Estimation of groundwater recharge using a GIS-based distributed water balance model in Dire Dawa, Ethiopia

Sustainable groundwater management requires knowledge of recharge. Recharge is also an important parameter in groundwater flow and transport models. Spatial variation in recharge due to distributed land-us.e, soil texture, topography, groundwater level, and hydrometeorological conditions should be accounted for in recharge estimation. However, conventional point-estimates of recharge are not easily extrapolated or regionalized. In this study, a spatially distributed water balance model WetSpass was used to simulate long-term average recharge using land-use, soil texture, topography, and hydrometeorological parameters in Dire Dawa, a semiarid region of Ethiopia. WetSpass is a physically based methodology for estimation of the long-term average spatial distribution of surface runoff, actual evapotranspiration, and groundwater recharge. The long-term temporal and spatial average annual rainfall of 626 mm was distributed as: surface runoff of 126 mm (20%), evapotranspiration of 468 mm (75%), and recharge of 28 mm (5%). This recharge corresponds to 817 l/s for the 920.12 km² study area, which is less than the often-assumed 1,000 l/s recharge for the Dire Dawa groundwater catchment.     

Evaluation of the SWAT model for water balance study of a mountainous snowfed river basin of Nepal

In this study, a semi-distributed hydrologic model Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) has been employed for the Karnali River basin, Nepal to test its applicability for hydrological simulation. Further, model was evaluated to carry out the water balance study of the basin and to determine the snowmelt contribution in the river flow. Snowmelt Runoff Model (SRM) was also used to compare the snowmelt runoff simulated from the SWAT model. The statistical results show that performance of the SWAT model in the Karnali River basin is quite good (p-factor = 0.88 and 0.88, for daily calibration and validation, respectively; r-factor = 0.76 and 0.71, for daily calibration and validation, respectively). Baseflow alpha factor (ALPHA_BF) was found most sensitive parameter for the flow simulation. The study revealed that the average annual runoff volume available at the basin outlet is about 47.16 billion cubic metre out of which about 12% of runoff volume is contributed by the snowmelt runoff. About 25% of annual precipitation seems to be lost as evapotranspiration. The results revealed that both the models, SWAT and SRM, can be efficiently applied in the mountainous river basins of Nepal for planning and management of water resources.     

Utilizing the MODIS-derived leaf area index to investigate the impact of vegetation processes on hydrological simulation of macroscale catchment

Integration of vegetation processes in rain–runoff (RR) models significantly affects runoff response by influencing evapotranspiration in mesoscale catchments. However, it is impossible to interpret the impacts of vegetation processes on runoff simulations in macroscale catchments using results from mesoscale catchments. Few studies involved vegetation process impacts on hydrological simulations by integrating daily vegetation information into conceptual RR models of macroscale catchments. In this study, we integrated the remotely sensed leaf area index (LAI) from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) into a daily Distributed Time-Variant Gain Model (DTVGM). Then, this study assessed the performances of two DTVGM versions, with and without vegetation processes, in the Wei River catchment, China. The results showed that: (1) Integration of MODIS-LAI into the DTVGM model improved the calibration and runoff simulation results of the initial DTVGM model. (2) Inclusion of vegetation processes in the DTVGM changed the simulated proportions of water balance components in the hydrological model and made the simulation of water balance components more accurate. (3) The fact that inclusion of vegetation processes could improve the hydrological simulation performance of the daily conceptual RR model in the macroscale catchment was consistent with studies in mesoscale catchment.     

黑河流域山前绿洲水量转化模拟研究

利用数字高程数据、遥感解译成果、地下水和水文气象资料,建立了一个基于GIS网格的黑河中游山前绿洲地区分布式水文模型.模拟结果表明,黑河流域中游山前绿洲地带的降水几乎完全消耗于蒸散发,且大约70%的山区地表径流补给也消耗于蒸散发.蒸散发以中游森林为最多,草本植被蒸散发同植被覆盖度呈正比.天然植被覆盖度同降水量的多少呈正比,在当地气候条件下,降水是天然荒漠植被类型和分布的控制因子.     

Runoff and water budget of the Liudaogou Catchment at the wind–water erosion crisscross region on the Loess Plateau of China

The objectives of this study were to examine the runoff characteristics and to estimate water budget at the wind–water erosion crisscross region on the Loess Plateau of China. A small catchment known as Liudaogou that has representative meteorological and hydrological conditions of the wind–water erosion crisscross region was chosen as the study location. A numerical model for rainfall-runoff was developed and verified; rainfall-runoff calculation for 5 years (2005–2009) was performed. The observed data and numerical result of the surface runoff were used for evaluating runoff characteristics and estimating the annual water budget. Runoff rate was proportional to average intensity of rain. Even though rainfall duration was for few minutes, surface runoff was generated by intensity of more than 2.6 mm × 5 min^?1, when rainfall duration exceeded 10 h; surface runoff was generated by an intensity of 0.6 mm × 5 min^?1, while annual runoff rate was 10–15 %. The unit area of 1 km² was adopted as the index area for estimating annual water budget. Runoff, evapotranspiration, variation of water storage, and habitant water consumption accounted for 20.4, 75.6, 0, and 4 % of the total annual precipitation, respectively. Results of this study provide the basis for further research on hydrology, water resources, and sustainable water development and utilization at the wind–water erosion crisscross region on the northern Loess Plateau where annual water resources are relatively deficient.     

Streamflow modeling in a fluctuant climate using SWAT: Yass River catchment in south eastern Australia

Hydrological models play vital roles in understanding and management of surface water resources. The physically based distributed model Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was applied to a small catchment in south eastern Australia to determine its ability to mimic low and high streamflows. The model was successfully calibrated using 1993–2002 streamflow data and validated using 2003–2011 data with a combination of manual and auto-calibration techniques for both monthly and daily time steps. Sensitivity analysis indicated that curve number for moisture condition II (CN2) is the most sensitive parameter for both time steps. In general, the model performance statistics indicated “very good” agreement between measured and simulated discharges for both calibration and validation periods. The model was able to satisfactorily simulate both low and high flows of the Yass River. Analysis of water balance components indicated that more than 90 % of the rainfall is lost as evapotranspiration and about 45 % of the streamflow is base flow. The calibrated and validated SWAT model can be used to analyze the effect of climate and land use changes on catchment wide hydrologic process.     

Performance evaluation and parameters sensitivity of a distributed hydrological model for a semi-arid catchment in India

In present study, a distributed physics based hydrological model, MIKE SHE coupled with MIKE 11, is calibrated using multi-objective approach, i.e., minimization of error in prediction of stream flows and groundwater levels, using the data of eight years from 1991 to 1998 of Yerli sub-catchment \((\hbox {area} = 15{,}881\,\hbox {km}^{2})\) of upper Tapi basin in India. The sensitivity analyses of thirteen model parameters related with overland flow, unsaturated and saturated zones have been undertaken while simulating the runoff volume, peak runoff at catchment outlet and groundwater levels within the catchment with wide variations \((\pm 50\%)\) in the model parameters. The calibrated model has also been validated for prediction of stream flow and groundwater levels within the Yerli sub-catchment for period 1999–2004. The simulated results revealed that calibrated model is able to simulate hydrographs satisfactorily for Yerli sub-catchment (NSE \(=\) 0.65–0.89, \(r=0.80{-}0.95\)) at daily and monthly time scales. The ground water levels are predicted reasonably satisfactorily for the plain area (RMSE \(=\) 0.50–6.50 m) in the study area. The results of total water balance indicated that about 78% of water is lost from the system through evapotranspiration, out of which about 3.5% is contributed from the groundwater zone.     

涪江流域径流变化趋势及其对气候变化的响应

采用Mann-Kendall非参数检验方法分析了涪江流域实测径流量的变化趋势,根据假定的气候变化情景和HADCM3预估的气候情景,利用考虑融雪的水量平衡模型(SWBM模型)分析了径流对气候变化的响应。结果表明:涪江流域径流量总体呈现递减趋势,但非汛期的个别月份有增加趋势,实测年径流变化主要是由于气候要素变化引起的,流域内的水电开发对径流量的季节分配存在一定的影响。SWBM模型对涪江流域月流量过程具有较好的模拟效果,实测与模拟径流量总体较为吻合,只有个别年份峰值模拟误差相对较大。气温变化固定的情况下,降水变化与径流变化之间的关系接近线性;在降水变化相同的情况下,单位气温变幅引起的径流量变化幅度也基本相当。尽管不同排放情景下涪江流域径流量的变化有一定差异,但总体来看,未来水资源可能以偏少为主,特别是2030年以后,多年平均偏少量将可能超过5%。     

Future climate change impact evaluation on hydrologic processes in the Bharalu and Basistha basins using SWAT model

Urbanisation and climate change can have adverse effects on the streamflow and water balance components in river basins. This study focuses on the understanding of different hydrologic responses to climate change between urban and rural basins. The comprehensive semi-distributed hydrologic model, SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool), is used to evaluate how the streamflow and water balance components vary under future climate change on Bharalu (urban basin) and Basistha (rural basin) River basins near the Brahmaputra River in India based on precipitation, temperature and geospatial data. Based on data collected in 1990–2012, it is found that 98.78% of the water yield generated for the urban Bharalu River basin is by surface runoff, comparing to 75% of that for the rural Basistha basin. Comparison of various hydrologic processes (e.g. precipitation, discharge, water yield, surface runoff, actual evapotranspiration and potential evapotranspiration) based on predicted climate change scenarios is evaluated. The urban Bharalu basin shows a decrease in streamflow, water yield, surface runoff, actual evapotranspiration in contrast to the rural Basistha basin, for the 2050s and 2090s decades. The average annual discharge will increase a maximum 1.43 and 2.20 m³/s from the base period for representative concentration pathways (RCPs) such as 2.6 and 8.5 pathways in Basistha River and it will decrease a maximum 0.67 and 0.46 m³/s for Bharalu River, respectively. This paper also discusses the influence of sensitive parameters on hydrologic processes, future issues and challenges in the rural and urban basins.     

Estimating groundwater recharge using GIS-based distributed water balance model in an environmental protection area in the city of Sete Lagoas (MG), Brazil

Improvement in modern water resource management has become increasingly reliant on better characterizing of the spatial variability of groundwater recharge mechanisms. Due to the flexibility and reliability of GIS-based index models, they have become an alternative for mapping and interpreting recharge systems. For this reason, an index model by integrating water balance parameters (surface runoff, actual evapotranspiration, and percolation) calculated by Thornthwaite and Mather’s method, with maps of soil texture, land cover, and terrain slope, was developed for a sustainable use of the groundwater resources. The Serra de Santa Helena Environmental Protection Area, next to the urbanized area of Sete Lagoas (MG), Brazil, was selected as the study area. Rapid economic growth has led to the subsequent expansion of the nearby urban area. Large variability in soil type, land use, and slope in this region resulted in spatially complex relationships between recharge areas. Due to these conditions, the study area was divided into four zones, according to the amount of recharge: high (>?100 mm/year), moderate (50–100 mm/year), low (25–50 mm/year), and incipient (>?25 mm/year). The technique proved to be a viable method to estimate the spatial variability of recharge, especially in areas with little to no in situ data. The success of the tool indicates it can be used for a variety of groundwater resource management applications.     

Coupling a glacier melt model to the Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) model for hydrological modeling in north-western China

For the sustainable utilization of rivers in the mid and downstream regions, it is essential that land surface hydrological processes are quantified in high cold mountains regions, as it is in these regions where most of the larger rivers in China acquire their headstreams. Glaciers are one of the most important water resources of north-west China. However, they are seldom explicitly considered within hydrological models, and climate-change effects on glaciers, permafrost and snow cover will have increasingly important consequences for runoff. In this study, an energy-balance ice-melt model was integrated within the Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) macroscale hydrological model. The extended VIC model was applied to simulate the hydrological processes in the Aksu River basin, a large mountainous and glaciered catchment in north-west China. The runoff components and their response to climate change were analyzed based on the simulated and observed data. The model showed an acceptable performance, and achieved an efficiency coefficient R ² ≈ 0.8 for the complete simulation period. The results indicate that a large proportion of the catchment runoff is derived from ice meltwater and snowmelt water. In addition, over the last 38 years, rising temperature caused an extension in the snow/ice melting period and a reduction in the seasonality signal of runoff. Due to teh increased precipitation runoff, the Aksu catchment annual runoff had a positive trend, increasing by about 40.00 × 10⁶ m³ per year, or 25.7 %.     

1975-2011年渭河上游径流演变规律及对气候驱动因子的响应

为探讨渭河上游径流的变化特征及其对气候变化的响应,选取1975-2011年河流实测径流量进行计算和分析. 结果表明：近40 a来,渭河上游径流总体呈明显下降趋势,其中,20世纪90年代前处于丰水期,90年代后进入枯水期,进入21世纪有明显增多趋势. 径流年际丰枯变化激烈,枯水年的发生概率高、持续性强,最长的连枯年份达8 a. 径流量集中在汛期,各年代的分配峰型有所不同,在70、80年代为7、9月双峰,之后变为单峰型分布. 流域内气候增暖明显,降水减少,蒸发加剧;90年代为明显的暖干型气候,21世纪初期气候向暖湿型转变的过程对径流的增加十分有利. 径流对气候变化有较强响应,但响应程度随时间变化而变化. 通过定量分析气候因子对径流变化的贡献值,发现由于气候增暖导致潜在蒸散量的加剧对径流变化的负贡献达60%以上,绝对值高于降水量的正贡献.     

基于地表水循环遥感观测的黑河流域水平衡分析

流域内水循环各环节的水量及其时空分布是不断变化的,掌握流域水循环与水平衡状况是进行流域水资源合理开发利用的重要基础。以2000—2019年黑河流域水文显著变化期为研究时段,综合应用TRMM与GPM卫星观测的降水量、遥感估算的蒸散发量等数据并结合气象站点、水文站点等观测数据,对流域降水、蒸散发与径流等水循环要素的水平衡进行了分析。结果表明:祁连山区是主要产流区,向中游年均下泄水量约为45.11×108 m3。其中,消耗于中游的年均量约为29.92×108 m3,约占66%;补充下游的年均量约为15.19×108 m3,约占34%。民乐—张掖盆地是黑河中游水资源消耗的主要区域,年均消耗的上游来水和当地降水量达43.97×108 m3,约占中游消耗量的75%;中游农田蒸散发年均消耗水量约20.3×108 m3,占总消耗量的35%;上游区降水量增加是黑河干流出山口径流量增加的主因,对径流量增加的贡献率为96%,导致年均径流增加0.35×108 m3,潜在蒸散发对径流增加几乎没有贡献。根据目前黑河干流上游径流量变化与中游水资源消耗现状,如果未来水文周期变化导致上游径流减少,中下游用水矛盾凸显的风险较大。地表水循环遥感观测可作为流域水平衡分析的方法之一,分析流域地表水水资源的空间分布状况、揭示水资源变化趋势与原因,支撑水资源合理配置,陆面实际蒸散发是水平衡分析不确定性的主要来源,准确估测不同类型下垫面实际蒸散发量是提升分析可靠性的关键。基于互补相关的陆面实际蒸散发估算方法相对简单,但其中用于计算湿环境蒸散发量的Priestley-Taylor公式中乘性经验系数受地形影响空间变异很大,区域上采用统一数值会对结果造成不可忽视的影响。     

Effects of climate change on the groundwater system in the Grote-Nete catchment,Belgium

The effects of climate change on the groundwater systems in the Grote-Nete catchment, Belgium, covering an area of 525 km², is modeled using wet (greenhouse), cold or NATCC (North Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation Change) and dry climate scenarios. Low, central and high estimates of temperature changes are adopted for wet scenarios. Seasonal and annual water balance components including groundwater recharge are simulated using the WetSpass model, while mean annual groundwater elevations and discharge are simulated with a steady-state MODFLOW groundwater model. WetSpass results for the wet scenarios show that wet winters and drier summers are expected relative to the present situation. MODFLOW results for wet high scenario show groundwater levels increase by as much as 79 cm, which could affect the distribution and species richness of meadows. Results obtained for cold scenarios depict drier winters and wetter summers relative to the present. The dry scenarios predict dry conditions for the whole year. There is no recharge during the summer, which is mainly attributed to high evapotranspiration rates by forests and low precipitation. Average annual groundwater levels drop by 0.5 m, with maximum of 3.1 m on the eastern part of the Campine Plateau. This could endanger aquatic ecosystem, shrubs, and crop production.     

Runoff and sediment yield modeling by means of WEPP in the Bautzen dam catchment,Germany

Soil erosion by water is one of the most widespread forms of soil degradation in Europe. There are many undesirable consequences of soil erosion due to water such as loss of water storage capacity in reservoirs and transfer of pollutants from farmland to water bodies. The objectives of this study were to calibrate and validate the Water Erosion Prediction Project watershed model (WEPP 2012.8) in the Bautzen dam catchment area with monthly and daily single events for runoff and sediment yield. This is to our knowledge the first study using WEPP in Germany. The catchment (310 km²) was subdivided into small sub-catchments with an area of <260 ha as recommended in WEPP. A sensitivity analysis revealed that the runoff is highly sensitive to the effective hydraulic conductivity in Bautzen, whereas the sediment yield is highly sensitive to rill erodibility, critical shear stress, and to the effective hydraulic conductivity as well. All these parameters were initially calculated using WEPP’s built-in equations and parameters, which, however, produced very poor results for both runoff and sediment yield. Therefore, the model was calibrated for 2 years (2005–2007) and validated for another 2 years (2008–2009) against monthly measurements, in addition to 14 daily single events from the calibration period and 2010. The monthly results were compared with the monthly measurements on the basis of a continuous simulation. Results of calibration and validation periods show a satisfactory performance of WEPP with a determination coefficient R ² above 0.6 and Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency coefficients above 0.50 for runoff and sediment yield. Thus, the model could be used to simulate runoff and sediment yield, and used in scenario studies in the Bautzen dam catchment area.     

不同林草系统对集水区水量平衡的影响研究

应用SWAT99.2模型(Soil and Water Assessment Tool),系统地研究了红壤丘岗集水区4种林草系统(自然草被、阔叶林、混交林和针叶林)的地表径流、根层渗漏、蒸发蒸腾、土壤蓄水量的时空特点,并用实测的地表径流对模型进行校正和验证,月地表径流的Nash-Sutcliffe模拟效率系数达到0.74,模拟值和观测值的决定系数达0.90。结果表明,降水的年内分配不均造成了径流、渗漏、土壤蓄水量月份之间的差异,年际间气象条件(特别是降水)的差异性导致了水量平衡支出项的年际差异,其中径流量和渗漏量受降水的影响最大,蒸发蒸腾量次之,土壤蓄水量的年变化量受降水的影响最小;林地能有效地减少区域的地表径流量,其中以阔叶林和混交林的效果最好;林地入渗性能大于草地;蒸发蒸腾量是林地水量平衡支出中最大的一项,且3种林地的蒸发蒸腾量均大于草地。水量平衡的预测结果显示,土地利用方式是区域短期水量平衡的主要影响因子。     

Budyko框架下黄河流域蒸散发时空变化影响因素研究

蒸散发是水循环过程中的重要环节,研究蒸散发时空变化影响因素,有利于认识区域水资源的时空分异规律。黄河流域地处干旱半干旱地区,水资源短缺且时空分布不均,水问题突出。在黄河流域分析蒸散发对变化环境的响应,揭示气候变化、植被季节性和物候变化的水文水资源效应,对地区水资源可持续发展和规划管理等具有重要的理论意义和现实意义。基于多元自适应回归样条(MARS)非参数模型,采用黄河流域内30个子流域的全球监测与模型研究组(GIMMS)制作的第三代归一化植被指数(NDVI_3g)数据集、气象数据、土壤数据、土地利用/覆盖数据以及地形地貌数据,在Budyko框架下分析了水热耦合控制参数■与环境变量因子的关联性,探讨了变化环境对流域蒸散发的影响机制。结果表明：(1)流域水平衡关系的空间变异与流域水热耦合季节性、地形地貌空间变异性、降水的季节性特征(平均暴雨深度和降水变异系数)显著相关。(2)年际尺度上：流域水热的不同步性是影响流域水平衡年际分异最重要的气候季节性指数,水热的不同步性增大,流域的蒸散比减小,产流增加;降水越集中、年内变异程度越高、降水的季节性越明显,流域蒸散比越小;植被的...     

基于蒸散发数据同化的径流过程模拟

采用集合卡尔曼滤波算法,以遥感反演的蒸散发作为观测数据,构建一种基于新安江模型的蒸散发同化系统;根据同化后的蒸散发,采用粒子群算法估计新安江模型的土壤张力水蓄量,进而改进模型的径流模拟效果。选取地表能量平衡系统模型进行汉江流域蒸散发（ET_SEBS）反演,采用基于GRACE水储量距平数据的水量平衡蒸散发（ET_GRACE）进行验证,结果显示ET_SEBS总体表现好于蒸散发产品ET_GLDAS、ET_Zhang、ET_MODIS,且相关系数（R）、均方根误差（E_RMS）、偏差（B）为0.93、11.93 mm/月、-3.47 mm/月,表明SEBS模型能够较好地估算蒸散发。将同化方案在旬河流域进行应用,结果显示同化后径流的纳什效率系数（E_NS）为0.85,较同化前0.81明显提高,且模型对枯水期径流的低估问题有一定改善,对径流峰值模拟效果提高明显。     

Estimation of groundwater recharge in a major sand and gravel aquifer in Ireland using multiple approaches

Groundwater recharge was investigated in the most extensive sand and gravel aquifer (area of approximately 200 km²) in the Republic of Ireland as part of a wider study seeking to derive recharge estimates using aquifer vulnerability mapping. The proportion of effective rainfall (total rainfall minus actual evapotranspiration) that leads to recharge is known as the recharge coefficient. The recharge investigation involved a variety of approaches, including soil moisture budgeting, well hydrograph analysis, numerical modelling and a catchment water balance. The adoption of multiple techniques provided insights on recharge and also on aquifer properties. Comparison of two soil moisture budgeting approaches (FAO Penman-Monteith with Penman-Grindley) showed how variations in the effective rainfall values from these methods influence groundwater levels simulated in a numerical groundwater model. The catchment water balance estimated the recharge coefficient to be between 81 and 85%, which is considered a reasonable range for this aquifer, where overland flow is rarely observed. The well hydrograph analysis, using a previous estimate of specific yield (0.13), gave recharge coefficients in the range of 40–80%, considered low for this aquifer: a revised specific yield of 0.19 resulted in a more reasonable range of recharge coefficients of between 70 and 100%.