典型覆盖区钨矿综合预测方法与实践

<正>中国的钨矿资源丰富,矿床集中出现在南方,主要是依靠露头观察直接发现的。如何在覆盖区寻找钨矿?目前仍主要依靠化探异常线索,施工槽探或钻探揭露矿体。大量的找矿实践证明,这种方法在覆盖区发现钨矿床的成功概率很低。本文提出"地物化三场异常耦合"的找矿预测基本思路,通过3个找矿实例予以阐释。1.成矿条件分析:钨是典型的壳源元素,成矿作用主要发生在显生宙花岗岩浆演化晚期的高温热液阶段。主要的钨矿成矿类型有:石英脉(带)型、矽卡岩型、云英岩型、斑岩型及岩体型等,可形成延深千米的垂直分带规律。     

石英脉型钨矿原生晕特征及深部成矿定位预测——以赣南淘锡坑钨矿11号脉为例

以往对金、银、铜、铅、锌等矿床的原生晕研究较多,而对钨矿床原生晕的研究很少。为了探求新的钨矿找矿思路,更快速有效地圈定预测靶区、进而发现隐伏矿体,本文以原生晕轴向分带理论为指导,对赣南淘锡坑钨矿11号脉6个中段内沿脉所采的样品选取W、Zn、Au、Ag、Co、Mn、As、Sb及Ce、Hf、Lu和Yb来分析钨矿原生晕的结构,建立了该矿脉的原生晕叠加模型,继而预测靶区。结果表明,Zn、Au、Ag、Co、Mn、Ce、Hf、Lu和Yb异常晕与矿体中心的距离在50m范围内,为近矿晕指示元素;As、Sb异常晕发育于钨矿体前缘,与矿体中心相距200～250m,为前缘晕指示元素;根据该矿脉原生晕模型特征,预测了56m标高的3个靶位和-144m标高的3个靶位,其中靶位1和靶位2最具找矿潜力。     

内蒙古达塞脱东区土壤地球化学异常特征及找矿效果

内蒙古达塞脱东区位于锡林浩特—东乌旗多金属成矿带东段,成矿地质条件有利,但地表基岩出露少,第四系大片覆盖,找矿难度大。土壤地球化学测量从西到东圈定出三个SN向异常带,依据元素组合特征和分带理论,指出Ⅰ号异常带和Ⅱ号异常带东侧异常处于矿体前缘晕,Ⅲ号异常带处于矿体中前部,Ⅱ号异常带西侧异常处于矿体尾晕,异常存在较明显的水平分带性,推测矿体剥蚀程度存在由浅到深的变化趋势,后期地表槽探和钻探已在Ⅰ、Ⅱ号异常带分别发现了2个银多金属矿体和1个铅锌矿化体,且矿（化）体赋存部位、展布方向、规模与化探异常吻合性很好,化探工作在该区取得了很好的找矿效果。     

地气测量在湖南锡田地区深部找矿中的应用与意义

湖南锡田地区位于著名的南岭钨锡铅锌多金属成矿带湖南段,近年来显示巨大找矿前景,随着找矿勘探工作的深入,因第四系覆盖找矿难度增加,覆盖区有效靶区优选方法迫在眉睫。地气测量经多年来不懈研究,初步解决了捕集介质本底影响、野外操作系统误差等问题,结合其他方法,在湖南锡田地区优选锡钨矿靶区应用中发现地下190 m深钨矿体。笔者认为,地气测量可作为深部寻找隐伏矿的有效化探方法,将在覆盖区找矿靶区优选中发挥巨大作用,推动隐伏矿的勘查工作。     

青海湖南山钨(锡)矿远景区地球化学勘查及其找矿潜力分析

1：20万区域化探及区域地质调查成果显示，青海湖南山中段江西沟岩体南缘为青海省钨（锡）成矿有利地段。为使钨（锡）找矿工作实现重大突破，青海省地矿局筛选出成矿地质条件优越、具有战略突破意义的哈尔梗钨异常作为重点对象实施检查解剖。对哈尔梗钨异常首先进行1：5万水系沉积物加密测量，进一步缩小找矿靶区；经初步异常查证，发现了具有一定规模的钨矿化带及钨矿体，证实哈尔梗钨异常为矿致异常。研究认为，已发现的钨矿化带及钨矿体远不能与异常的规模和强度相对应，异常区还蕴涵着巨大的找矿潜力，应不失时机地加大检查力度，力争找矿工作实现重大突破，进而带动区域找矿。     

含矿构造岩相带的地质-地球物理信息组合预测花岗岩外接触带型钨矿床——以内蒙古额济纳旗某探矿区为例

我国钨矿资源丰富,类型多样（盛继福等,2015）。从找矿历史来看,钨矿床主要是依靠地质露头和化探方法发现的,很少采用物探方法。本文研究的探矿区位于内蒙古额济纳旗某花岗岩基的东侧,处于荒漠戈壁覆盖区。地勘单位通过大比例尺土壤化探扫面,圈出了几个钨元素异常,施工的探槽在石英脉中发现了钨矿化。但针对含矿石英脉的多个钻探和槽探工程却找不到矿化体,导致普查工作陷入困境。     

青海省天峻县龙门地区物化探异常特征与找矿前景

根据磁异常、化探异常及地质特征,划出两个找矿有利区,一是铁、铜多金属找矿有利区,与基性岩有关的磁铁矿、铬铁矿为主,兼顾沉积砂岩型铜镍硫化物矿;一是钨矿找矿有利区,即高温热液型钨矿。     

某斑岩钼(铜)矿区化探普查找矿的地质效果

本区是依据地质、构造等成矿有利条件,开展斑岩型铜钼矿床的找矿工作时,进行的大面积化探次生晕普查和局部详查.因而,获得了几十个不同组合类型的化探次生晕异常.经勘探验证,发现了斑岩钼(铜)矿.一发现异常的化探方法及技术     

内蒙古新巴尔虎右旗大坝金银成矿区找矿远景浅析

通过对大坝-铁门土-大青山金银成矿区的成矿地质条件、金银矿体分布情况、地质工作研究程度分析、化探次生晕异常的研究,认为该区为金银多金属成矿最佳地段,指出找矿远景,找矿方向及找矿标志.     

广西贺县龙水金矿化探应用效果

近年来,配合地质找矿工作,我们在龙水金矿区及外围,进行了九十平方公里面积的化探次生晕详查找矿工作,取得了良好的找矿效果,在已知矿上有明显的异常反映,在外围发现了廿一个异常,其中有五个已经工程验证见到工业矿体,扩大了矿区远景,促进了地质找矿工作的开展。经地质工程揭露,初步评价,新增金储量5吨、银400吨,根据异常及地质有利条件估计远景金储量10吨,银1000吨。     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

Roles of xenomelts,xenoliths, xenocrysts,xenovolatiles, residues,and skarns in the genesis,transport, and localization of magmatic Fe-Ni-Cu-PGE sulfides and chromite

Most sulfide-rich magmatic Ni-Cu-(PGE) deposits form in dynamic magmatic systems by partial melting S-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren to weakly-mineralized immiscible Fe sulfide xenomelts into which Ni-Cu-Co-PGE partition from the magma. Some exceptionally-thick magmatic Cr deposits may form by partial melting oxide-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of the miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren Fe ± Ti oxide xenocrysts into which Cr-Mg-V ± Ti partition from the magma. The products of these processes are variably preserved as skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles, which play important to critical roles in ore genesis, transport, localization, and/or modification. Incorporation of barren xenoliths/autoliths may induce small amounts of sulfide/chromite to segregate, but incorporation of sulfide xenomelts or oxide xenocrysts with dynamic upgrading of metal tenors (PGE > Cu > Ni > Co and Cr > V > Ti, respectively) is required to make significant ore deposits. Silicate xenomelts are only rarely preserved, but will be variably depleted in chalcophile and ferrous metals. Less dense felsic xenoliths may aid upward sulfide transport by increasing the effective viscosity and decreasing the bulk density of the magma. Denser mafic or metamorphosed xenoliths may also increase the effective viscosity of the magma, but may aid downward sulfide transport by increasing the bulk density of the magma. Sulfide wets olivine, so olivine xenocrysts may act as filter beds to collect advected finely dispersed sulfide droplets, but other silicates and xenoliths may not be wetted by sulfides. Xenovolatiles may retard settling of – or in some cases float – dense sulfide droplets. Reactions of sulfide melts with felsic country rocks may generate Fe-rich skarns that may allow sulfide melts to fractionate to more extreme Cu-Ni-rich compositions. Xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles are more likely to be preserved in cooler basaltic magmas than in hotter komatiitic magmas, and are more likely to be preserved in less dynamic (less turbulent) systems/domain/phases than in more dynamic (more turbulent) systems/domains/phases. Massive to semi-massive Ni-Cu-PGE and Cr mineralization and xenoliths are often localized within footwall embayments, dilations/jogs in dikes, throats of magma conduits, and the horizontal segments of dike-chonolith and dike-sill complexes, which represent fluid dynamic traps for both ascending and descending sulfides/oxides. If skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and/or xenovolatiles are present, they provide important constraints on ore genesis and they are valuable exploration indicators, but they must be included in elemental and isotopic mass balance calculations.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

Petrographic, mineralogy, and geochemistry of coals of Pabedana, Kerman Province, Central Iran

This paper discusses the result of the detailed investigations carried out on the coal characteristics, including coal petrography and its geochemistry of the Pabedana region. A total of 16 samples were collected from four coal seams d2, d4, d5, and d6 of the Pabedana underground mine which is located in the central part of the Central-East Iranian Microcontinent. These samples were reduced to four samples through composite sampling of each seam and were analyzed for their petrographic, mineralogical, and geochemical compositions. Proximate analysis data of the Pabedana coals indicate no major variations in the moisture, ash, volatile matter, and fixed carbon contents in the coals of different seams. Based on sulfur content, the Pabedana coals may be classified as low-sulfur coals. The low-sulfur contents in the Pabedana coal and relatively low proportion of pyritic sulfur suggest a possible fresh water environment during the deposition of the peat of the Pabedana coal. X-ray diffraction and petrographic analyses indicate the presence of pyrite in coal samples. The Pabedana coals have been classified as a high volatile, bituminous coal in accordance with the vitrinite reflectance values (58.75–74.32 %) and other rank parameters (carbon, calorific value, and volatile matter content). The maceral analysis and reflectance study suggest that the coals in all the four seams are of good quality with low maceral matter association. Mineralogical investigations indicate that the inorganic fraction in the Pabedana coal samples is dominated by carbonates; thus, constituting the major inorganic fraction of the coal samples. Illite, kaolinite, muscovite, quartz, feldspar, apatite, and hematite occur as minor or trace phases. The variation in major elements content is relatively narrow between different coal seams. Elements Sc,, Zr, Ga, Ge, La, As, W, Ce, Sb, Nb, Th, Pb, Se, Tl, Bi, Hg, Re, Li, Zn, Mo, and Ba show varying negative correlation with ash yield. These elements possibly have an organic affinity and may be present as primary biological concentrations either with tissues in living condition and/or through sorption and formation of organometallic compounds.     

Sharp-based, tide-dominated deltas of the Sego Sandstone, Book Cliffs, Utah, USA

The lower part of the Cretaceous Sego Sandstone Member of the Mancos Shale in east‐central Utah contains three 10‐ to 20‐m thick layers of tide‐deposited sandstone arranged in a forward‐ and then backward‐stepping stacking pattern. Each layer of tidal sandstone formed during an episode of shoreline regression and transgression, and offshore wave‐influenced marine deposits separating these layers formed after subsequent shoreline transgression and marine ravinement. Detailed facies architecture studies of these deposits suggest sandstone layers formed on broad tide‐influenced river deltas during a time of fluctuating relative sea‐level. Shale‐dominated offshore marine deposits gradually shoal and become more sandstone‐rich upward to the base of a tidal sandstone layer. The tidal sandstones have sharp erosional bases that formed as falling relative sea‐level allowed tides to scour offshore marine deposits. The tidal sandstones were deposited as ebb migrating tidal bars aggraded on delta fronts. Most delta top deposits were stripped during transgression. Where the distal edge of a deltaic sandstone is exposed, a sharp‐based stack of tidal bar deposits successively fines upward recording a landward shift in deposition after maximum lowstand. Where more proximal parts of a deltaic‐sandstone are exposed, a sharp‐based upward‐coarsening succession of late highstand tidal bar deposits is locally cut by fluvial valleys, or tide‐eroded estuaries, formed during relative sea‐level lowstand or early stages of a subsequent transgression. Estuary fills are highly variable, reflecting local depositional processes and variable rates of sediment supply along the coastline. Lateral juxtaposition of regressive deltaic deposits and incised transgressive estuarine fills produced marked facies changes in sandstone layers along strike. Estuarine fills cut into the forward‐stepped deltaic sandstone tend to be more deeply incised and richer in sandstone than those cut into the backward‐stepped deltaic sandstone. Tidal currents strongly influenced deposition during both forced regression and subsequent transgression of shorelines. This contrasts with sandstones in similar basinal settings elsewhere, which have been interpreted as tidally influenced only in transgressive parts of depositional successions.