Low-angle radar tracking in a naval environment using aforward-backward nonlinear prediction method

A low-angle tracking technique based on a novel high-resolution algorithm is presented. The new high-resolution algorithm, which is called the forward-backward nonlinear prediction (FBNLP) method, replaces the linear predictor in the conventional forward-backward linear prediction (FBLP) method with a nonlinear one to try to improve the tracking in a realistic naval environment, Real radar tracking data over the sea, which were recorded with a 32-element sampled aperture antenna on an “over-water” path, were used in this study. They were recorded in a multipath environment, i.e., one where, in addition to the customary direct signal, an indirect signal was also received by the antenna system, and separation of these two signals was less than one standard beamwidth. The performance of the FBNLP method is shown to be better than that of the modified FBLP algorithm for the data sets used in this paper     

Phase and doppler errors in a spaceborne synthetic aperture radar imaging the ocean surface

Data processing in a spaceborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging the ocean surface is affected by earth rotation, orbit eccentricity, and wave motion. Without compensation these sources will cause the images to shift in range and in-track positions and also cause defocusing. Ionospheric granularities may degrade image quality. Calculations of the magnitudes of these effects are presented.     

海洋岩石圈中的微生物种群

最近15年来积累了大量有关在海洋沉积盖层深部层位中,甚至在玄武岩基底内部,有微生物种群存在和活动的证据。由于所有这些钻探主要在太平洋中进行,它们大部分存在的位置都处在这个海盆内,并发现于海底以下达800 m深处的沉积物中。但是也有关于微生物普遍生活在印度洋近南极区表     

Oceanic double-infusion: introduction

Double-diffusion, the mixing of fluids with two constituents of different molecular diffusivities, was originally discovered in the mid-1800s, forgotten, then rediscovered as an ‘oceanographic curiosity’ a century later. Many oceanographers suspect that double-diffusion has major effects on oceanic water masses and circulation, but direct measurement of the effects has proven difficult. In 1996, a Working Group was formed under the auspices of the Scientific Committee on Ocean Research (SCOR WG108), with the goal to identify progress and barriers to quantifying oceanic double-diffusive fluxes, and make recommendations for further progress. This document gives a brief history of double-diffusion, a review of evidence of its potential effects in the ocean, and gives an overview of the review articles contained in this volume, written by the Working Group members with the above aim in mind.     

基于弧段检测的高频地波雷达特定目标航迹跟踪方法研究

本文对现有的高频地波雷达目标跟踪方法进行了概述,提出了一种地波雷达目标长时连续跟踪的方法,基本思想是:充分挖掘航迹弧段特征,基于特征对船只运动建模,并结合杂波背景进行融合决策。进一步,为了达到长时间连续跟踪的需求,借鉴深度学习的思想,利用新获取的弧段数据对算法估计结果不断递归校正,使得随着获取数据的增加跟踪越准确。该方法适用于杂波环境且在航道附近存在众多干扰船只的情况下对机动目标航迹的实时稳定跟踪,为高频地波雷达在复杂干扰环境下特定目标持续跟踪提供理论基础和方法指导,为充分发挥地波雷达在海上监视监测中的作用提供技术支撑。     

古老洋壳的研究

大洋型地壳构成将近三分之二的地球硬质壳层 ,也许这种趋势从地球年轻时候起就保存下来了。至今一般都认为 ,在太古代 (超过2 50 0Ma前 ) ,当地幔的温度是现代的 3倍时 ,在扩张过程中形成的洋壳具有另一种组分。这可以根据保存下来的太古代大洋岩石圈的标本来加以审核。通常岩石圈在俯冲返回地幔时多次被改造 ,但其被命名为蛇绿岩套的个别组分保存在板块碰撞和造山运动区。来自北京和一批美国大学的地球物理学家研究了不久前在北京东北 2 50km的华北克拉通区域发现的蛇绿岩套。华北克拉通包括含有片麻岩、角闪岩、云母片岩、白云石化大理岩…     

基于AIS信息校准的双频地波雷达的船只融合跟踪

高频地波雷达（HFSWR）和自动船只确认系统（AIS）是船只跟踪的重要传感器。高频地波雷达可以用来跟踪探测区域的所有船只,而AIS只能用来确认合作船只的信息。由于海杂波的干扰,使用单频率地波雷达的船只跟踪会淹没在布拉格峰值的盲区里,改变探测频率是克服这一缺点的有效手段。在这种背景下,我们提出一种基于AIS校准的双频雷达融合探测算法。因为不同频率的地波雷达测量与AIS的测量值存在系统误差,所以AIS信息可以用来估计和校准地波雷达的每个频率的系统误差。首先,将合作目标的点迹测量与地波雷达的点迹测量通过JVC分配算法进行点迹关联。从合作船只的点迹关联结果中,双频雷达的系统误差可以估计和校准。其次,基于校准的双频雷达数据,使用融合JPDA-UKF算法进行船只跟踪。通过真实探测的数据的实验结果显示所提算法可以实时跟踪船只,相比单频率跟踪可以进一步提高跟踪能力和跟踪精度。     

Oceanic sound speed profile inversion

A modal (full-wave) method has been developed to predict ocean sound speed profiles from propagated acoustic field data. The method assumes a point source of sound in the ocean and uses as data the values of the transmitted acoustic field at an array. The formalism for depth-dependent sound speeds consists of the standard Hankel integral transform of the depth solution. In the travel length coordinate, the latter is written exactly, using the Green's function, in terms of an integral equation whose kernel includes the sound speed profile correction. A Born approximation to this equation is used. This is just the WKB solution, and permits the use of a nontrivial input (or guess) profile, here chosen as bilinear. The use of asymptotic methods enables us to write the data as an integral transform over the profile correction. The transform can be inverted. An example is presented for full-bandwidth inversion.     

Oceanic thermohaline intrusions: theory

This is a review of theories governing growth and evolution of thermohaline intrusive motions. We discuss theories based on eddy coefficients and salt finger flux ratios and also on molecular Fickian diffusion, drawing relationships and parallels where possible. We discuss linear theories of various physical configurations, effects of rotation and shear, and nonlinear theories. A key requirement for such theories to become quantitatively correct is the development and field testing of relationships between double-diffusive fluxes and average vertical gradients of temperature and salinity. While we have some ideas about the functional dependencies and rough observational constraints on the magnitudes of such flux/gradient relationships, many questions will not be answered until usable ‘flux laws’ exist. Furthermore, numerical experiments on double-diffusive intrusions are currently feasible, but will have more quantitative meaning when fluxes are parameterised with such laws. We conclude that more work needs to be done in at least two areas. Firstly, tests of linear theory against observations should continue, particularly to discover the extent to which linear theories actually explain the genesis of intrusions. Secondly, theoretical studies are needed on the nonlinear effects that control the evolution and finite amplitude state of intrusions, since these determine the lateral fluxes of salt, heat, and momentum.     

Oceanic thermohaline intrusions: observations

Intrusions are commonly observed in the upper, deep and coastal oceans, and are closely linked to lateral fluxes of heat, salt and momentum. This is a review of observations of intrusions and the results of comparisons of properties such as scale, slopes, microstructure activity, and fluxes with theoretical models. A summary of estimates of lateral heat fluxes indicates a wide range of lateral diffusivities. We conclude by noting that our present knowledge is insufficient to predict the structure, length-scales and lateral fluxes of thermohaline intrusions with confidence, and list a number of unresolved questions. Suggestions are made for compilation of existing data into a database for exploratory analysis and testing of theoretical hypotheses. An outline is given of a potential collaborative field experiment using CTD, fluorescent dye, and microstructure observations.     

大洋多断层转换板块边界

按照 Wilson( 1 965)的定义和后来的研究 ,大洋脊—脊转换板块边界具有独立的、宽为几公里的走向滑动变形带 ( Fox和 Gallo,1 984)。与巨大的大陆走向滑动带不同的是 ,后者的走向滑动分布在宽阔 ( 1 0 0 km)的复杂变形带中。本文的大洋转换边界 ,与 Wilson的模式相反 ,被描述成复杂的、宽阔的 ( ( 1 0 0 km)多断层带。我们也进行了数值模拟以帮助确定是什么因素引起了一种或他种类型的大洋转换边界的发育。1　 Romanche多断层转换体系Romanche转换边界是洋中脊体系中最长(约 90 0 km)的转换边界之一 ,滑移速率为 3 2mm/ a,年龄偏移为 55M…     

大洋环流的诊断计算

采用二维的全球高分辨率（1／4°×1／4°）的自由表面诊断模型结合动力计算估算全球大洋环流,模拟结果与其他模拟结果非常相似。流函数的分布表明,全球大洋中的主要流系均得到体现,包括大洋环流的西向强化的现象（黑潮、湾流等）。黑潮主轴的流量约54Sv（1Sv=10^6m^3／s）,非常接近实测值：各层水平流场分布情况显示,各大洋的一些基本流系都能得到很好的再现。如黑潮和南极绕极流可深达底层。湾流不能到达深层,大约在1000～2000m之间海流即已转向。     

Dissolved Organic Matter in Oceanic Waters

The amount of information on oceanic dissolved organic matter (DOM) has increased dramatically in the last decade thanks to the advances in chemical characterization. This information has supported the development of some novel and important ideas for DOM dynamics in the ocean. Consequently, we have a better understanding of the importance of DOM in oceanic biogeochemical cycles. Here we review studies published mainly during 1995–2001, synthesize them and discuss unsolved problems and future challenges. The measurement, distribution and turnover of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) are presented as the bulk dynamics of the oceanic DOM. The size spectrum, elemental composition, and chemical compositions at molecular and functional group levels are described. The mechanisms proposed for the survival of biomolecules in DOM are discussed. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Oceanic spreading rate and crustal thickness

Examination of oceanic seismic refraction results indicates a correlation between total crustal thickness and spreading rate, with slower spreading producing thinner crust. The effect is seen at spreading rates less than about 20 mm yr^–1. The crustal thickness and its dependence on spreading rate are predicted by theoretical modelling of flow and melting beneath mid-ocean ridges.     

台湾海峡南部的海洋锋

通过近期水文观测,结合卫星遥感和历史水文资料,对台湾海峡南部海域的海洋锋现象进行了整体分析。结果表明,由于多种水系在此交汇,台湾海峡南部冬、夏季匀有明显锋面发育。受季风气候影响,锋面发育有显著的季节差异。夏季影响本海区的水系主要有韩江冲淡水、上升流、南海水、和黑潮水等。它们的交汇形成了韩江冲淡水羽状锋、台湾浅滩上升流锋、黑潮锋、以及陆架／陆坡锋等的三维锋结构。韩江冲淡水和上升汉对夏季海崃南部浅海峰     

下洋壳的冷却

洋壳是由地幔熔融物在扩张洋脊处的结晶作用形成的,熔融物携带的热会在传导和热液循环中消除掉。虽然热液流为海洋提供了一个莺要的地球化学通量,但是人们对洋壳内热液冷却的分布了解得并不多（Schultz和Elder—field,1997;Mottl,2003）。我们对活动扩张脊进行地球物理、地质、岩石学研究,将研究结果用来研制快速扩张脊洋壳增生的概念模式（Quick和Denlinger,1993;Boudier等,1996;Kelemen等,1997）。