辽东湾S2冰侧限剪切强度的试验研究

利用试验方法系统地研究了辽东湾S2型海冰侧限剪切强度随剪切应变速率、加载方向、法向应力、温度和冰内孔隙率的变化规律。介绍了S2型海冰各向异性特点及剪切应变速率对剪切破坏方式的效应和韧脆破坏转变的条件。分析了不同加载方向海冰峰值剪切强度的差异 ,获得 - 6 2℃温度下S2冰内摩擦角和内聚力分别为 42°和 70 0kPa。利用统计分析给出峰值剪切强度与冰温和孔隙率的试验关系     

海冰温度对单轴压缩强度影响的试验研究

应变速率与单轴压缩强度极值的关系在抗冰结构设计与优化中占有重要地位。基于2009年冬季普兰店海域海冰在不同海冰温度(-5°C、-10°C、-15°C)下的压缩强度试验数据,给出各自应变速率—压缩强度散点图。结果表明,海冰在不同加载速率下表现为三种破坏模式,即韧性区、过渡区与脆性区;海冰温度对过渡区对应应变速率范围影响较小,均在6.3×10~(-4)~2×10~(-3)区域附近。结合三段式函数形式,给出不同温度下应变速率—压缩强度极值的曲线拟合结果。依据上述结论,在庄河海域选择应变速率10~(-2)、10~(-3)与10~(-4)进行不同海冰温度(-16°C~-4°C)下单轴压缩强度试验。结果显示:在韧性区,海冰温度与压缩强度极值呈弱负相关;在过渡区,海冰温度与压缩强度极值呈明显线性减小;在脆性区,强度极值相对海冰温度敏感度较低。基于此,在应变速率—压缩强度曲线中提出温度影响系数,这一试验分析方法可推广至其它海域。     

辽河口海冰压缩强度基本特性分析

海冰的压缩强度是海冰最主要的力学特性.针对辽河口附近海域海冰的压缩强度指标,2014~2015年冬季于辽河口附近采样并进行室内测试.内容包括单轴压缩强度实验、侧限压缩强度实验、变尺寸压缩强度测试.实验表明辽河口海冰压缩强度受应变速率、卤水体积影响显著.侧限压缩实验要比单轴压缩实验所得结果略大.不同高宽比的试样在相同应变速率的前提下压缩强度变化不明显,尺寸影响不显著.     

渤海湾海冰和黄河口河冰物理力学性质的测定和研究

本文叙述的是一个多项目的野外试验,该试验主要测试了渤海湾海冰和黄河口河冰的压缩、剪切和弯曲强度。此外,还测量了冰的温度、盐度、密度。文中叙述了冰的现场试验方法及得出的试验结果。同时还讨论了冰的各种强度值与冰温、应变速率(或应力率)的关系,且冰的强度是冰温和应变速率的函数。冰是各向异构体,加载方向不同,呈现的强度值也不相同。并且还对比了海冰与河冰的异同。     

渤海沿岸海冰单轴压缩强度的基本特性分析

海冰单轴压缩强度是寒区海洋工程中的一个重要设计参数,也是影响海冰动力学行为的主要因素。在2008-2012年间的三个冬季,对渤海沿岸的海冰单轴压缩强度进行了现场与室内试验,由此分析了其在温度、卤水体积和应力率下的基本特征。测试结果表明,海冰单轴压缩强度与其温度呈幂函数关系,与卤水体积平方根呈指数关系,与应力率呈线性关系。此外还分别在不同温度与卤水体积下确定了海冰单轴压缩强度上包络限的变化规律。最后,综合考虑卤水体积和应力率的影响,对海冰单轴压缩强度分布特征进行了分析。以上研究有助于揭示渤海海冰基本力学性质,为冰区结构设计和海冰动力学分析提供参考依据。     

卤水体积和应变率影响下的渤海海冰单轴压缩强度分布

2018—2021年3个冬季期间在渤海辽东湾鲅鱼圈海域沿岸进行海冰单轴压缩试验。采用典型的柱状结构海冰作为试验对象,试验中加载方向垂直于柱状结构冰晶的轴向,应变率选取区间为4.5×10-5～7.5×10-3/s,海冰试样的温度在-3～-33℃之间。每组试验完成后对温度、盐度和密度进行了测量,用于计算每个试验试样的卤水体积。试验结果表明:海冰试样的应变-应力曲线表现出3种典型形式:韧性破坏、单峰值脆性破坏和多峰值脆性破坏。海冰名义压缩强度和卤水体积呈指数关系,应变率影响下的海冰单轴名义压缩强度出现韧性区-过渡区-脆性区的转化过程,在韧性区和脆性区阶段海冰的单轴名义压缩强度和应变率均呈幂函数关系。此外,综合卤水体积和应变率的影响,确定了海冰名义单轴压缩强度在两者共同影响下的变化规律。     

加载方向对海冰脆性破坏时单轴压缩强度的影响

对渤海的柱状海冰开展了系统的现场单轴压缩试验。在试验过程中,分别采用垂直于(水平加载)/平行于(竖直加载)冰晶的两种加载方向。同时,通过改变加载速率的方式研究了应变速率对压缩强度的影响。在测试结果中,结合试样的应变、应力以及裂纹特征分析了脆性破坏模式下海冰单轴压缩强度特征。试验结果表明:平行于冰晶方向的加载强度约为垂直于冰晶方向强度的3倍,并且两种加载方向的海冰单轴压缩强度均随加载速率的提高而降低。破坏模式的分析表明:脆性破坏主要由裂纹的发展所主导。随着加载速率的提高,海冰的破坏过程由单次破碎向多次破碎转变从而弱化了压缩强度。由于裂纹更容易在晶界处发展,不同加载方向下的裂纹特征以及最终的破坏模式有所区别。水平加载下的破坏模式以剪切形式为主,而竖直加载时主要发生柱状冰晶的屈曲破坏。屈曲破坏更容易发生在冰晶内部而表现出较高的压缩强度,因此竖直压缩强度更高。     

辽东湾海冰单轴压缩长期强度的初步分析

冰的蠕变特性是其自身独特的一种性质,正是由于这一特性才导致了其本构关系的复杂性。室内确定海冰静压力强度特征的标准方法有:恒变形速率或加载速率下的压缩强度试验和恒荷载下的压缩蠕变试验。本文是根据近年来进行的海冰圆柱状试样单轴压缩强度和单轴压缩蠕变试验的结果,分析海冰的长期强度特征并给出统计结果。分析结果还表明海冰的弹性范围很小,即便是单轴压缩强度试验,也只有在加载时间很短的情况下,才表现出拟弹性阶段。     

卤水体积和应力速率影响下海冰强度的统一表征

无论在地球物理尺度下研究海冰的动力学演化特性,还是在工程结构尺度下分析海冰与海洋结构物的相互作用过程,海冰强度均是影响海冰宏观变形和细观破坏规律的重要力学参数。本文通过对渤海海冰物理力学性质的现场和室内试验,分析了海冰压缩、弯曲和剪切强度参数与卤水体积、应力速率的对应关系。试验结果表明,海冰强度与卤水体积更好地呈指数关系,与应力速率呈线性关系;在此基础上,本文建立了由卤水体积和应力速率共同表征的海冰强度统一函数关系,为工程领域对海冰强度的选取提供有力的参考依据。     

黄海北部庄河附近海域海冰物理力学特性

研究了黄海北部海冰物理力学性质，试验内容有海冰的晶体结构，单轴压缩强度和弯曲强度，分析了海冰的压缩强度和弯曲强度与冰温，应力率和加载方向的关系。     

Model of the post-Cenozoic evolution of the cryolithozone of the shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea

The analysis of the structure of the cryolithozone, facies, and thicknesses of the Quaternary sediments and the results of the physicochemical mathematical modeling of the modern shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea support the influence of the Late Pleistocene glaciations on the heat conditions and the distribution of the permafrost in the area. A ～200-m thick glacier formed under aerial conditions from atmospheric precipitation represented the metamorphosed snow cover. According to the modeling, the long-living (from 60?50 to 10?4 ky) glacier reduced the thickness of the permafrost rocks in the reviewed shelf area for 280–360 m. The Holocene marine transgression additionally decreased the thickness from 50–140 m on the inner shelf to 220–350 m on the outer shelf. The modern submarine cryolithozone 450-0 m thick is wide-spread in the studied region from the coast to the shelf boundary (isobaths of 130–140 m), where it pinches out at a distance of ～380 km from the coast at a depth of ～250 m above the sea level.     

Investigation of the mechanism of the long-term evolution of the carbon cycle in the ecosystem of the Sevastopol bay

We analyze the components of the carbon system of the Sevastopol bay waters and the balance of main sediment-forming substances using the data of field investigations in 1998–2008. The interannual variations of total inorganic carbon and the equilibrium partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the bay water are noted. An increase in the flux of carbon dioxide into the bay and in the content of organic carbon in bottom sediments is revealed, and an explanation of this phenomenon is given. The priority accumulation of organic carbon in the sediments of the bay is established. We assess the interannual variation in the relative abundances of organic and inorganic carbon as an index of the carbon cycle stability.     

Contemporary state of the investigation of the influence of the discharge of rivers on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea

We generalize and analyze the state of investigations of the influence of river waters on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea. Specific features of the water, regime and hydrography of rivers flowing into the sea, data on the discharge of rivers, and intrayear and interyear variability of the discharge are presented. We discuss and analyze works studying the transformation of river waters, routes of desalinized sea waters, and their influence on the thermohaline structure and dynamic regime of the sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Modelling of the ecosystem of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube

We analyze the results of numerical calculations performed according to the three-dimensional interdisciplinary model of an ecological system of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube. The complete system of equations of hydrothermodynamics is solved together with transport equations of the advection-diffusion-reaction type used to describe the transformation of a substance (nitrogen) between the components of the characteristic vectors of the ecosystem: plankton, detritus, and biogenic elements (nitrates). We describe the distinctive features of the circumcontinental distribution of components obtained as a result of numerical experiments and present arguments for the conclusion that the ecosystem of the Danube estuary water area plays the role of a buffer zone between the press of the Danubian biogenic pollutions and the neighbouring areas of the shelf zone and open sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Dynamics of the ice cover and peculiarities of the ice transportation of the sediments at the tidal flats of the Kandalaksha Gulf of the White Sea

Ten years of semistationary studies of the interaction of the ice cover and the coastal relief of the Kandalakhsa Gulf in the White Sea allowed us to reveal the peculiarities of these processes in the warm and cold years and the mechanisms of the origination of ice forms, including ice tents, which govern the character of the tidal flats. Three dynamic fast ice zones are distinguished by their geomorphological location, morphology, and ice dynamics. The dependence of the mechanisms and volumes of the enrichment of the fast ice in the sediments on the coastal zone??s relief was established. At the coast of the Kindo Peninsula (Velikaya Salma Strait), the ice mostly contains fine-sandy sediments. Coarser sediments, including boulders, are occasional and frozen into the ice at the contact of the fast ice and the bottom. At the expense of the ice??s spreading by 4?C6 times in the warm years and 2?C4 times in the cold years, several thousand tons of sediments mostly from the tidal flat??s surface (100?C700 m³ from 1 km of coast in the wide tidal flats and <50 m³ on the steep coasts) are delivered to the water area.     

Relationship between the path of the Kuroshio in the south of Japan and the path of the Kuroshio Extension in the east

A relationship between paths of the Kuroshio and Kuroshio Extension (KE) is investigated, using the satellite-derived altimetry dataset of 1993–2008. When the Kuroshio takes the nearshore nonlarge meander path or typical large meander path and resultantly goes through the deeper channel (about 2500 m) of the Izu-Ogasawara Ridge, the KE path adopts a relatively stable state with the two quasi-stationary meanders. On the other hand, when the Kuroshio takes the offshore nonlarge meander path and then passes over the shallower part of the Ridge (about 1000 m), the KE path tends to be convoluted, i.e., an unstable state.     

Variability of the nutrient runoff of the rivers of the Arctic Basin

The spatiotemporal variability of the hydrochemical composition of the riverine runoff in nearmouth areas is presented using the example of selected rivers of the Arctic Basin. The temporal dynamics of the riverine nutrient runoff are mainly determined by the seasonal and interseasonal variations in the drainage basins. The spatial variations in the chemical composition of riverine waters in the near-mouth areas are mainly caused by the dynamics of the water flow and the river bed relief and, to a lesser degree, by biochemical processes. It is shown that the variations in the nutrient composition of the waters in near-mouth areas are comparable in magnitude to those at the river-sea geochemical barriers.     

Parameters of the sediments of the deep-water basin of the Black Sea

The methodology and the first results of the computations of the volumes, masses, and growth rates of the sedimentary body of the buried Black Sea basin are presented. Their temporal evolution reflects the regional paleogeodynamics, in particular, the reorientation of the vector of the relative movement of the Arabian and Eurasian lithospheric plates and the related intensification of their collision in the late Miocene-Pliocene.     

Modelling of the ecosystem on the shelf of the Republic of Guinea

Three mathematical models are considered: a two-dimensional model for calculating the concentration fields of the ecosystem components on the shelf of the Republic of Guinea, a pointwise model for the annual variation of the components, and a two predators-prey model. These models are used to study the effect of hydrodynamic conditions on the state of the shelf ecosystem and for research into the causes which distort the balance between marketable and unmarketable fish.Translated by Mikhail M. Trufanov.     

Evolution of the slope of the buried depression of the Black Sea

The first data on the temporal evolution of the slope of the buried depression of the Black Sea are obtained. The sharp change in the rate of the decrease in the slope steepness that occurred in the Late Miocene-Pliocene time reflects a reorientation of the vector of mutual movement and a related intensification of the collision between the Arabian and Eurasian lithospheric plates.