圆形涡旋大气中的横波不稳定

讨论涡旋大气中,存在沿切向基流传播的横波型扰动,并采用数值方法讨论了柱坐标系下圆形涡旋系统斜压气流中这类扰动的不稳定,这是一类中尺度的重力惯性波的不稳定.研究了涡旋环境大气的层结稳定度参数N2、切向风垂直切变Vz、凝结潜热、涡旋特性及科里奥利参数f0对不稳定增长率的影响.圆形涡旋中同样存在横波不稳定的Eady模态和中尺度模态,得到了中尺度模态的扰动场分布特征:流场的不规则"猫眼"结构及慢速传播的扰动均集中在低层,而快速传播的扰动均集中在高层的扰动特征.     

垂直切变基流中的非平衡不稳定

采用计算横波型扰动波谱和谱函数的方法,研究了当基本气流具有垂直线性切变、层结参数为常值时横波型扰动的不稳定,给出了不稳定扰动的结构,讨论了不稳定的性质。发现：对于三支波动连续谱区互不重叠的天气尺度情况,若此时出现不稳定扰动,其性质属于纯涡旋波的准地转不稳定,与Eady模态类似,是Rossby波的斜压不稳定;在中 尺度中高端,其不稳定性质仍是纯涡旋波的不稳定,即准平衡的斜压不稳定;在中 尺度低端则出现了第一类混合波的非平衡不稳定,包括涡旋-逆传重力惯性混合波的不稳定和涡旋-顺传重力惯性混合波的不稳定,前者低层体现了涡旋波的特点,高层体现了重力惯性波的特点,后者反之;在中 尺度波段,若存在不稳定则均为非平衡的涡旋-重力惯性混合波不稳定,其包括第一类和第二类混合波的不稳定,后者低层体现重力惯性波的特点,中层体现涡旋波的特点,高层则又体现了重力惯性波的特点。     

武汉地区“98.7”暴雨过程大气稳定性分析

文章从环境场的稳定性角度进行研究，取boussinesq近似的二维数学模型，从数值模式每小时输出的预报场中提取暴雨过程中的环境场，通过计算函数极小值的方法，求取层结参数及加热率，讨论实际暴雨过程中不稳定的作用。其结果表明，凝结加热对暴雨不稳定的发生发展作用明显。暴雨初期和强盛期的环境场都可以出现动力不稳定，且不稳定扰动传播方向与基本气流有一个斜交角，属于二维平面波的不稳定。“98.7”暴雨的发生发展是热力和动力共同作用的结果。     

WAVE-CISK对称不稳定谱点分布的半圆定理

采用滞弹性近似研究了WAVE-CISK下对称性扰动的谱点分布,得到了WAVE-CISK下对称不稳定扰动谱点分布的半圆定理,用其可估计该对称不稳定增长率的上界.发现存在WAVE-CISK时加热反馈和层结参数对该不稳定的增长率均有重要影响.WAVE-CISK加热反馈越强、基流的垂直切变越大,扰动的垂直结构越简单则该不稳定增长率的上界就越大.存在WAVE-CISK时滞弹性近似下的对称不稳定发生的条件也较Boussinesq近似下的更苛刻.     

不稳定横波型扰动谱点分布的半圆定理

作者在理论上对不稳定横波型扰动的谱点分布作了分析,得到了该不稳定扰动谱点分布的半圆定理,即谱点分布在复平面上以原点为圆心、以R0为半径的下半圆域上;并发现扰动的波长越短、模式层顶越高、静力稳定度参数的绝对值越大、基流的垂直切变越大、纬度越高则该半径就越大.     

Inducing Unstable Grassland Equilibrium States Due to Nonlinear Optimal Patterns of Initial and Parameter Perturbations: Theoretical Models

Due to uncertainties in initial conditions and parameters,the stability and uncertainty of grassland ecosystem simulations using ecosystem models are issues of concern.Our objective is to determine the types and patterns of initial and parameter perturbations that yield the greatest instability and uncertainty in simulated grassland ecosystems using theoretical models.We used a nonlinear optimization approach,i.e.,a conditional nonlinear optimal perturbation related to initial and parameter perturbations (CNOP) approach,in our work.Numerical results indicated that the CNOP showed a special and nonlinear optimal pattern when the initial state variables and multiple parameters were considered simultaneously.A visibly different complex optimal pattern characterizing the CNOPs was obtained by choosing different combinations of initial state variables and multiple parameters in different physical processes.We propose that the grassland modeled ecosystem caused by the CNOP-type perturbation is unstable and exhibits two aspects:abrupt change and the time needed for the abrupt change from a grassland equilibrium state to a desert equilibrium state when the initial state variables and multiple parameters are considered simultaneously.We compared these findings with results affected by the CNOPs obtained by considering only uncertainties in initial state variables and in a single parameter.The numerical results imply that the nonlinear optimal pattern of initial perturbations and parameter perturbations,especially for more parameters or when special parameters are involved,plays a key role in determining stabilities and uncertainties associated with a simulated or predicted grassland ecosystem.     

环境参量对广义Eady模态不稳定的影响

介绍了广义Eady模态的斜压不稳定问题并着重讨论了环境参量对该不稳定的影响。该模态不仅存在有类似于经典Eady模态的不稳定短波截断, 还存在有经典Eady模态中没有的长波截断, 前者对环境参量的变化不太敏感而后者对环境参量的变化敏感。层结参数的减小, 模式底基流垂直切变的增大, 纬度的增高和模式层顶高度的减小, 均有利于该模态不稳定的发生。广义Eady模态下的最不稳定波仍发生在天气尺度波段, 其振幅和位相随高度的变化大体与标准Eady模态类似, 等位相线也随高度西倾, 但振幅关于大气中层不再呈对称性。     

Onset of convection in a rotating semi‐infinite fluid: Theory and experiment

Abstract

We look at the development of the first plumes that emerge from a convectively unstable boundary layer by modelling the process as the instability of a fluid with a time‐dependent mean density field. The fluid is semi‐infinite, rotating, dissipative ‐ characterized by the ratio of its viscosity to thermal diffusivity (Prandtl number Pr = ν/κ) ‐ and initially homogeneous. A constant destabilizing heat flux is applied at the boundary and the stability of the evolving density field is investigated both mathematically and in laboratory experiments.

Using a “natural convective” scaling, we show that the behaviour of the non‐dimensional governing equations depends on Pr and the parameter γ = f(ν/B)^1/2, where f is the Coriolis parameter, and B is the applied buoyancy flux. For the ocean, γ ≈ 0.1, whilst for the atmosphere γ ≈ 0.01. In the absence of rotation, the behaviour of the differential equations is independent of B, depending only on Pr. The boundary‐layer Rayleigh number (Ra_bl) is also independent of B. We show that Ra_bl, evaluated at the onset of rapid vertical motion, depends on the form of the perturbation.

Due to the time‐dependence of the mean density field, analytic instability analysis is difficult, so we use a numerical technique. The governing equations are transformed to a stretched vertical coordinate and their stability investigated for a particular form of perturbation function. The model predictions are, for the ocean: instability time ～2–4 h, density difference ～0.002–0.013 kg m^‐3, boundary‐layer thickness ～50–75 m and horizontal scale ～200–300 m; and for the atmosphere: instability time ～10 min, temperature difference ～2.0–3.0°C, boundary‐layer thickness ～400–500 m and horizontal scale ～1.5–2.0 km.

Laboratory experiments are performed to compare with the numerical predictions. The time development of the mean field closely matches the assumed analytic form. Furthermore, the model predictions of the instability timescale agree well with the laboratory measurements. This supports the other predictions of the model, such as the lengthscales and buoyancy anomaly.     

Snowline instability in a general circulation model: application to Carboniferous glaciation

For over twenty years it has been known that energy balance models (EBMs) with snow-albedo feedback are characterized by unstable behavior in some areas of parameter space. This behavior leads to rapid changes in snow area due to small changes in forcing, and has been termed the small ice cap instability (SICI). It has never been clarified whether this behaviour reflects a real feature of the climate system or a limitation in EBMs. In this study we demonstrate that evidence for similar unstable behavior can also be found in an atmospheric general circulation model (GCM), using a realistic set of boundary conditions for the Carboniferous (300 Ma), one of the most extensive periods of glaciation in Earth history. When solar luminosity is sequentially lowered to near values appropriate for the Carboniferous, there is a discontinuous increase in summer snow area. The instability occurs in approximately the same area of parameter space as one previously found in an EBM. Analysis of selected fields indicates that the circulation is primarily affected in the area of snow increase; far-field effects are minimal. There is good agreement between model-generated summer snowcover and one reconstruction of Carboniferous ice cover. Although more work is required on this topic, our results provide increased support for the possibility that the snowline instability represents a real feature of the climate system, and that it may help explain some cases of glacial inception and abrupt transitions in Earth history.     

闪电发生的环境场特征及闪电活动的预报

利用2006—2015年6—8月章丘探空站逐日探空资料,计算了K指数、抬升指数、对流稳定度指数等6个环境参数,探讨了单个环境参数和多个环境参数组合与闪电活动的关系。结果表明：1）单个环境参数在一定数值范围内可作为闪电活动预报的指标,且较强的闪电活动更容易由大气的不稳定状态来预报;2）多个环境参数的组合可在一定程度上反映闪电活动的特征,闪电出现的概率随着达到大气不稳定临界值物理量参数个数的增多而增大,预报效果比单个参数更好;3）应用事件概率回归方法建立了闪电概率潜势预报方程,方程通过了α=0.01的显著性水平检验,通过检验和评估,闪电概率预报的TS评分达到78%,该方法的建立为闪电潜势预报提供了参考依据。     

2008年盛夏阿克苏一次强对流天气成因及雷达回波分析

2008年7月24日阿克苏地区出现了暴雨、冰雹强对流天气。利用常规高空、地面观测资料和新一代天气雷达资料系统地分析了此次天气中环流背景、物理量场、雷达回波的演变特征。分析得出,此次强对流天气在上层干冷、下层暖湿的不稳定层结、充沛的水汽条件和较强的抬升运动的配合下,导致不稳定能量突增,直接诱发了强对流天气的发生、发展。雷达回波上的“v”形槽口、有界弱回波的出现、较强的垂直风切变以及气流辐合现象,均为强对流天气回波的典型特征。     

A MESO-α-SCALE STUDY OF MEIYU FRONT HEAVY RAIN－PART II: THE DYNAMICAL ANALYSIS OF RAIN-BAND DISTURBANCE

The alternating change of the two meiyu front rain-bands caused by the alternating change between the moist potential vorticities is discussed. The main factors of the change of moist potential vorticity are the vertical and horizontal divergence of moist potential vorticity flux as well as the vertical transport caused by the cumulus mass flux. Also discussed is the possibility that the WAVE-CISK conditional symmetric instability in the baroclinic moist atmosphere leads to the forming of the double rain-bands and their roller-shaped circulation features. Theoretical analyses show that the latitudinal disturbance scale-selection by the primitive moisture model of the latent heat release in cumulus convection depends on the stratification instability parameter (Ri number) and viscous coefficient of eddy.     

地基微波辐射计观测资料在一次雷电潜势预报中的应用分析

在利用对流参数建立湖北省雷电潜势预报的基础上,重点研究地基微波辐射计资料在改进雷电潜势预报中的应用价值,继而修正对流参数及其阈值区间,由此建立一种可通过后续参数订正实现的雷电短期潜势预报方法。首先对2013年4月29日一次西南涡东移造成的雷电过程中地基微波辐射计资料的可靠性进行了分析,继而通过比较基于单一数值模式和微波辐射计资料计算的不稳定参数与雷电活动的相关性后发现,85%以上的雷电样本活跃在K指数≥33 ℃、T_850-500≥23 ℃、A指数≥10 ℃和ΔT_d850≤3 ℃等指数范围内,而微波辐射计资料计算的6个不稳定指数显示,与雷电密集区对应的指数中,和雷电相关性较高的K指数、T_850-500、A指数分别为35 ℃、25 ℃和12 ℃,使用两种阈值分别对雷电潜势预报方程中的预报因子进行0,1化。个例检验效果表明地基微波辐射计在改进雷电潜势预报落区和概率方面有一定参考作用。      

Baroclinic Instability in the Generalized Phillips’ Model Part II: Three-layer Model

The nonlinear stability of the three-layer generalized Phillips model, for which the velocity in each layer is constant and the top and bottom surfaces are either rigid or free, is studied by employing Arnol’d’s variational principle and a prior estimate method. The nonlinear stability criteria are established. For com-parison, the linear instability criteria are also obtained by using normal mode method, and the influences of the free parameter, β parameter and curvature in vertical profile of the horizontal velocity on the linear in-stability are discussed by use of the growth rate curves.The comparison between the nonlinear stability criterion and the linear one is made. It is shown that in some cases the two criteria are exactly the same in form, but in other cases, they are different. This phenom-enon, which reveals the nonlinear property of the linear instability features, is explained by the explosive resonant interaction (ERI). When there exists the ERI, i.e., the nonlinear mechanisms play a leading role in the dynamical system, the nonlinear stability criterion is different from the linear one; on the other hand, when there does not exist the ERI, the nonlinear stability criterion is the same as the linear one in form.     

垂直切变基流中东西向地形对惯性重力波稳定性的影响

利用分层浅水波方程和小参数(WKB)方法，考虑具有垂直切变的基流和地形的作用，求得惯性重力波的局地频率方程，并根据此方程分析讨论了在多种环境条件下波动的稳定性情况。     

An Atmospheric Dry Intrusion Parameter and Its Application

Dry intrusion plays an important role in the explosive development of cyclones and the evolution of cold fronts. Characteristics of dry intrusion during a rainfall event that occurred in northern China are analyzed in detail in this paper. The IM (ingredients-based methodology) developed by Doswell et al. in 1996 and Wetzel and Martin in 2001 is utilized. All the physical representations of dry intrusion defined in the past studies, such as low relative humidity, cold advection, and high potential vorticity (on either isobaric or isentropic surfaces), are combined into a simple and convenient physical parameter to characterize dry intrusion. This is a new attempt to extend the IM that was primarily applied to research on heavy rainfall to the study of dry intrusion. The new dry intrusion parameter is used to analyze the isentropic evolution of dry intrusion during the rainfall event. The results show that this parameter can better quantify the intensity of dry intrusion and diagnose its evolution shown in satellite infrared and water vapor imageries.It is found that dry intrusion maintains during the rainfall period. The intensity of precipitation increases with the increasing dry intrusion, which has pushed the rainy region southeastward. From the results on the isentropic surface and the corresponding isobaric surface,it is inferred that the analyses of dry intrusion on both surfaces are consistent with each other. The isentropic analysis of dry intrusion reveals that cold and dry air at the upper level overruns that in the lower troposphere where moist and warm air is located.Thus, potential instability is built up in the vertical direction, which favors the occurrence of precipitation.In practice,we may identify dry intrusion regions by tracking strong signals of the dry intrusion parameter,and further identify the instability near the dry intrusion regions.This will aid in improving the accuracy of precipitation forecast.     

人为热源和城市绿化对冬季山谷城市边界层结构影响的数值模拟

为了探讨人为热源和城市绿化对城市边界层的影响,本文在RAMS模式中引入周期性日变化的人为热源和人工改变下垫面状况,初步模拟分析了人为热源和城市绿化对城市边界层结构的影响.结果表明:人为热源具有明显的增温效应,增强了城市的湍流交换,白天增加了大气不稳定度,促进了混合层的发展,夜间降低了大气稳定度,减弱了城市夜间逆温.城市绿化减小了地表反照率,增加了到达地面的净辐射,模拟期间土壤冻结,增加的净辐射其中一部分以感热的形式来加热大气;绿化后地气之间的湍流交换增强,增加了大气不稳定度,减弱了白天高空逆温;本文还讨论了不同绿化布局对白天高空逆温的影响以及人为热源和城市绿化之间的非线性相互作用.     

一个干侵入参数及其应用

鉴于干侵入在气旋的爆发性发展、冷锋的演变等方面起着重要的促进作用,因此,文章详细分析了一次北方暴雨中的干侵入特征.分析发现,干侵入在此次降水事件中一直维持,而且降水随干侵入的增强而加强,干侵入推动了降水区的东南向移动.在McNulty早期工作的基础上,借鉴Doswell以及Schultz等发展的IM(ingredients-based methodology)方法,将其应用于干侵入的研究.文章将过去对干侵入(无论在等压面还足等熵面上)的研究中,用低相对湿度、冷平流、高位涡来表征干侵入气流的这些单个物理量综合起来,用一个简单、使用方便的物理参数来表征干侵入.这是以往暴雨研究巾的IM理论方法在干侵入研究领域的新尝试.文章朋新的干侵人参数,在等熵面上分析了实际降水过程中干侵入的演变.分析表明,干侵入参数能够较好地量化干侵入强度,指示卫星云图和水汽图像上干区的演变.通过等熵面与相应气压层的对比分析,发现等熵和等压面上的分析比较一致,等熵面上的干侵入在高层比低层强度大.由垂直剖面图的分析可见,干侵入气流位于低层暖湿气流上方,这就使得垂直方向上出现位势不稳定,有利于降水发生.这样,我们就可以通过干侵入参数来找干侵入区,关注干侵入区附近的不稳定区.来对降水做出预测,从而提高降水预报的准确率.     

WRF模式陆面参数扰动对一次西北暴雨影响的数值模拟

利用NCEP每6h一次的1°×1°再分析资料和中尺度模式WRF V3.1,以2005年7月1～2日发生在甘肃东南部的一次暴雨天气为例,根据NOAH陆面方案中土壤最大容积水含量(MAXSMC)初始扰动对此次暴雨进行了敏感性数值模拟试验。结果表明,此次暴雨对陆面参数MAXSMC扰动比较敏感,MAXSMC初值减少20%,模拟的降水与实况更接近,而增大MAXSMC则对降水的影响不大;浅层土壤湿度、低层气象要素以及地表通量均对MAXSMC扰动有一定的敏感性,但是由于不同的下垫面类型,其敏感性也存在明显的差异;地表通量的直接输送和由低层不稳定所导致的间接水汽输送的变化,对降水的影响是最主要的。在不同的区域,由于下垫面性质的差异导致二者所占的比例存在差异,故模拟的降水会出现完全不同的走势。     

Local instability in a periodically forced sliced cylinder

This paper investigates the dynamics of mesoscale eddy generation by instability of time-varying flows. Laboratory experiments on oscillatory motion over topography in a rapidly rotating cylinder have shown that isolated mesoscale eddies, which form in the sidewall boundary layer during certain phases of the forcing cycle, are associated with the onset of chaotic behavior in this system. This paper explores the origin of these eddies by performing computational simulations of the flow, and then interpreting the results of the calculations using spatially localized and quasi-static linear stability theory. For most of the experimental parameter space the quasi-geostrophic simulations are in excellent agreement with the laboratory observations. The eddies arise as a barotropic shear flow instability in regions of space and at times where the inflection points of the instantaneous large-scale flow are farthest from the sidewall, and where Fjortoft's theorem is strongly satisfied. At finite amplitude, advection of the local wavetrains up the bottom slope strengthens the anticyclonic eddies. These then merge, leading in most circumstances to a single strong anticyclonic vortex that can leave the sidewall and penetrate the interior. When parameters are such that the eddy persists all the way around the basin and back to the local instability region, the flow is observed to become chaotic.