基于ANSYS/LS-DYNA的新型带支撑泥石流拦挡坝抗冲击性能研究

以显示动力学和接触碰撞理论为基础,应用ANSYS/LS-DYNA程序,对常规的泥石流重力拦挡坝和带支撑的新型拦挡坝进行了单个球体撞击下的多参数数值模拟计算及对比分析。结果表明：无论有无支撑,混凝土坝身的破坏模式均为由撞击区域应力骤增导致的局部混凝土压碎,但支撑使坝身迎击面应力分布均匀,提高了材料利用率;支撑能够显著减小混凝土坝顶动位移,最大减幅在30%以上,甚至可达近65%,坝身刚度得到大幅度提高;当撞击高度一定时,支撑间距越小,混凝土坝顶动位移越小;若设置了支撑,则可适当减小混凝土坝身厚度,其减小比例以1/3为宜;撞击力主要由混凝土坝身承担,其刚度显著大于支撑总刚度;撞击高度越高或者支撑间距越小,则混凝土坝底支反力所占比重相对越低,支撑的加强作用也就越显著。     

坝料流变对高面板堆石坝的应力变形影响研究

在高应力状态下坝料的流变较为明显。为研究坝料流变对混凝土面板坝应力变形的影响,采用长科院九参数幂级数流变模型及其试验参数,对某高混凝土面板堆石坝进行应力、变形分析。结果表明,坝料流变使坝体变形明显增加,坝体应力有所减小。考虑坝料的流变特性后的面板法向位移(挠度)明显增加,面板坝轴向和顺坡向应力极值增加。对于分期浇筑面板和分期蓄水的高混凝土面板堆石坝,选用合适的流变本构模型正确地模拟堆石体的流变特性,可以为大坝填筑进度及面板分期浇筑时间的确定提供参考,并有助于正确地预测大坝的应力变形。     

Formulation of hydrodynamic pressures in cracks due to earthquakes in concrete dams

A new analytical development of the seismic hydrodynamic pressure inside pre-existing cracks on the upstream face of concrete dams is presented. The finite control volume approach is utilized to derive an expression for the seismic hydrodynamic pressure using the continuity principle and the linear momentum theorem for the fluid inside the crack. The derived pressure expression is a function of the relative crack-opening acceleration and velocity. The acceleration and velocity terms are then recast in the form of added mass and damping matrices which can then be included at the nodes inside the discrete crack of a finite element model. This procedure linearizes the solution of the problem. A dam, 55 m high and having an initial crack opening of 2 mm at the base or near the crest and subjected to two different accelerograms, is analysed. For high-frequency ground motion, the seismic hydrodynamic pressure inside the crack, at the base of the dam, appears to be 50 per cent higher than the corresponding hydrostatic pressure.     

基于IDA的金安桥混凝土重力坝潜在失效模式研究

为了研究混凝土重力坝在地震动荷载作用下的潜在失效模式,以金安桥碾压混凝土重力坝5号非溢流坝段为例,运用粘弹性边界法和流固耦合法建立了反映重力坝在地震动作用下动力响应特征的坝体-地基-库水抗震分析模型。基于增量动力分析（IDA）法:绘制了以相对位移转角为x轴（损伤指标,DM）和峰值地面加速度为y轴（强度指标,IM）的IDA曲线簇;分析了金安桥大坝在极端荷载作用下的潜在失效模式和其在不同峰值地面加速度下重力坝的损伤破坏过程。结果表明:金安桥大坝在地震动荷载作用下,可能发生功能失效的地方多出现在坝体折坡处、碾压分区交界处、坝踵与坝基交界处、廊道顶等应力集中处。因此,加强对这些区域的抗震防护有利于提高大坝整体的抗震水平。     

Dynamic response of debris flows impacting curved joint check dams

The dynamic impact force of debris flow on dams with a curved upstream face curved was investigated using laboratory experiments and a theoretical approach. Equations describing the impact force and maximum run-up height were derived. The experiments and theoretical considerations reveal that the impact force and maximum run-up height are mainly controlled by the Froude number (Fr) reduced by the cosine of the channel slope angle (cosα). Both the impact force and the maximum run-up height have a quadratic relation with the modified Froude number (Fr/(cosα)^0.5). The experimental data and the results of the theoretical approach are in good agreement, indicating that the theoretical approach can be used in practical applications. It is concluded that the comparison between the curved-joint dam and the more conventional sharp-joint dam shows no differences in the maximum impact force and run-up height for the same modified Froude number. With the sharp-joint dam, the peak values of the impact force are reached more quickly than with the curved-joint dam.     

Effects of concrete cracking on the earthquake response of gravity dams

Tensile stresses exceeding the tensile strength of concrete can develop in concrete dams subjected to earthquake ground motion. This study examines the earthquake response of gravity dams including tensile cracking of the concrete. The interaction between the dam and compressible water is included in the analysis using a numerical procedure for computing the non-linear dynamic response of fluid-structure systems. The crack band theory is used to model tensile cracking with modifications to allow for the large finite elements necessary for dam analysis. The earthquake response of a typical gravity dam monolith shows that concrete cracking is an important non-linear phenomenon. Cracking is concentrated near the base of the dam and near the discontinuities in the face slope. The extensive cracking, which develops due to ground motion typical of maximum credible earthquakes, may affect the stability of dams during and after strong earthquakes.     

新型弹塑性软碰撞防护装置试验研究

为限制隔震层位移,研发了同时提供刚度和阻尼力的新型弹塑性软碰撞防护装置,该装置主要由铅芯橡胶支座、剪力键及中空连接钢板组成。首先对铅芯橡胶支座进行了设计压应力12MPa下基本性能试验及压应力0 MPa下剪切试验;然后进行了弹塑性软碰撞防护装置的水平力学性能测试试验,测定装置的屈服后刚度、屈服力及支座顶端转角,探讨了剪力键外圆面罩橡胶套对试验结果的影响,对比分析了装置的水平力学性能指标与支座在0MPa下剪切试验结果的差异;最后,对弹塑性软碰撞防护装置进行了数值模拟,对比了数值模拟与试验的水平力-位移滞回曲线。结果表明:弹塑性软碰撞防护装置可提供刚度及阻尼力,在剪力键外圆面罩上橡胶套后对试验结果基本无影响;与0MPa下支座测试结果相比较,装置的屈服后刚度及屈服力有所降低;支座顶端转角随支座剪应变的增大而增大;数值模拟与试验的滞回曲线吻合良好,该装置具有良好的滞回耗能能力。     

考虑流固耦合效应的辽宁葠窝水库溢流坝段抗震性能分析

针对辽宁葠窝水库混凝土重力坝抗震问题,采用耦合的拉格朗日-欧拉有限元分析技术,建立了可考虑库水-坝体-基岩动力耦合效应的典型溢流坝段抗震分析数值模型。模型中,采用等效一致粘弹性边界模拟基岩的人工截断边界;采用混凝土弥散裂缝本构模型模拟混凝土的动力特性。根据烈度与地震动之间的关系,确定了水库坝体抗震设计的输入加速度峰值。据此,分析了在不同季节水位变化条件下坝体地震反应的基本特性。研究表明：完好的辽宁葠窝水库混凝土重力坝溢流坝段能满足8度的抗震设防烈度要求。地震下溢流坝段峰值位移出现在胖坝和瘦坝的坝顶迎水面位置处,胖坝的动位移较瘦坝动位移大。胖坝在闸墩与溢流堰交接处出现了拉应力最大值。有库水条件下,瘦坝峰值拉应力出现在坝趾处,无库水条件下,瘦坝最大拉应力出现在溢流堰与闸墩交接处。     

地震波斜入射对高面板坝地震反应的影响

为研究地震波斜入射对高面板坝地震反应的影响,根据地震波动入射理论,采用FORTRAN进行波动荷载的编程计算,并与大型通用有限元软件ADINA相结合,实现基于黏弹性人工边界的地震波斜入射,研究P波和SV波分别以不同角度入射对高面板堆石坝地震反应的影响。结果表明,地震波斜入射时大坝地震动反应与垂直入射时明显不同,常规垂直入射的结果偏于不安全,因此在高面板坝地震反应分析和抗震设计中应考虑地震波斜入射的影响。     

APPLICATION OF BOUNDARY ELEMENT ANALYSIS FOR MULTIPLE SEISMIC CRACKING IN CONCRETE GRAVITY DAMS

The previously developed two-dimensional boundary element procedure for analysing the propagation of a single discrete crack is extended to simultaneous multiple cracking in concrete gravity dams. A brief discussion of the generalized methodology is presented and the validity of the extended procedure is verified by performing a fracture analysis of the Fongman dam and comparing the predicted rupture process with the available experimental results. The fracture response of the Koyna dam is then studied extensively under the Koyna earthquake. Both single and multiple cracking models are employed to investigate the fracture process as well as final rupture in the dam. Similar final damage involving complete separation of the crest block of the dam is predicted, irrespective of whether single or multiple crack propagation models are employed. In relation to the phenomenon of hydrodynamic uplift pressure within propagating cracks, openings of the crack on the upstream face of the dam are examined in particular. The results indicate that this phenomenon is not expected to be significant during the crack development phase, and hence unlikely to affect the final rupture characteristics of dams undergoing strong earthquake excitation.     

Comparison of 2D versus 3D modeling approaches for the analysis of the concrete faced rock‐fill Cokal Dam

This paper's primary purpose is to compare the 2D and 3D analysis methodologies in investigating the performance of a concrete faced rock‐fill dams under dynamic loading conditions. The state of stress on the face plate was obtained in both cases using a total strain based crack model to predict the spreading of cracks on the plate and the corresponding crack widths. Results of the 2D and 3D analyses agree well. Although significantly more demanding, 3D analyses have the advantage of predicting the following: (i) the opening of the vertical construction joints; (ii) the cracking at the valley sides; and (iii) the crushing of the plate during the seismic action. During the earthquake loading, the cracking predicted at the base of the face plate after the impounding spread significantly towards the crest of the dam; however, the crack widths are obtained relatively small. Crushing of the face plates at the construction joints is the primary cause of the large scale cracking predicted on the face plate for high intensity earthquakes. Earthquake induced permanent deformation of the fill increases the compressive stresses on the face plate, thereby reducing the minute cracking on the plate. However, this effect also leads to significant increases in the residual openings at the construction joints and at the plinth level. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Three-dimensional nonlinear seismic analysis of concrete faced rockfill dams subjected to scattered P,SV, and SH waves considering the dam–foundation interaction effects

In this study, the nonlinear seismic analysis of a typical three-dimensional concrete faced rockfill dam is reported. Three components of the Loma Prieta (Gilroy 1 station) earthquake acceleration time history are used as input excitation. The dam under study is considered as if it were located in a prismatic canyon with a trapezoidal cross-section. A nonlinear model for the rockfill material is used, and contact elements with Coulomb friction law are utilized at the slab–rockfill interface. Vertical joints in the face slab are also considered in the finite element model. A substructure method, in which the unbounded soil is modelled by the scaled boundary finite element method (SBFEM), is used to obtain the scattered motion and interaction forces along the canyon. The dam is subjected to spatially variable P, SV, and SH waves, and the effect of dam–foundation interaction and the reservoir water effects are considered. The results are compared with the non-scattered input motion analysis. Results of the analyses indicate that due to applying the scattered motion to the canyon the response of the dam and concrete face slab significantly increases. The reservoir water pressure affects the tensile stresses induced in the face slab by reducing the uplift movement of the concrete panels.Large horizontal axial forces are induced in the face slab due to out-of-phase and out-of-plane motions of the abutments. Although the normal movements of vertical joints are reduced due to the reservoir water confinement, the opening movements are still significant, and the local failure of construction joints is inevitable.     

An investigation into the seismic behaviour of dams using dynamic centrifuge modelling

Dynamic response of dams is significantly influenced by foundation stiffness and dam-foundation interaction. This in turn, significantly effects the generation of hydrodynamic pressures on upstream face of a concrete dam due to inertia of reservoir water. This paper aims at investigating the dynamic response of dams on soil foundation using dynamic centrifuge modelling technique. From a series of centrifuge tests performed on model dams with varying stiffness and foundation conditions, significant co-relation was observed between the dynamic response of dams and the hydrodynamic pressures developed on their upstream faces. The vertical bearing pressures exerted by the concrete dam during shaking were measured using miniature earth pressure cells. These reveal the dynamic changes of earth pressures and changes in rocking behaviour of the concrete dam as the earthquake loading progresses. Pore water pressures were measured below the dam and in the free-field below the reservoir. Analysis of this data provides insights into the cyclic shear stresses and strains generated below concrete dams during earthquakes. In addition, the sliding and rocking movement of the dam and its settlement into the soil below are discussed.     

Hydrodynamic pressures and response of gravity dams to vertical earthquake component

Hydrodynamic pressures and structural response of concrete gravity dams, including dam-reservoir interaction, due to the vertical component of earthquake ground motions are investigated. The response of the dam is approximated by the deformations in the fundamental mode of vibration, and the effects of deformability of bed rock on hydrodynamic pressures are recognized in the analysis. Expressions for the complex frequency response functions for the dam displacement, dam acceleration and lateral hydrodynamic force are derived. These results along with the Fast Fourier Transform algorithm are utilized to compute the time-history of responses of dams of 100, 300 and 600 ft height, with full reservoir, for different values of elastic modulus of mass concrete: 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5 and 5.0 million psi, to the vertical component of El Centro, 1940, and Taft, 1952, ground motions. It is concluded that the hydrodynamic forces caused by vertical ground motion are affected substantially by damreservoir interaction and depend strongly on the modulus of elasticity of the dam. The dam response to the vertical component of ground motion is compared with that due to the horizontal component. It is concluded that because the vertical component of ground motion causes significant hydrodynamic forces in the horizontal direction on a vertical upstream face, responses to the vertical component of ground motion are of special importance in analysis of concrete gravity dams subjected to earthquakes.     

Seismic behaviour of cracked concrete gravity dams

A finite element model of incremental displacement constraint equations (IDCE), based on an existing node‐to‐surface concept, is implemented to deal with dynamic contact surfaces in the seismic behaviour analysis of cracked concrete gravity dams. After verification for sliding, rocking and impact, the IDCE model is applied to study the seismic responses of concrete gravity dams with different profiles and crack locations for a variety of parameters, such as coefficient of friction, water level and type of earthquake, as well as impact damping based on the concept of coefficient of restitution. It is revealed that cracked concrete gravity dams can experience not only sliding and rocking modes, but also the drifting mode in some cases of crack either at the base or at a height. Downstream sliding is normally accompanied by rocking, especially for the cases of crack at a height. Due to rocking and drifting, a cracked dam may still acquire a certain amount of residual sliding even if the effective coefficient of friction is relatively high. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Influence of hydropower outflow characteristics on riverbank stability: case of the lower Osage River (Missouri,USA)

ABSTRACT

This research examined the influences of outflow characteristics affecting riverbank stability. The 130-km stretch of the Lower Osage River downstream from Bagnell Dam (Missouri, USA) provided an excellent case study for this purpose. The integrated BSTEM model with the HEC-RAS model was accurately calibrated and validated with data from the US Geological Survey. Then, the outflow characteristics (peak flow duration, flow drawdown rate, and low flow duration) were investigated individually. The results of this study showed that: (1) riverbank stability is little affected by the duration time of the peak flow, especially on the reaches far from the dam; (2) sudden flow drawdown significantly reduces riverbank stability; however, the impact of the drawdown rate decreases with distance from the dam; and (3) the duration of the low flow after peak flow influences the riverbank stability value proportional to the distance from the dam. The time of low flow before failure increases as the distance from the dam increases.     

均匀黏弹性地基中现浇X形桩低应变动测响应数值模拟

建立现浇X形桩(XCC桩)桩-土体系三维有限元模型,对XCC桩低应变检测动力响应进行数值模拟,得到完整桩和缺陷桩的桩顶速度响应结果,并分析完整桩及缺陷XCC桩桩顶速度响应特性及规律。计算结果表明:XCC桩低应变瞬态动测时桩顶速度响应存在明显的三维效应,桩心(激振点)附近点的入射波峰值较大,且到达时间较早;距离桩心越远点的入射波峰到达时间越滞后,入射波峰值从桩心到尖角边界先减小后增大。桩顶距桩心距离相同的环向上各点的入射波和反射波区别不大,而各点所受的高频干扰情况并不相同。变模量桩的入射波和完整桩相同,反射波峰值较完整桩小,反射波峰对应时间较完整桩滞后。局部缺陷桩桩顶距桩心距离相同环向各点的第一个缺陷反射波有微小差别,而第二个缺陷反射波有较大差别。     

强震区高面板堆石坝抗震安全性评价

针对西部强震区高面板堆石坝,在三维非线性动力有限元分析基础上分析评价了面板堆石坝的加速度和应力反应、面板的应力及接缝变形、坝体地震残余变形、坝体单元抗震安全性、坝坡的抗震稳定性,对大坝的抗震安全性进行了综合评价。所提出的抗震安全性评价方法以及有关规律和结论可供工程建设参考。     

猴子岩高面板坝振动台模型试验——大坝结构动力特性研究

利用大型振动台模型试验,测得了猴子岩高面板堆石坝缩尺模型坝的动力特性参数,包括大坝结构的自振频率、阻尼比和振型系数等;分析了多种因素对坝体动力特性的影响规律;根据模型试验相似率推算得到原型坝的相应动力特性参数。研究表明:大坝结构有相对稳定的振型;坝体的动力特性参数值受激振白噪声强度和振动历史等因素影响;水库蓄水使得模型坝结构自振频率小幅提升。这些试验结果和研究结论,可以为该坝的动力分析提供基本资料和定性参考。