湘中锡矿山式锑矿稀土元素地球化学研究

湘中锡矿山式锑矿与硅化关系密切。稀土元素地球化学研究表明,存在着灰岩硅化和砂泥质岩硅化不同原岩型的成矿围岩蚀变。硅化岩的稀土元素含量要林未蚀变原岩稍低,但是仍具有与原岩一致的相对关系,据此,可以恢复硅化岩原岩。硅化灰岩的稀土元素含量低,硅化砂岩（包括硅化泥质粉砂岩）相对较高。硅化灰岩的稀土元素配分型式有负Ｅｕ异常和Ｃｅ异常;而硅化砂岩稀土元素配分型式类似原则岩,只有负Ｅｕ异常,无Ｃｅ异常。辉锑矿稀     

湖南锡矿山超大型锑矿床围岩蚀变元素迁移特征及定量计算研究

湖南锡矿山锑矿床是目前世界上已发现的最大的锑矿床,其硅化非常发育且与矿化关系密切,根据硅化蚀变程度的强弱,从围岩到矿石大致划分为4个带:灰岩→弱硅化灰岩→强硅化灰岩→矿石。为揭示锡矿山锑矿的成矿过程及成矿流体信息,利用Isocon标准化方法,以Al_2O_3为惰性组分,对各蚀变带围岩及矿石的主、微量元素进行质量平衡计算。结果表明,热液蚀变过程中,Si、Sb、Li和Bi等大量迁入,而Ca、Mg、Na和大离子亲石元素Sr、Ba、Rb等大量迁出;成矿热液呈酸性并富硅,其中Hg、As、Au、Tl等元素含量极低,这可能是导致锡矿山锑矿床矿种单一的原因之一。稀土元素除Eu外,其他元素未发生明显的活化迁移,水岩反应并未影响原岩的稀土元素配分模式;蚀变岩及矿石中的Eu负异常可能表明成矿过程是在相对还原的环境下进行的。     

贵州晴隆锑矿古油藏沥青稀土元素地球化学特征及意义

晴隆锑矿沙子岭火山岩型古油藏的发现,对晴隆锑矿床的成因研究乃至于金属矿和油气勘探均具有重要意义。本文分析了晴隆锑矿古油藏沥青的稀土元素地球化学特征,并将沥青与锑矿及围岩、区域烃源岩的稀土元素作对比分析,探讨古油藏与锑矿成矿关系。结果表明:古油藏中沥青稀土元素ΣREE低,轻重稀土分馏明显,Eu和Ce整体无明显异常,稀土配分属轻稀土富集右倾模式;沥青与锑矿及围岩稀土元素地球化学特征差异较大,二者在稀土质量分数、Ce异常以及配分模式均有明显差异,判定古油藏与锑矿成矿物质和成矿流体来源不同。结合流体包裹体和同位素测试等资料,通过对比沥青与区域烃源岩稀土元素特征,我们认为晴隆锑矿古油藏沥青与泥盆系泥质烃源岩有成因关系;古油藏在演化过程中提供了烃类气体(CH_4),使SO_4~(2-)还原出S~(2-)而参与成矿作用,形成辉锑矿。     

贵州西南部SBT与金矿成矿动力学及 找矿预测地质模型

构造蚀变体（SBT）：茅口组（P2m）和龙潭组（P3l）或峨眉山玄武岩组（P3β）之间的一套以强烈的硅化作用为显著特征的蚀变岩石组合(图1);角砾状构造发育,角砾大小悬殊,成分复杂（包含茅口组灰岩、龙潭组粉砂岩、粘土岩、煤或峨眉山玄武岩、沉凝灰岩）,厚度变化大（0~70m）;为区域构造作用和大规模低温热液蚀变作用的综合产物,为区域金锑矿富集就位场所(刘建中等,2005,2012,2014)。     

贵州戈塘金矿含矿岩系元素地球化学特征

贵州戈塘金矿储量大、品位高、成矿环境特殊,具有“层位和岩溶不整合面”双重控矿的典型特征,含矿岩系中发育多种(硅化、构造)角砾岩、低温热液矿物(雄黄、雌黄、辉锑矿和萤石等)和围岩蚀变矿物组合,热液成矿期可分为主成矿期—黄铁矿阶段和成矿晚期—萤石阶段.通过对单矿物(黄铁矿和萤石)及含矿岩系各岩石(层位)微量元素含量、Co/Ni和Th/U值、稀土元素和硫同位素(黄铁矿、辉锑矿)组成特征的系统研究.初步认为戈塘金矿具有正常海水沉积特征,矿石层位形成于海相贫氧还原环境,初始成矿物质可能与峨眉山玄武岩浆活动有关,但后期深部物质为金的进—步富集成矿贡献也较为明显.     

河南熊耳山地区花山花岗岩与金矿化的关系

熊耳山地区是豫西重要的金矿化集中区。通过对该区花山花岗岩的化学组成、微量元素、稀土元素、稳定同位素特征及与金矿化关系的研究,得出如下主要研究成果：（1）在R型聚类分析谱系图上表明岩体中Au、Ag、Pb、Cu、Ba元素与金矿床微量元素相关性趋于一致;（2）在稀土元素配分模式图上表现出花岗岩和蚀变岩具有相似的右倾配分曲线的特征;（3）在流体包裹体的w(Na⁺)-w(K⁺)-w(Ca²⁺+Mg²⁺)成分三角图上表明金成矿流体和岩浆热液具亲缘关系;（4）岩体线性构造控制了花山地区构造蚀变岩型和爆破角砾岩型金矿床的时空分布;（5）金矿床的成矿时代为燕山期,花山花岗岩的成岩时间集中于81～159 Ma;（6）S、H、O、Pb同位素组成表明成矿物质和成矿流体来自岩浆热液。     

棉花坑铀矿床红色硅化蚀变岩地球化学特征及对铀成矿的指示

棉花坑铀矿床是我国重要的花岗岩型铀矿床,其铀成矿与硅化蚀变作用关系密切,但硅化蚀变与铀成矿之间的成因联系研究相对薄弱,尤其对早期红色硅化蚀变流体特征研究较少。文章选取棉花坑铀矿床早期红色硅化蚀变岩、微晶石英进行了主量、微量及稀土元素分析,结果表明：棉花坑铀矿床红色硅化蚀变岩亏损Zr、 Nb、 Ta等高场强元素,富集U等元素;w(∑REE)值较低,为(10.3～109.2)×10^-6,且稀土元素配分模式与赋矿围岩基本类似,暗示红色硅化蚀变流体贫稀土元素,矿化物质主要来自赋矿围岩;同时其Sm/Nd、Pb/Ce和La/Ba值分别为0.27～0.39、0.97～8.11、1.76～16.81,指示了红色硅化蚀变流体为浅源和深源的混合。棉花坑铀矿床红色微晶石英中w(Al)值介于(45～157)×10^-6之间,含量相对较低且变化范围较小,暗示流体的pH值变化较小;结合红色微晶石英型铀矿化品位相对较低的特征,推测红色微晶石英中w(Al)值变化特征可作为红色微晶石英型铀矿化铀品位相对高低的重要判据。     

贵州天桥铅锌矿床REE地球化学特征

稀土元素是示踪成矿流体来源的有效手段之一。利用电感耦合等离子体质谱（ICP—MS）对贵州天桥铅锌矿床成矿期方解石REE含量进行了分析。结合前人发表的峨眉山玄武岩、辉绿岩、矿石、硫化物、蚀变围岩、地层碳酸盐岩及地层中黄铁矿的REE数据,探讨了天桥铅锌矿床REE地球化学特征及其对成矿流体来源的指示意义。     

湘中锡矿山式锑矿锑与砷、金的共生分异现象

通过湘中锡矿山式锡矿矿化蚀变特征及矿化蚀变岩石微量元素统计分析，阐述了成矿作用中锑与金、砷共生分异的现象，并以因子分析为手段，提取成矿作用中最主要的两个特征因子，综合地质分析，指出锑矿成矿过程中主要包含有两种地质作用：硅化与锑矿化。硅化和锑矿化分别同砷、金富集和锑矿质沉淀析出相联系，从而造成锑与金、砷共生分异。硅化作用主要在成矿早期，温度较高（200－300℃），砷、金主要在这一阶段析出。锑矿化则集中发生在成矿作用晚期，温度较低（100－200℃），辉锑矿以裂隙充填方式沉淀成矿。对锑与金、砷共生分异的认识较好地解释了矿化带上成矿特征指示元素在元素聚类分析中不相关的矛盾。     

东天山十里坡地区自然铜矿化的地质特征及成因初步分析

东天山十里坡自然铜矿化主要赋存于马头滩组第一段玄武岩夹层中的蚀变凝灰岩中，硅化、绿帘石化、黝帘石化、绿泥石化、沸石化与自然铜矿化关系密切。初步分析认为东天山十里坡自然铜矿化与同生火山热液作用有关，形成于伸展的构造背景，矿化时代可能为二叠纪，成矿特征与滇黔边境峨嵋玄武岩自然铜矿化具有相似性。     

Assessing the acidic potential of waste rock in the Akara gold mine,Thailand

Acid mine drainage (AMD) is the environmental issue that generates the greatest public concern regarding the mining industry. Thus, characterization of mine waste rock according to acid generation potential is necessary for mining operations to ensure proper waste rock storage and to avoid future adverse environmental effects. Therefore, this study was conducted to estimate the potential of AMD generation in the largest operating gold mine in Thailand by using acid base accounting and net acid generation tests. Representative samples of six types of waste rock classified by mining geologists for mineral processing and waste dumping were collected for this study: volcanic clastic, porphyritic andesite, andesite, silicified tuff, silicified lapilli tuff, and sheared tuff. Under various conditions, experimental results indicate that only silicified lapilli tuff and shear tuff are potentially acid-forming materials. The results indicate that AMD generation may possibly occur a long time after mine closure due to the lag time of the dissolution of acid-neutralizing sources. Acidic generation from some waste rocks may occur in the future based on environmental conditions, particularly the oxidation of sulphide minerals by the combination of oxygen and water. Therefore, a proper design for waste rock dumping and storage is necessary to reduce the risk of AMD generation in future. It is advisable to install a surface management system to control the overland flow direction away from the waste dump area and tailing storage facility and to install a second water storage pond next to the main storage pond to store the spilled water during storms and the rainy season. A water quality monitoring plan that focuses on disturbed areas such as water storage ponds and mine pits should be put in place.     

Geochemistry and origin of a black mudstone in a volcaniclastic environment, Ordovician Lower Rhyolitic Tuff Formation, North Wales, UK

Black mudstones in marine volcaniclastic environments have been interpreted both as non-volcanic ‘background’sedimentation and as fine grained vitric dust from the waning stages of primary volcanism. Although difficult to distinguish by standard petrographic techniques, differentiation between the two is crucial when attempting to determine sedimentation rates or to infer periods of volcanic quiescence. In the Ordovician Lower Rhyolitic Tuff Formation of North Wales such a fine grained black unit at Cwm Idwal is geochemically similar to an underlying rhyolite ash flow tuff. Its chemical index of alteration (CIA) is identical to that of the tuff. These data suggest that the black mudstone unit is a vitric tuff related to the underlying ash flow tuff. Use of a CIA in addition to trace element geochemistry should, in most cases, serve to distinguish tuffs from silicified mudstones.     

渣尔泰山地区白垩纪酸性火山岩地质特征及成矿作用

渣尔泰山地区位于内蒙古中西部,大地构造位置处于华北地台北缘狼山-渣尔泰山裂陷槽的东段,根据近几年的找矿实践与研究,在白垩纪的酸性火山岩中已发现银金矿床、金银矿床,主要赋存于下白垩统白女羊盘组酸性火山岩中。该套火山岩具富硅富钾、相对贫钙镁的特点,属于铝过饱和的碱性系列;在球粒陨石标准化图解上岩石化学样品均显示为轻稀土(LREE)相对富集、重稀土(HREE)相对亏损的右倾型配分模式,轻重稀土分异较明显,显示较明显的负铕异常;微量元素显示明显的Rb、Pb正异常和Ba、Sr负异常,不相容元素比值Zr/Nb=2.47~4.87,Zr/Y=18.3~103。属大陆碰撞造山期后作用的产物,来源于地壳部分熔融。其岩石类型主要有:流纹质凝灰角砾岩、流纹质角砾凝灰岩、球粒状流纹岩、珍珠岩、显微嵌晶状流纹岩夹流纹斑岩等。银多金属矿的含矿层主要由复碎裂复硅化流纹质凝灰角砾岩、硅化复碎裂流纹岩、多期次硅化黄铁矿化角砾岩化流纹斑岩等组成。成矿元素Ag、Au、Sb、W显著富集于流纹质凝灰角砾岩、多期次硅化碎裂的流纹岩、流纹斑岩中,其平均含量高于中国流纹岩元素丰度10倍以上,说明该套火山岩提供了成矿物质来源;且元素含量的分异程度较大,指示明显受到后期成矿作用的叠加;有一定的找矿潜力。     

松辽盆地东缘下白垩统营城组二段火山碎屑岩的发育特征

通过精细的野外剖面测量,发现松辽盆地东缘营城组二段中发育熔岩、凝灰岩和凝灰质砂岩。凝灰岩包括熔结凝灰岩、岩屑晶屑凝灰岩、灰球泥粒凝灰岩和角砾凝灰岩。这表明作为火山活动间歇期的营城组二段沉积期依然存在一定规模的火山活动,其沉积作用具有独特的火山和沉积双重控制的特点,区别于正常的沉积作用。营城组二段是一套介于火山岩和陆源碎屑岩之间的过渡岩性,物源既有来自同期火山喷发,也有来自营城组一段和营城组下段以及更老的地层的风化剥蚀。由于存在火山物质和陆源剥蚀物质的双重物源及存在火山物质堆积和沉积作用的双重机理,这套岩石在类型上具有特殊性。存在特殊的火山-沉积作用类型,主要为冲积平原上热碎屑流河道沉积、冲积平原泛滥盆地上热基浪沉积、冲积平原泛滥盆地上空落火山灰云沉积。     

松辽盆地东南隆起区下白垩统营城组三段火山岩岩性、岩相序列

通过大比例尺野外岩性岩相填图、掌子面二维岩性岩相描述和详细岩矿鉴定,研究营城组三段内幕。本区营三段自下而上岩性序列表现为2个中基性到中酸性的火山岩旋回：①下部为石英安山岩、安山岩、安山质集块熔岩、安山质集块岩、安山质角砾岩和安山质角砾凝灰岩,向上过渡为砂质凝灰岩和英安质凝灰熔岩;②上部为玄武安山岩和玄武质集块熔岩,向上过渡为英安岩、珍珠岩、英安岩、英安质凝灰熔岩、英安质沉凝灰岩和英安岩。旋回①岩相纵向序列：溢流相下部亚相、火山通道相火山颈亚相、爆发相空落亚相、火山沉积相再搬运亚相、爆发相热碎屑流亚相。旋回②岩相纵向序列：溢流相上部亚相和下部亚相、火山通道相火山颈亚相、溢流相下部亚相、侵出相内带亚相、溢流相下部亚相、爆发相热碎屑流亚相、火山沉积相再搬运亚相、溢流相下部亚相。营三段火山岩发育于松辽盆地断陷末期,是盆地断陷转为坳陷过程的重要岩石记录。     

安徽巢湖地区早三叠世火山碎屑流的岩石学特征及其形成机理

安徽巢湖早三叠世青龙组南陵湖段中的火山碎屑流沉积物,由火山碎屑岩组成,可分为英安 质角砾岩、英安质晶屑－玻屑凝灰角砾岩、英安质玻屑－晶屑凝灰岩和凝灰质灰岩四种岩石类型。沉积 层序分为两个旋回,包括Ｂｏｕｍａ序列的Ａ—Ｃ、Ａ—Ｅ段。层序分析表明,是介于近源和远源之间的过渡 相,属于斜坡沉积环境,物质来源于巢湖以南的浅海区火山喷发物质。     

Tight-reservoir micropore formation and evolution in sedimentary organic-matter-bearing tuff: a case study from the Permian Tiaohu Formation in the Santanghu Basin,NW China

Recently, a tuffaceous tight oil reservoir with considerable reserves has been found in the Santanghu Basin, northwestern China. The physical properties of the tuff are characterised by high porosity (5–25%) and low permeability (0.01–0.50 mD). This reservoir has the peculiar property of being a sedimentary organic-matter-bearing tuff formed by air-fall volcanic ash in a lake. Its discovery offered an excellent opportunity to further our knowledge of the formation and evolution of tuffaceous tight-reservoir micropores. This study integrates analyses of organic geochemistry, thin-sections, scanning electron microscopy, CT scanning, mineral and element compositions, mercury injections and measurements of porosity and permeability to determine the characteristics of the formation and evolution of the tuff micropores. (1) The tuff reservoir comprises vitric, crystal-vitric, pelitic and silicified tuffs, which are characterised by high porosity and big throat, moderate porosity and thin throat, low porosity and thin throat, and very low porosity and moderate throat pore structures, respectively. (2) Of the four types, vitric tuff has the properties best suited to a reservoir, and devitrification of volcanic glasses is the principal mechanism of reservoir micropore formation. (3) The tuff of the Permian Tiaohu Formation contains sedimentary organic matter, and organic acids produced during kerogen maturation facilitate the process of devitrification. (4) Evolution of tuff porosity depends mainly on the original composition and burial depth. The porosity of vitric tuff is higher than crystal-vitric tuff at the same depth, but both their porosities initially decrease and then increase with depth. At depths >3000 m, vitric tuff retains the trend towards higher porosity, whereas the porosity of crystal-vitric tuff remains largely unchanged or even decreases. The results of this investigation could be considered a reference regarding the distribution and prediction of tuffaceous reservoirs in similar situations in other parts of the world.     

湖南常宁县康家湾铅锌金矿硅化角砾岩岩石地球化学特征

湖南常宁县康家湾铅锌金矿床硅化角砾岩带由未硅化角砾岩—极弱硅化角砾岩—硅化角砾岩—强硅化角砾岩(似硅质岩)组成,产于侏罗系与下伏二叠系间的不整合面附近,角砾成份复杂,充填物和胶结物类型多样。随着硅化程度的加强,硅化角砾岩带SiO₂含量变化大,最高可达95.34%,而Al₂O₃、MgO、FeO、K₂O、Na₂O、CaO、CO₂和P₂O₅含量特别是MgO、CaO、CO₂和P₂O₅含量明显降低,且K₂O>Na₂O,TiO₂的含量显著偏低。硅化角砾岩带LREE/HREE比值为1.95～4.93,Ce(δCe=0.44～0.81)和Eu(δEu=0.58～0.89)均为弱负异常,属轻稀土富集型,但随硅化程度增高稀土元素含量显著减少:未硅化和弱硅化角砾岩稀土元素总量较高,为(176.82～318.93)×10^-10,与当冲组泥质岩配分曲线相似;硅化强烈的角砾岩稀土元素总量低,为(7.71～65.95)×10^-10,与下伏栖霞组灰岩稀土元素配分曲线极为相似。结合微量元素F、Ba、Cl、Cr、Ni、Sr、V研究结果及硅化角砾岩带自底部至顶部特有的下粗上细的韵律性层理构造,认为康家湾铅锌金矿床硅化角砾岩带是在地台体制向地洼体制转变期的大地构造环境下,由于地壳快速隆升,二叠纪灰岩、泥质岩、石英砂岩等岩石剥蚀,在古河流环境下搬运、沉积形成的。此     

Geology and Hydrothermal Alteration of the Milyang Pyrophyllite Deposit, Southeast Korea

Abstract: The Milyang pyrophyllite deposit, which is embedded in the Late Cretaceous Yuchon Group of the Kyongsang Supergroup, is one of the largest hydrothermal clay deposits in the Kyongsang basin, southeast Korea. Host rocks of the deposit are porphyritic andesite lava and minor andesitic lapilli tuff. In the Milyang district, a hydrothermally altered zone is about 2 × 3 km in extent; we can recognize the concentric arrangement of advanced argillic, propylitic, and sericitic alteration zones from the central to peripheral parts of the zone. The Milyang pyrophyllite deposit forms a part of the advanced argillic alteration zone. The Milyang pyrophyllite deposit is subdivided into the following four zones based on mineral assemblages: the pyrophyllite zones 1, 2, 3, and the silicified zone. The pyrophyllite zone 1, which occupies the central part of the deposit, comprises mainly pyrophyllite, kaolinite, and diaspore without quartz. Diaspore nodules often concentrate in beds 40–50 cm thick. Andalusite, dumortierite, and tourmaline locally occur as network veins, crack‐filler, or small spherulitic spots. The Al₂O₃ content of the ore ranges from 27 to 36 wt%. The pyrophyllite zone 2, which constitutes a major part of the deposit, comprises mainly pyrophyllite, kaolinite, and quartz. The Al₂O₃ content of the ore ranges from 15 to 24 wt%. The pyro‐phyllite zone 3 is the hematite‐rich marginal facies of the deposit. The silicified zone, which occurs as beds and septa, is mostly composed of quartz with minor pyrophyllite and kaolinite; the SiO₂ contents range from 79 to 90 wt%. Comparing chemical compositions of the high‐Al ores with those of unaltered host andesite, the Fe, Ca, alkalis, HFSE, and HREE contents are significantly depleted, whereas S, B, As, Sr, and LREE are enriched. The hydrothermal alteration of the Milyang pyrophyllite deposit can be classified into the following four stages: 1) extensive sericitic and propylitic alteration, 2) medium‐temperature (200–250°C) advanced argillic alteration, 3) high‐temperature (250–350°C or more) advanced argillic alteration, and 4) retrograde low‐temperature alteration. The heat and some volatile components such as B and S would be derived from the Pulguksa Granite intruded underneath the deposit.     

Large-scale landslides in Toyama Prefecture,central Japan,and their probable relationship with earthquakes

Large-scale landslides along the Kubusu and Besso rivers in Toyama Prefecture are developed in the Miocene Iwaine Formation, which is composed of andesitic lava, tuff, and tuff breccia. In the middle member of this formation, the tuff is easily altered to montmorillonite-bearing rock, and subsequently plays an important role in the development of landslides events, which tend to be large-scale events, as the massive lava of the upper member forms a cap rock over the tuff. The Kiritani and Koinami basins, which are flat intermontane basins located along the Kubusu and Besso rivers, respectively, are interpreted as landslide-dammed lakes, later filled with sediment. Accelerator mass spectrometry ¹⁴C ages show that the landslides forming each dam occurred simultaneously, at approximately 2500 BP. These ages were measured from wood fragments embedded in the landslide material of Kiritani, and from an in situ stump drowned during the impoundment of Koinami. If the trigger of these landslides was an earthquake, it is most likely to have been the penultimate event along the Atotsugawa fault zone.