藏南洛扎地区基性岩墙群锆石U-Pb定年、地球化学特征及构造意义

藏南洛扎地区广泛分布有近东西向产出的基性岩墙群,主要侵位于晚侏罗世—早白垩世及其以前的地层中,锆石U-Pb同位素定年获得成岩年龄138.0Ma±3.5Ma。基性岩墙可以划分为2种主要类型:一类低K(K2O=0.06%～0.54%),稀土元素总量和轻、重稀土元素分异程度低[∑REE=58.95×10-6～115.5×10-6,(La/Yb)N=0.23～2.94],亏损LILE;另一类富K(K2O=1.22%～1.67%),稀土元素总量和轻、重稀土元素分异程度较高[∑REE=199.97×10-6～381.47×10-6,(La/Yb)N=6.57～11.5],富集LILE而亏损HFSE。地球化学研究结果表明,基性岩墙为具大陆拉斑玄武岩特征的大陆板内岩浆侵入体,可能分别源于亏损的软流圈地幔和富集的岩石圈地幔。基性岩墙群是新特提斯洋晚期大规模扩张的产物,标志着喜马拉雅被动大陆边缘在晚侏罗世—早白垩世处于强烈的拉张、裂离和岩石圈伸展减薄、软流圈上涌的构造环境与动力学背景。     

河南南召水洞岭矿区石英角斑岩岩石化学特征

在野外地质工作基础上,运用岩石地球化学方法,通过主量元素、稀土元素和微量元素研究,探讨了水洞岭矿区石英角斑岩的岩石化学特征、形成环境及其与成矿的关系。研究表明:石英角斑岩的w(SiO2)=73.11%~79.30%,w(K2O)=1.20%~5.99%,w(Na_2O)=1.57%~4.61%,w(K_2O+Na_2O)=4.82%~8.67%,Na_2O/K_2O=0.45~3.49,ACNK=0.99~1.25。稀土元素总量w(ΣREE)=70.19×10~(-6)~198.75×10~(-6),轻稀土元素富集,重稀土元素亏损,轻重稀土元素分馏明显((La/Yb)N=3.65~8.20),Eu中度至轻度亏损(δEu=0.53~0.96);大离子亲石元素(Rb、Ba、Th、U、K)和Pb等元素富集,高场强元素(Nb、Ta、Ti、P)和Sr等元素亏损。综合表明水洞岭矿区石英角斑岩形成环境类似于洋壳俯冲成因的火山弧环境。     

北山磁海辉绿岩型铁矿区基性杂岩锆石U-Pb年代学及岩石成因

磁海辉绿岩型铁矿位于塔里木北缘北山裂谷带,主要岩石类型为辉绿岩,岩石具有较高的Mg#(55.7～70.1)、中铝Al2O3(13.75～14.65)特征,Na2O/K2O(1.79～14.04)变化较大,整体属于钙碱性系列(K2O/Na2O=0.07～0.56,FeO/MgO=0.77～1.46)。稀土元素方面,磁海辉绿岩具有较高的稀土元素质量分数和δEu异常特征[w(∑REE)=88.01×10-6～213.07×10-6,δEu=0.63～1.44],球粒陨石标准化稀土元素配分模式为缓右倾型[(La/Yb)N=1.32～3.87,(La/Sm)N=1.05～2.17,(Gd/Yb)N=1.12～1.58],微量元素上选择性富集大离子亲石元素(Rb、K),亏损高场强元素(Nb、Ta)。岩浆演化过程中斜长石和单斜辉石的分离结晶作用是岩浆演化的主要机制,同时伴有较为明显的地壳混染作用。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年代学指示该辉绿岩形成于约291.9Ma,构造环境分析表明磁海辉绿岩为板内拉张环境的产物。     

内蒙古海莫赛格酸性火山岩锆石U-Pb年龄、地球化学特征及其意义

内蒙古海莫赛格地区发育有中-晚侏罗世酸性火山岩,锆石U-Pb定年结果显示,火山岩形成于164.0±1.0~155.5±0.9 Ma,属中-晚侏罗世。主量元素分析表明,火山岩具高硅(SiO2=62.09%~77.57%)、富碱(K2O+Na2O=7.27%~10.13%)、富钾(K2O/Na2O=1.10~2.82)、贫钙镁(CaO=0.16%~2.46%,平均为0.73%;MgO=0.10%~1.08%,平均为0.29%,Mg#多小于45)和高FeOT/MgO(2.37~7.22,平均为4.49)值的特征,属准铝质-过铝质(A/CNK=0.98~2.29)高钾钙碱性-钾玄岩系列岩石。微量元素数据显示,稀土元素总量∑REE为137.6×10-6~315.3×10-6,轻、重稀土元素分馏比较明显[(La/Yb)N=2.84~17.81],轻稀土元素(LREE)较为富集,重稀土元素分布相对平坦,球粒陨石标准化配分模式为右倾型,中等-弱负铕异常(δEu=0.14~0.79,1个样品为1.54),微量元素富集大离子亲石元素(LILE)Rb、Ba、Th、K,贫Sr并亏损高场强元素(HFSE)Nb、Ta、P、Ti;岩石具低Sr(46.2×10-6~799.3×10-6,平均208.0×10-6)、高Yb(2.02×10-6~4.23×10-6)含量。综合最新区域资料及本文研究成果,笔者认为研究区中-晚侏罗世火山岩岩浆来源于壳源物质不同程度的部分熔融,为造山后伸展阶段的产物,可能与古太平洋板块大角度北向斜向俯冲作用导致的走滑-拉伸作用有关。关键词:中-晚侏罗世;满克头鄂博组;锆石U-Pb年龄;造山后伸展;内蒙古     

大兴安岭富克山地区兴华渡口群地球化学及锆石U-Pb年龄特征

对富克山地区兴华渡口群岩石地球化学、锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年代学研究结果表明,5件样品:Si O_2=50.24%~54.66%,Al_2O_3=14.41%~17.36%,Ca O=6.5%~8.68%,Na_2O=2.62%~4.67%,K_2O=1.36%~2.29%,Na_2O+K_2O=4.09%~6.3%,稀土总量∑REE=108.33×10~(-6)~240.28×10~(-6),稀土元素配分模式表现为轻稀土元素富集,重稀土元素相对亏损的右倾型曲线,具有弱的负铕异常。富集大离子亲石元素(K、Rb、Ba),相对亏损高场强元素(Nb、Ta、Zr、P、Ti等)。锆石U-Pb测年结果表明其岩浆形成时代为晚寒武世—早奥陶世(486.6±3.3 Ma)。富克山地区兴华渡口群原岩岩石组合类型为基性火山岩,为一套晚寒武世—早奥陶世活动大陆边缘火山建造。     

内蒙古达茂旗黄花滩铜镍矿辉长岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄、地球化学和Hf同位素特征

内蒙古达茂旗黄花滩铜镍矿位于华北克拉通北缘白云鄂博裂谷系,铜镍矿体产出于辉长岩体边缘与片麻岩的接触部位。利用LA-ICP-MS技术测得黄花滩铜镍矿辉长岩锆石~(206)Pb/~(238)U年龄为268.7±1.1 Ma(MSWD=0.44,n=32),限定黄花滩铜镍矿是中二叠世岩浆活动的产物。黄花滩矿区辉长岩具有高Al_2O_3(17.72%～19.81%)、偏碱性(K_2O+Na_2O=4.37%～5.09%)、低P_2O_5(0.28%～0.42%)、低Ti_2O(0.83%～1.21%)的特征,属钙碱性系列。岩石稀土元素总量为144×10~(-6)～167×10~(-6),富集轻稀土元素,(La/Yb)_N介于7.43～8.85之间,显弱负Eu异常(δEu=0.84～0.88),微量元素富集大离子亲石元素(Rb、Ba、K、Sr),亏损高场强元素(Nb、Ta、Ti)。锆石ε_(Hf)(t)变化范围为-17.69～-12.53(平均值为-15.21),二阶段"地壳"Hf模式年龄(t_(Hf2))介于2082～2411 Ma之间。地球化学特征表明,辉长岩源区为大量遭受地壳混染的岩石圈地幔,地壳物质很可能由色尔腾山群岩石部分熔融形成。结合区域构造演化,认为黄花滩辉长岩形成于造山后构造背景,为晚古生代伸展体制下幔源岩浆活动的产物。     

辽宁弓长岭铁矿床斜长角闪岩类地球化学特征研究及原岩恢复

弓长岭二矿区既是大型条带状铁矿床,同时又是大型磁铁富矿床,自1949年建矿以来,一直是鞍钢的主体矿山和高品位富矿的主要供应地。笔者在总结矿床地质特征的基础上,对矿区的主要变质岩-斜长角闪岩类的主量元素、微量元素和稀土元素进行了分析。结果显示:主量元素的平均化学成分与基性火山岩中玄武岩成分相似,MgO和CaO含量比较高,而且Na2OK2O;微量元素:相容元素Sc、V、Cr、Co、Ni、Cu的含量比较高,属于右倾型;(Rb/Yb)N值为5.95～132.93,平均值为49.34,远远大于1,为强不相容元素富集型;大离子亲石元素Rb、Ba、K、Sr明显富集,但Th、U强亏损;高场强元素中Zr、Hf明显富集,而Nb、P为中等亏损,Ti为弱亏损,与亏损型洋中脊拉斑玄武岩很相近;稀土元素具有∑REE低(21.09×10-6～69.13×10-6,平均40.44×10-6)、LREE略有富集(LREE/HREE=1.70～2.58,平均2.27;(La/Yb)N:0.93～4.27,平均值1.60)的稍右倾型或平坦型特征。轻稀土分馏不明显((La/Sm)N:0.87～3.28,平均值1.42)。根据主量、微量和稀土元素的特征,并结合环境构造判别图解,笔者认为,研究区斜长角闪岩的原岩为大洋中脊拉斑玄武岩。     

内蒙古霍林河地区晚石炭世本巴图组火山岩年代学、地球化学特征及构造背景

在内蒙古东部霍林河地区晚古生代地层中厘定出一套火山岩,其LA-ICPMS锆石U-Pb年龄为(313.7±3.5)Ma,时代归属晚石炭世。岩石学、岩石地球化学特征表明:研究区本巴图组火山岩主要由安山岩、玄武安山岩组成,属准铝质碱性系列岩石,SiO2含量52.83%～54.76%,具较高的Al2O3含量(17.43%～20.79%),Ti O2含量(0.97%～1.41%)较低,Na2O(3.74%～4.21%)K2O(2.37%～3.02%)。稀土总量(ΣREE)较高,为46.78×10-6～124.36×10-6,轻稀土(LREE)富集(42.57×10-6～109.06×10-6),重稀土(HREE)较富(4.21×10-6～15.30×10-6);LREE/HREE值为6.04～10.43,轻、重稀土分馏较强,(La/Yb)N值为6.32～14.56,在球粒陨石标准化稀土元素配分图上呈现出左高右低的右倾型分配模式;富集大离子亲石元素(Rb、Ba、K、Pb、Sr)和轻稀土元素,亏损高场强元素(Nb、Ta、Ti)和重稀土元素。岩浆来源于俯冲流体交代的地幔楔部分熔融;具岛弧及大陆边缘弧构造环境的特征,形成于板块边缘的消减带,主要与古亚洲洋板块的俯冲作用有关。     

新疆东准噶尔绿石沟高Ba-Sr石英二长岩的锆石U-Pb年龄、成因及地质意义

绿石沟岩体位于东准噶尔琼河坝矿集区,向东侵入到绿石沟铜矿赋矿围岩中泥盆统北塔山组火山岩中。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年显示该岩体形成于354±1Ma,为早石炭世。其主要岩石类型为石英二长岩,含有大量的基性微粒包体,具有较高的硅、钙、钾含量(SiO_2=62.31%~65.31%,CaO=3.71%~4.89%,K_2O=2.85%~3.54%),属高钾钙碱性系列。铝含量较高(Al_2O_3=15.44%~16.29%),属准铝质(A/CNK=0.93~0.99,A/NK=1.68~1.96)Ⅰ型花岗岩。稀土元素总量较低(ΣREE=90.82×10~(-6)~111.36×10~(-6)),轻稀土元素相对富集,Eu呈弱的负异常(δEu=0.68~0.87)。富集大离子亲石元素(K、Rb、Ba、Sr等),亏损高场强元素(Nb、Ta、P、Ti等),具有高Ba(758×10~(-6)~1113×10~(-6))、Sr(401.8×10~(-6)~512.5×10~(-6))含量和高的(La/Yb)_N、Sr/Y值,显示出高Ba-Sr花岗岩的特征,应是幔源基性岩浆与壳源岩浆混合的产物,可能形成于俯冲环境向造山后环境的构造转换阶段。     

新疆博格达东缘色皮口地区柳树沟组流纹岩地球化学、LA-MC-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年代学及地质意义

新疆色皮口地区位于博格达造山带东段北部,区域内的上石炭统柳树沟组流纹岩分布较为广泛。色皮口地区流纹岩SiO2介于70.81%～77.62%,碱总量6.87%～9.02%,K2O/Na2O为0.74～1.04,K2O/TiO2和K2O/P2O5比值分别为10.38～18.83、72.45～242.14,A/CNK指数介于1.43～1.55,具有高硅、高铝质的特点。不相容元素K、Rb、Th、Ba富集,高场强元素Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf富集,ΣREE141.76×10-6～228.2×10-6,(La/Yb)N4.11～7.42,δEu0.27～0.50,流纹岩稀土总量较低,轻重稀土分异显著,铕负异常明显。流纹岩原始地幔标准化蛛网图显示Sr、Nb、Ta、P和Ti负异常,而Sr、P、Ti谷深,显示较强的岩浆分异作用。流纹岩的锆石LA-MC-ICP-MSU-Pb定年结果为314.0±1.1Ma(n=17,MSWD=1.6,Th/U比值在0.39～0.80之间),这表明流纹岩形成时代为晚石炭世。结合区域上前人的Sr-Nd、O和Hf同位素成果,推测区域分布的流纹岩可能来源于两个不同的源区:亏损地幔的幔源基性火成岩经过部分熔融或幔源玄武岩浆结晶分异和地壳物质部分熔融,可能代表了裂谷闭合时期构造应力场由拉张到挤压频繁转换作用的产物。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

滇东南花岗岩与锡、银、铜、铅、锌多金属矿床的成因关系

滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床.     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。