经常和其它钾镁盐矿物密切共生。由于杂卤石较其它钾镁盐矿物的溶解度低,易于残存保留,因此常被作为寻找钾盐矿床的重要标志和线索。其中南充盐盆嘉陵江组五段-雷口坡组一段(T₁j⁵-T₂l¹)的杂卤石分布面积最广,剖面揭露较完整,主要和纹层状硬石膏及菱镁矿、岩盐、“绿豆岩”等岩类共生,组成各种韵律层,根据岩矿鉴定、化学分析杂卤石还往往伴有微量的硫镁矾、无水钾镁矾等钾镁盐矿物。因此研究四川盆地三叠纪杂卤石分布特征、形成条件,对进一步寻找钾盐和指出找钾方向具有重要实际意义。     

中国三叠纪钾盐沉积——以四川为例

中国三叠系蒸发岩分布于华南,面积超过１００×１０４ｋｍ２,发现硫酸钾盐及富钾卤水,钾盐矿物有杂卤石、无水钾镁矾、硫锶钾石及多钙钾石膏等,富钾卤水矿化度２５５～３８２ｇ／ｌ,含钾量４～４９ｇ／ｌ。蒸发盆地的发展受控于古构造及古地理,经历了开放台地—局限台地—堰塞湖—盐湖的发展阶段。钾盐沉积后,经历多阶段的复杂演变。富钾卤水中的钾主要来自硫酸钾盐的深滤,其次来自蒸发浓缩卤水及火山灰吸附钾的释放。杂卤石与富钾卤水的钾同位素测年值分别为２１０～１５０Ｍａ及２６４～１５０Ｍａ,说明固液相钾盐同源。从地质背景及成矿环境预测,三叠系的钾盐类型只能是硫酸钾盐,主要目的层为Ｔ１ｊ５～２及Ｔ２ｌ４～２,主要成矿带为构造分异及钾异常明显的四川盆地东、西部,富钾卤水的储集取决于蒸发岩地层的含钾性、碳酸盐夹层的裂隙发育程度及构造控矿条件。找矿模型应是油气钾卤兼探。     

Testing Sr/Sr as a paleosalinity indicator on mixed marine, brackish-water and terrestrial vertebrate skeletal apatite in late Paleocene-early Eocene near-coastal sediments, Mississippi

Mixed marine, brackish-water and terrestrial vertebrate skeletal apatite is found in the late Paleocene-early Eocene Tuscahoma and Bashi Formations of Mississippi. The co-Occurrence in these near-coastal marine deposits of skeletal apatite with different provenances offers a unique opportunity for unraveling the effects of diagenesis on apatite ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr composition, with bearings on the use of this isotope pair as paleosalinity indicator. The results show that the Sr isotopes of all originally poorly ordered phases of skeletal apatite have extensively re-equilibrated with pore water with significantly lower ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios than late Paleocene-early Eocene seawater. For example, marine shark and ray teeth from the Bashi Formation all have clearly nonmarine ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios, 0.7073-0.7075, compared with a coeval seawater ratio in the range 0.7077-0.7078. However, separated shark tooth enamel, with a high original crystallinity, appears to have retained all or most of its in vivo Sr isotopic signature until the present. Here we also show that ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr results on recent vertebrate skeletal material from different environments are in good agreement with expected values for respective habitat.

Earlier analyses of calcite material from the Bashi Formation indicated the existence of a shift in seawater ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr to a lower value at the Paleocene-Eocene boundary. The strong influence of pore water with low, nonmarine ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr on the apatite in the Bashi Formation suggests that the proposed isotopic shift may be an artifact related to diagenetic processes.     

四川盆地东部海相下—中三叠统界线的锶同位素年龄标定

中国西南地区海相下—中三叠统以火山碎屑岩为其直观界线,该年龄的标定可为区域地层年表和国际地层委员会全球标准年表研究提供重要的下—中三叠统界线年龄参考值.基于此,本文测试了四川盆地东部华蓥山下—中三叠统界线火山碎屑岩附近的石膏和硬石膏样品87Sr/86Sr比值,以及相应的Si、Ca、Mg、Mn、Sr以及SO42-的含量,根据锶同位素地层学的原理,尝试对下—中三叠统界线进行了年龄标定;同时评估了样品的成岩蚀变性、对海水信息的代表性以及年龄标定结果的可靠性.火山碎屑岩附近5个样品的87Sr/86Sr比值变化在0.708243~0.708391之间,标定的年龄值在240.5~242.5Ma的范围内,2个紧靠火山碎屑岩样品的年龄值在242Ma左右(分别为241.9Ma和242.5Ma),从而为华南地区以火山碎屑岩作为海相下—中三叠统界线的合理性提供了重要的化学地层学依据,也为全球下—中三叠统界线提供了一个新的年龄值.     

The isotopic composition of strontium and sulfur in seawater of Late Permian (Zechstein) age

The Paleozoic minima of ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios and δ³⁴S values in seawater are observed in anhydrite layers of the Stassfurt (A-2) and Aller (A-4) cycles of evaporation of Late Permian age in Germany. These minima were probably caused by extremely low rates of continental runoff and bacterial sulfate reduction. Thereafter conditions changed suddenly, with a steeply increasing supply of radiogenic Sr and of nutrients into seawater. The latter induced a large growth in the production of organic material, in bacterial activity in sediments, and in the flow of isotopically heavy sulfur back into the oceans. This large change in the cycles of S and Sr (as well as of C and O) within the relatively short Zechstein period (2–5 Ma) reflects a considerable modification of the plate tectonic and environmental conditions shortly before the beginning of the Mesozoic era. The Ochoan deposition in the USA is probably of the same age as the Stassfurt-Leine evaporation in W Europe.     

四川东北寨微细浸染型金矿床的同位素组成特征及其成因意义

东北寨金矿床是我国迄今为止发现的规模最大的浅成热液形成的微细浸染型金矿床。对矿床的同位素组成的研究表明,成矿溶液主要来自大气降水,矿化和蚀变作用是在水/岩比值较低的体系中进行的;硫来自围岩中的还原硫;碳酸盐岩地层是提供金属组分的主源层。地下热液在环流过程中,从围岩中萃取金属矿质,并迁移到黑色岩系地层的破碎带中成矿。     

老挝班康姆铜金矿成矿流体及成矿物质来源：H- O- He- Ar- C- S- Pb同位素证据

老挝班康姆矿床是近年来在琅勃拉邦-黎府成矿带新发现的一个大型铜金矿床。该矿床矽卡岩与矿体主要赋存在安山岩中且缺乏矽卡岩分带,与典型矽卡岩矿床的地质特征存在一定的差别。因此,厘清班康姆铜金矿床的成矿流体、成矿物质来源及矿床成因机制是后续开展琅勃拉邦-黎府成矿带大型铜金矿床找矿勘探的基础。该矿床矿化阶段石英流体包裹体δD分布于-110‰~-90‰,δ¹⁸O分布于-1.5‰~7.1‰,其中低δD的样品具有相对高的δ¹⁸O值;黄铁矿流体包裹体的3He/4He为0.41~3.43Ra(大部分<1Ra),⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar为314.8~362.4。H-O及He-Ar同位素结果表明,班康姆矿床成矿流体来源于岩浆流体(至少部分来自地幔)与低δD的大气雨水的混合,雨水占更大的比例,且某些矿化流体的雨水端元在混合前经历了明显的水岩作用。除一件样品(BK64)的黄铁矿具有高的δ³⁴S(8.1‰)外,其余硫化物的δ³⁴S分布于-0.9‰~1.5‰,位于地幔硫的范围。共生硫化物对的硫同位素平衡分馏计算以及动力学分馏不支持高δ³⁴S(8.1‰)黄铁矿的硫来自从热液流体,可能来自围岩。热液方解石的δ¹³C范围为-3.1‰~2.5‰,δ¹⁸O变化于26.0‰~28.4‰,指示其碳来自矿区灰岩,而灰岩的溶解为热液摄取围岩的重硫提供了可能。矿石黄铁矿Pb同位素组成(²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb:17.9284~18.7756;²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb:15.5336~15.6651;²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb:37.9125~38.8090)位于黎府褶皱带和长山褶皱带晚二叠世—中三叠世大陆弧岩浆岩的Pb同位素范围,介于印支地块玄武岩和泰国-老挝S-型花岗岩及相关矿床的Pb同位素组成之间,指示班康姆矿床的Pb来自壳幔混合源。本文S-Pb-He-Ar同位素结果及区域Cu-Au成矿过程的岩石地化研究,表明班康姆矿床Cu、Au主要来自地幔。与典型矽卡岩Cu-Au矿床的S-Pb-H-O同位素及矽卡岩矿物流体包裹体盐度特征的对比,结合前人的火山气热液交代火山岩形成矽卡岩的实验结果,认为班康姆矽卡岩型Cu-Au矿床的形成机制为深部出溶的气相为主的含矿岩浆流体沿断裂上升到浅部交代安山岩或大理岩并经历了流体混合、沸腾及矿石沉淀等过程。     

黑龙江争光金矿床方铅矿黄铁矿Rb-Sr年龄及地质意义

争光金矿床位于兴安地块东缘黑龙江省多宝山铜钼-金矿集区南东端,矿体产于早奥陶世闪长岩与下奥陶统多宝山组地层接触带及多宝山组中,为大型金矿.因缺乏精确的成矿年代学研究,其成矿时代一直存在争议.本文在争光金矿床地质背景和岩石矿物学研究的基础上,对矿区内12件矿石样品中共生矿物方铅矿和黄铁矿进行Rb-Sr同位素年代学研究.结...     

Stable Strontium Isotopic Fractionation During Chemical Weathering in Drainage Basins: Mechanisms and Applications

The new non-traditional stable strontium (Sr) isotope has aroused great attention from academic scholars in terms of the continental weathering and marine Sr cycle. The analytical precision of stable Sr isotope using mass spectrometry is better than 0.03‰. The compiled δ⁸⁸/ ⁸⁶Sr values vary from -3.65‰ to 1.68‰ in natural reservoirs. Recent findings indicate that multiple processes can cause stable Sr isotope fractionation in Earth surface, including the incongruent dissolution of primary minerals, the formation and adsorption of secondary minerals, the precipitation of calcium carbonate, and the biological cycling. These processes lead to higher δ⁸⁸/ ⁸⁶Sr in the liquid phase and lower δ⁸⁸/ ⁸⁶Sr in the solid phase, and thus result in different geochemical behavior of stable Sr isotopes in water and sediment during the weathering processes. The δ⁸⁸/ ⁸⁶Sr values of river sediment decrease with the increase of weathering intensity, which has the potential to indicate chemical weathering intensity. Meanwhile, further study on the fractionation mechanisms and constraints of stable Sr isotopes in river water plays an important role in tracing chemical weathering processes within the watershed, which will lead to a better understanding of the global ocean Sr cycle.     

Temporal Variation in Sr and 87Sr/86Sr of Yangtze River: An Example from Datong Hydrological Station

Temporal variation of dissolved ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr in the Yangtze River is poorly understood compared to other Tibetan rivers. In this study, dissolved Sr and ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr were measured from a temporal series of water samples collected biweekly at Datong Hydrological Station over a period of one year. Our results show that Sr concentration in the Yangtze River ranges from 1.74 to 2.92 μmol/L with ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr of 0.710125 to 0.710965. The Sr concentration and ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr shows a distinct seasonal variation, with a general increase in ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios from summer to winter and some fluctuations during July and December, then followed by a gradually decrease till the next rainy season. The seasonal variation results from the variation of contributions from different sub-basin due to the spatially and seasonally variable rainfall across the basin. During the flood season, more contribution from upper reach (low ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr values) due to the strong rainfall decreases the ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratio at lower reach. While the severe drought which happened in the middle-lower reaches (high ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr values) from January to May explains the decrease in the later part of the data by the decrease of the contribution from middle-lower reaches. The discharge weighted annual ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr and annual Sr flux of the Yangtze River based on the time series data are 0.710628 and 1.9×10⁹ mol/a, respectively. It was also indicated that dissolved ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr in the Yangtze River is well correlated to the extreme climate events and might contribute to our explanation for reconstructing past climatic changes by using ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios of the sedimentary record in the delta .     

巴音戈壁盆地下白垩统热水沉积岩地球化学特征及成因探讨

巴音戈壁盆地因格井坳陷下白垩统巴音戈壁组热水沉积岩具有独特的沉积构造和矿物组成,本文通过岩石学、矿物学和地球化学的综合研究,详细描述巴音戈壁组湖相热水沉积泥岩特征.研究区泥岩可划分为以下5种类型:网脉状泥岩、斑点状泥岩、块状泥岩、纹层状泥岩和同生变形泥岩.矿物成分主要为白云石、铁白云石、方沸石、钠长石、伊利石和石英,并...     

Strontium and oxygen isotopic evidence for strike/slip movement of accreted terranes in the Idaho Batholith

The oxygen and strontium isotope compositions of granitic rocks of the Idaho Batholith provide insight into the magma source, assimilation processes, and nature of the suture zone between the Precambrian craton and accreted arc terranes. Granitic rocks of the Idaho Batholith intrude basement rocks of different age: Triassic/Jurassic accreted terranes to the west of the Salmon River suture zone and the Precambrian craton to the east. The age difference in the host rocks is reflected in the abrupt increase in the initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios of granitic rocks in the batholith across the previously defined 0.706 line. Initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios of granitic rocks along Slate Creek on the western edge of the batholith jump from less than 0.704 to greater than 0.707 along an approximately 700 m transect normal to the Salmon River suture. Initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios along the Slate Creek transect do not identify a transition zone between accreted arcs and the craton and suggest a unique tectonic history during or after suturing that is not documented along other transects on the west side of the Idaho Batholith. The lack of transition zone along Slate Creek may be a primary structure due to transcurrent/transpressional movement rather than by contractional thrust faulting during suturing or be the result of post-imbrication modification.