Sediment—Hosted Gold Deposits in China_geochemistry and Prospecting

Sediment-hosted gold deposits are the major type of gold resources in china,Concen trated mostly in the two“Triangle Regios“,they are generally hosted in fine-clastic turbidite,hydrothermal chet and marl ranging from cambrian to Triassic in age,structurally controlled by domes,anticlines and second-ordered faults.They are similar to the Carlin-type gold deposits in mineral assemblage and geochemical marks,with an element association closely comparable to those of modern springs and submarine hydrothermal sediments.Organic matter may have played an important role in mineralization .The ore solution may be hydrothermally altered meteoric water developed i areas of local geothermal anomaly.     

Geology and Geochemistry of Reworking Gold Deposits in Intrusive Rocks of China—Ⅱ Gold Deposits and Their Genesis

Gold deposits in intrusive masses include the veinlet dissemination,quartz vein and veinlet dissemination vein types,They are distributed in fracture zones along the endocontact zone of a batholith or in the centre and edge of a stock.The metallogenic epochs are Yenshanian,Hercynian,Archean,Proterozoic and Himalayan,The gold deposits are characterized by a big difference in time span between gold mineralization and the formation of host masses Ore-forming materials were derived from the masses and auriferous strata and ore-forming fluids came from meteoric and formation waters.When circulating water was heated by ascending heat flow,gold would be extracted,concentrated and transported from auriferous rocks and then precipitated in the masses during the late tectonic movement,Finally gold deposits were formed in the intrusive masses.     

On the Yangtze—type Copper Deposits and Their Polygentic Origin

The so-called“Yangtze-type”copper deposits include:（1）Cu-bearing massive pyrite bed ,(2)Cu-bearing skarn and magnetite-type ore deposits,with replacement Cu-vein-type deposits near the metasomatic zone,and (3)mineralized intrusive bodies and breccia pipes ,some of which are known as porphyry copper ores(e.g.Chengmenshan).This type of ore deposits is a typical example to verify the polygenesis of inost of the deposits in China,as has been promoted by Prof.Tu Guangchi in view of the polycyclic development of the geological history in China.This paper is con-cemed with one sub-type of such deposits.     

Silicon Isotope Geochemistry of Micro—Fine Disseminated Gold Deposits in SW Guizhou and NW Guangxi,China

Quartz was studied with respect to its silicon isotopic composition and cathodoluminescence in micro-fine disseminated gold deposits in SW Guizhou and NW Guangxi.The results showed that quartz in wall rocks.ores and that in association with hydrothermal silicification are distinctive in silicon isotopes and cathodoluminescence characters.Quartz in association with primary silicification is non-luminescent while that in wall rocks and associated with secondary silicification exhibits striking luminescence.Based on the dynamic fractionation of silicon isotopes,it is suggested that the mineralization was accompanied by rapid transport of aprimary siliceous fluid along the major deep fault system into subordinate faults before ore components deposited in favorable strata via penetration and metasomatism.Therefore,a deep origin is implicit for gold deposits of this type.     

Gold Occurrence and Ore Genesis,Yata Micro—Disseminated Gold Deposit,Guizhou,Southwest China

The mode of occurrence of gold in the Yata micro-disseminated gold deposit is ap-proached through chemical phase studies coupled with ore-dressing monitoring and micro-beam analysis.The results showed that gold occurred for the most part as ultra-microscopic particles adsorbed on the surfaces or fracture planes of pyrite and other sulphides.The proportions of gold of different occurrences were estimated solutions containing nanometer-sized gold particles were prepared following the hydrolysis-reduction procedure and the adsorption of nanometer-sized gold on ordinary sulphides and rocks was experimentally determined.It is evident that sulphides are good adsorbents of gold and this is consistent with geological observations.     

Confirmation and Significance of Caledonian Metallogenic Epoch for Gold Deposits in South China

Caledonian gold deposits are widely distributed in South China.They are developed in both South China Caledonian fold belt and adjacent Proterozoic Jiangnan uplift.The host rocks are Proterozoic metamorphosed microclastic rocks in the Jiangnan uplift and Proterozoic and Cambrian strata,as well as Chengjiang and Caledonian igneous bodies in the South China flod belt.The distince differences between the Caledonian and the most developed Yenshanian glod deposits in South China are reflected in age and host-rock type,relations to Yenshanian magmatic activities,element association,mineral assemblage and glod deposit type.The studies have proven hat the Caledonian epoch is a principal metallogenic period of gold deposits in South China.This conclusion is of very important enlightening significance in exploration of Caledonian gold deposits in South China as well as in other Caledonian fold belts and adjacent uplifts in China.     

The Sedimentation—reworking Genesis of Dongchuan—type Stratiform Copper Deposits

The Dongchuan-type copper deposits have long been studied and well reported because of their great economic significance.The present paper proposes a “sedimentation-reworking“ origin for this type of deposits to challenge the current “sedimentation-metamorphism“ model which has been widely asscpted since 1970s.According to the new idea,orebodies were not directly deposited in the Luoxue dolomite where they are hosted.Instead,copper was preliminarily concentrated in the Yinmin Formation.During or after diagenesis,copper in the Yinmin Formation was mobilized and leached by hydrothermal solutions derived from the interstitial water of sediments under the high geothermal gradient of rift environment,Thus,copper was transported from the source bed(the Yinmin Formation)upward to the Luoxue algal dolomite where sulfur was produced by the reduction of sulfates.The copper sulfides were formed through replacement of initial sulfides by Cu-bearing solutions.     

Transport and Concentration of Gold in Metamorphic—hosted Reworked Gold Deposits,China

Calculations based on the available thermodynamic data of AuCl ₂ ⁻ and Au (HS) ₂ ⁻ indicate that AuCl ₂ ⁻ is responsible for the transport and enrichment of gold during the stage of pre-concentration in the source bed while Au (HS) ₂ ⁻ is the main gold species involved in the formation of gold deposits in response to hydrothermal reworking. Acid chloride solutions witha _Cl ⁻ > 10° and sulfur-rich solutions with a_Σs in excess of 10⁻² are held as important criteria for gold enrichment in the source bed and for the formation of gold deposits by subsequent hydrothermal event, respectively.     

A Three—Stage Metallogenic Model for Gold Deposits in Metamorphosed Microclastic Rocks

Gld deposits occurring in metamorphosed microcelastic rocks are distributed extensively at home and abroad.Some deposits of this type are of superlarge tonnage.The formation of gold deposits in metamorphosed microclastic rocks involves three stages:the sedimentary stage,the regionally metamorphic stage,and the ore-forming stage.At the first stage,microclastic sedimentary source rocks were developed in a relatively semi-enclosed reducing sea basin and were enriched in carbon,sulfur and gold.At the second stage,the gold adsorbed on organic matter and clay minerals was relesed and poorly concentrated during the destruction of organic matter and the depletion of clay minerals by regional metamorphism with increase temperature and pressure.At the third stage,a tectono-hydrothermal event took place.As a result,gold was leached from metamorphosed microclastic rocks,transported to ore depositional locus and/or mixed with gold of other sources in the course of migration,and finally precipitared as ores.Gold deposits of this type were eventually formed at the third stage,and they also can be classified as the orogenic belt type and the activation zone type.The gold deposits occurring in metamorphosed microcalastic rocks are the products of reworking processes and the influence of magmatism should be taken into consideration in some cases.     

哀牢山造山带金矿成矿时序及其动力学背景探讨

哀牢山金矿带是我国最重要的喜马拉雅期造山型金矿带,形成于三江特提斯复合造山过程中。论文基于对哀牢山造山带金矿成矿作用的同位素定年结果,探讨了成矿年代学与构造-热事件的关系,厘定了其相关的地球动力学背景。已获得的最老成矿年龄集中于海西期,但过剩氩的存在导致视年龄值偏离真实成矿年龄,而最小视年龄(345.2±16Ma)与区域蛇绿岩的形成同时;含镍金黄铁矿硅质岩的含金量可能与热水沉积有关,其地球动力学环境对应于海底扩张和初始洋盆的形成。印支期是区域主碰撞造山高峰期,也是大规模岩浆活动与Cu-Ni-Pt-Pd硫化物矿床、VMS型Cu-Pb-Zn矿床及斑岩型Cu-Au矿床成矿集中期,其中老王寨金矿含金黄铁矿的Re-Os等时线年龄为229±38Ma。燕山期成矿年龄数据分散于180Ma、135Ma、110Ma和90Ma左右等多个时段,其中最晚时段年龄谱的最小视年龄值(91±1Ma)可能代表了一次较为重要的构造动力体制转换,该期(约90~70Ma)的区域成岩成矿(斑岩及斑岩型Cu-Mo-W-Au矿床)规模较大,表明增生造山→碰撞造山构造体制转换在研究区存在重要的成岩成矿响应。喜马拉雅期可能经历了早(63.09~61.55Ma)、主(36.10~33.76Ma)和晚(30.80~26.40Ma)三期金矿成矿-热事件,分别受控于印度-亚洲大陆碰撞早期的强烈汇聚挤压、早-晚期转换构造动力学体制,并可能受青藏高原物质东向逃逸和软流圈脉动隆起的联合制约,金矿大规模成矿作用与构造动力体制转换过程中的壳幔物质强烈交换与构造变形密切相关。     

哀牢山造山型金成矿系统:复合造山构造演化与成矿作用初探

哀牢山金矿带是我国最重要的喜马拉雅期造山型金矿带,形成于三江特提斯复合造山过程中。论文基于对哀牢山复合造山带区域构造背景、控矿构造系统演化、金成矿期次及其时代的系统研究,从金成矿年代序列、成矿过程构造控制及成矿作用动力学环境三个方面,探讨了复合造山过程中的金矿成矿作用。研究结果表明,哀牢山金矿带发育三期金矿成矿-热事件:早期金成矿作用(61.55～63.09Ma)对应于逆冲推覆构造系统最为发育的时期,与剪切走滑断裂构造的形成同步,显示它们统一受控于印度-亚洲大陆碰撞早期的强烈汇聚挤压构造动力学体制;主期金成矿作用(33.76～36.10Ma)对应于区域挤压构造应力场的相对松弛阶段以及富碱斑岩和剪切走滑断裂构造系统最为发育的时期,受控于印度-亚洲大陆碰撞构造动力学转换体制,并可能受青藏高原物质东向逃逸和软流圈脉动隆起的联合制约,金矿大规模成矿作用与构造动力体制转换过程中的壳幔物质强烈交换与构造变形密切相关;晚期金成矿作用(26.40～30.80Ma)对应于岩石圈伸展作用的发生以及亏损地幔减压熔融产生的板内高钾岩浆岩的就位,受控于印度板块反向旋转拖曳与斜向俯冲回退的综合作用。     

黔西南微细浸染型金矿的黄铁矿矿物学研究及其成因意义: 以水银洞金矿为例

贵州黔西南地区的微细浸染型金矿是一种典型的中、低温热液矿床, 矿床总体上受不同级别褶皱与断裂构造的控制。但是, 呈透镜状、似层状展布的矿体形态与大多数热液矿床的空间分布特点差别较大, 导致该区域金矿床的成因长期存疑。本文以水银洞金矿为例, 通过高精度的电子探针(EPMA)与环扫电子显微镜(ESEM)等原位微区分析测试方法, 查明矿石中的黄铁矿至少存在三种类型且空间上均与有机质密切伴生: (1)粗粒黄铁矿: 呈稠密浸染状或条带状分布于龙潭组1段的钙质砂岩内, 其内部和周围的孔洞中常见凝析油和磷灰石、金红石、方解石等热液矿物充填。其中具环带结构的黄铁矿为主要的载金矿物, 微细的不可见金主要赋存在外部2~3层富As的黄铁矿环带中, 测定的Au含量平均为0.06%, 最高可达0.24%, 揭示黄铁矿的内核和环带形成于不同的热液期次。(2)细粒黄铁矿: 呈星散状或稀疏浸染状分布于龙潭组2段富含生物碎屑的钙质凝灰岩内并构成工业富矿体, 富Au、As且多与毒砂等矿物共生, Au最高可达0.14%。围岩的微裂隙中可见被有机质环状包裹的5~10μm大小的自然金颗粒。(3)草莓状黄铁矿: 呈微粒集合体填充于生物格架(Ty1)或者围岩微裂隙(Ty2)中, 两者在龙潭组1段和2段均有分布。Ty1交代生物碎屑且自身具有有机质包壳, Ty2则充填在富含有机质的微裂隙中并部分交代粗粒和细粒黄铁矿, 表明其形成略晚于主成矿阶段。水银洞矿床黄铁矿的结构、成分及空间产状研究揭示, 黔西南微细浸染型金矿具有多期次热液叠加复合成矿的特点。成矿热液持续作用于龙潭组及其下伏的地层, 可交代围岩中的生物碎屑并将其分解为有机质和C、P、N、Ca、Na、K等元素。一方面成矿流体携带有机质向上迁移, 另一方面致密的龙潭组2段及其上部岩层作为"隔挡层"为富Au的热流体成矿提供岩相圈闭。这一成矿作用过程中, 流体交代生物碎屑形成的有机质可能有助于降低Au的溶解度促进其沉淀富集, 使矿体兼具裂控及层控的形态特点。     

Carlin-type gold deposits in Qinling and some related problems

The sediment-hosted disseminated gold deposits in the Oinling region are of sedimentation-slight-metamorphic origin superimposed by hydrothermal reworking at moderate-low temperatures and are well comparable with the typical Carlin gold deposits in the United States.In view of the confusing concept concerning the “sediment-hosted”and “Carlin-type” gold deposits,the authors propose that the term“sediment-hosted gold deposit”should be used in a broad sense which encompasses at least the four subtypes,i.e.,the Carlin type,the metamorphic fine clastic type,the hydrothermal sedimentary type and the vein type.In oter words,the “Carlin-type”should not be used as a synonym for “sediment-hosted”but is recommended as a subtype under the general category of “sediment-hosted gold deposits”     

中国北方碱性岩型金矿床成因模型研究

碱性岩型金矿是80年代后期被发现和重视起来的一种新类型金矿。尽管与碱性岩有关的金矿找矿方面我国已取得突破性进展，许多学者也相继开展了矿床的地质、地球化学、同位素年代学等方面的研究。但在矿床与构造环境、构造与成矿物理化学条件及成因模型等方面不有待于深入研究。通过研究发现其模型可概括为地球运动使壳幔物质交换形成多期活动的碱性岩带和幔壳混源流体，超壳深大断裂的长期活动使得幔壳混源流体上升流动，该流体在上升运多过程中，由于物理化学条件的变化形成金矿床。     

辽宁丹东五龙与四道沟金矿床成因对比—流体包裹体证据

对产于辽宁丹东三股流花岗闪长岩体外围的五龙与四道沟大型金矿床地质、流体包裹体岩相学及测温特征进行对比研究表明,五龙与四道沟金矿床成因存在一定差异。五龙金矿床含金石英脉与四道沟金矿床早期石英脉成矿流体主要来自于三股流岩浆活动,而四道沟矿区主矿化阶段成矿流体来源可能与矿区燕山晚期中酸性脉岩活动有关。     

新疆哈赞布拉克金铜矿成矿地质特征及成因探讨

哈赞布拉克金铜矿位于博罗科努金铜钼铅锌成矿带.矿化产于华力西中期中酸性侵入岩体内及与围岩接触带内,主要蚀变为围岩地层中的角岩化,闪长岩中的钾化、绢云母化、青盤岩化及含矿岩石中的硅化、碳酸盐化等,矿区发现Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ号三个矿化带,以Ⅱ号矿化带规模最大,矿床为铜、金共生矿化,矿化成因类型为石英脉型、矽卡岩型、斑岩型,以石英脉型矿化为主,矿化主要受岩浆岩和构造控制,矿床为先期斑岩型矿化,伴矽卡岩型矿化,经后期热液改造叠加的石英脉型矿床.     

中国浅成低温热液金矿床

浅成低温热液金矿床在中国传统上称为陆相火山岩型金矿床,主要发现在中国东部,后来在北疆地区也有新的发现.根据产出的大地构造背景,它们集中分布在3个带,并分属于3个成矿时期.它们包括:(1)新生代台湾东部岛弧带;(2)晚古生代北疆岛弧带;(3)中生代沿中朝克拉通北界的大陆边缘带;(4)中生代中国东南沿海地区的大陆边缘带.绝大多数矿床是低硫化型的,只有3个是高硫化型的,另有1个是与碱性岩系有关的Au-Te型矿床.除了中国最大的金矿床金瓜石矿床外,迄今为止中国大陆上的浅成低温热液金矿床总的来说只有较小的经济重要性.在中国东部发现的浅成低温热液金矿床的总储量,与区内广泛分布的中生代陆相火山岩十分巨大的体积极不相称.较古老的成矿年龄,中国东部的中生代和北疆的晚古生代,是中国大陆浅成低温热液金矿床的一个鲜明的特点.根据中国的成矿条件和保存条件的分析,以及与美国西部和俄国东部的对比,提出了中国浅成低温热液金矿床成矿潜力的一个初步评估.北疆可能有较大的寻找浅成低温热液金矿床的潜在重要性.     

西非金矿床类型及时空分布规律

西非素有"黄金海岸"之称, 近年西非金矿勘查和产量不断突破新高, 已超过南非成为非洲最重要的产金区。通过系统总结西非156个有储量数据的金矿山信息发现, 西非已发现金矿储量全球占比超7%, 未来可能成为全球金矿开采与供应的重要一极。成因类型上以造山型金矿为主, 且成矿流体具有富水含碳为特征。砾岩型金矿次之, 独居特色, 其他类型矿床数量较少。西非金矿时间分布上具有广泛分布、高度集中的特点。古元古代埃布尼造山运动(2.2.~2.0 Ga)对金矿的形成具有绝对控制作用, 其他时期金矿数量相对较少。西非金矿空间分布广泛, 且具有明显的丛聚性分布特征, 集中分布于西非克拉通内的莱奥地盾区, 其他地区零星出露。根据西非金矿成矿地质背景与空间分布规律, 划分了23个Ⅳ成矿带。上述研究不仅有助于深入了解西非金矿成矿地质条件及矿床分布规律, 也对该区下步的找矿勘查部署具一定的指示意义, 更可能为该区金矿理论研究提供启示。