中国地壳运动观测网络GPS观测得到的地壳运动结果

介绍利用中国地壳运动观测网络GPS观测得到的地壳运动结果,包括区域网GPS观测所获得的中国大陆至今最详细的地壳水平位移结果、基准网GPS连续观测得到的水平位移时间序列及由此得到的8级左右大地震前的异常现象、基准网GPS连续观测得到的垂直位移时间序列及西部基准站垂直位移与地球自转速度变化的相关性,简要介绍基本网GPS观测结果.     

环境负载对区域GPS基准站时间序列的影响分析

基于1999-2011年中国地壳运动观测网络(CMONOC)及2007-2012年武汉市连续运行卫星定位服务系统(WHCORS)的观测数据,联合中国及周边35个IGS基准站数据,采用GAMIT软件解算,获得了ITRF2008框架下的GPS基准站坐标时间序列.然后采用QOCA计算了环境负载位移,并利用其对GPS时间序列进行改正.研究结果表明环境负载造成的中国区域基准站位移呈现显著的区域性特征,东北、华北、华中区域变化较为一致且较大,西南区域基准站(KUNM)垂直方向的负载位移均方根(RMS)最大值达6.09 mm.通过对改正前后的数据进行时间序列分析,认为环境负载改正能够削弱中国区域大多数GPS基准站(约70%)垂直及水平东方向位移时间序列的非线性变化,其加权均方根(WRMS)减小量最大达1.5 mm,但是对于水平北方向坐标时间序列的改善作用不明显.     

中国大陆强震孕育过程关联的地壳形变及孕震晚期逼近发震过程识别问题

基于地壳形变观测研究,概略回顾了中国大陆地壳形变时空动态特征及其与强震活动的关系、与强震孕育过程关联的多尺度地壳形变动态特征,以及震前各类形变异常信息提取方面的进展和认识。目前能给出明确时间尺度（10年和更短）强震预测的地壳形变有效依据仍不足,需有效识别孕震晚期强震源逼近发震的过程,推进中国大陆强震预测在较短时间尺度的进展。结合几次强震前全球导航卫星系统(global navigation satellite system,GNSS)观测到的较显著的地壳形变转入非弹性变形状态的分析,讨论了在观测技术已取得显著进步条件下,逐步实现对孕震晚期强震源逼近发震过程有效识别的可能性及相关问题。     

东日本Mw9.0大地震前、同震及震后地壳水平运动

利用“中国地壳运动观测网络(二期)”245个GPS连续观测站及其他站的大量观测结果,采用离震中很远的7个GPS站作为位错参考框架,得到2011年3月11日东日本Mw9.0大地震的同震水平位移和应变。此种参考框架的位移场解,符合弹性位错模型离震中很远且水平位移接近于0的要求,不仅有利于位错模型反演,也有利于合理分析此次大地震同震水平位移的影响范围。地震前后区域参考框架下远场GPS连续观测位移时间序列和同震位移弹性位错模型反演结果表明,东日本大地震同震水平位移既是地震断层破裂的结果,也是远场震前数月或数年水平位移的弹性回跳,据此可以进一步确认这些站震前水平位移前兆异常。由于这些震前异常位移中亦包含了同震位移量(方向相反),因此,弹性位错模型为定量研究大地震前远场地壳运动异常提供了一种理论模型。位错参考框架中的同震位移及其位错模型和区域参考框架的位移时间系列的综合研究有助于对此次大地震地壳运动异常的认识。这种持续时间为数月至数年的弹性形变异常,可以为大地震的中短期预测提供依据。     

利用GPS观测到中国大陆地壳水平运动

通过与一般GPS大地测量或工程测量对比，介绍利用GPS观测获取地壳运动信息的方法，包括野外观测及数据处理的方法。通俗地介绍了GPS处理与形变分析中的基本概念，如坐标系统的参考框架、无基准解、相似变换、位移基准、旋转与应变等。暖和 国地壳运动观测网络基本网、基准网1998年与2000年GPS观测结果所获得的中国大陆地壳水平运动信息。简要介绍GPS观测概况，用GAMIT／GLOBK软件对所获得GPS观测数据的处理及精度分析，基准网与基本网各年观测结果得到的网内点位精度，由两期观测得到的水平位移分量的精度。得到的1998年9月初至2000年6月中旬基本网、基准网的地壳运动，包括以位于东部的一级稳定点为基准的各观测站位移、网内各部分的应变及部分地区的旋转量，得到了我国大陆完整而详细的地壳水平运动图像，分析了中国大陆现今地壳运动的主要特征，在所述观测期间，我国东部地区相对较为稳定，相对东部稳定点组，东北块体向北运动；华南块体向东南运动。相对东部地区，新疆西北部地区以北西向运动为主；西南西藏地区以向北运动为主；西藏东部与云南地区形成非常明显的顺时针旋转构造运动。我国中部南北地震带是一强烈而复杂的变形带。GPS测量结果表明印度板块向北挤压是影响我国地壳运动的主要因素。     

GPS测定的2011年日本9.0级地震的中国大陆地区同震位移场

利用陆态网络东北地区的6个GPS基准站地震期间的观测数据反演了日本本州东海岸9.0级强震区域地表的瞬时形变过程,应用160多个陆态网络基准站以及IGS跟踪站的GPS观测数据解算获得中国大陆地区的远场同震位移。将测站按照中国大陆主要构造带(区)进行分配统计可知,东北地区同震位移最大,平均接近20mm;首都圈与郯-庐带及周围地区平均同震位移也在10mm左右;距离震中比较远的鄂尔多斯及周围、阿尔金-祁连山-阿拉善、新疆等地区也受到了该地震的影响,在东方向发生了5mm左右的位移,并且以上地区的优势方向都为东方向;而本次地震对中国的华南(包括南海)以及青藏等地区基本没有影响。这些解算结果对进一步研究地震动力学特征及判定未来地震趋势提供了详实的实测依据。     

大型基坑工程水平位移监测与预测结果分析

以银川大世界商务广场的基坑为例,介绍了大型基坑工程水平位移监测的实施方案,给出了水平位移监测方法的精度,并对监测成果进行了分析。在此基础上,分别用多项式拟合和时间序列分析模型两种方法进行建模,对基坑水平位移进行预测,结果表明,该基坑水平位移较小,在规范规定的要求之内,说明基坑是稳定的;时间序列分析模型的预测精度要高于多项式拟合模型的精度。     

我国GPS跟踪站在汶川地震前后的运动特征分析

利用国家测绘局及其它部委布设的GPS跟踪站连续10年的观测数据,通过数据处理和分析得到了汶川地震前这些站的运动速度场和震后位移量,同时获得了各站近10年的坐标时间序列,在此基础上初步分析了地震前、后各站时间序列表现出的站点的运动特征信息。为我国地心坐标框架的进一步更新和维护提供了重要数据,也为地球动力学研究提供了重要的基础信息。     

陆态网络GNSS基准站地壳运动速度场分析

针对中国大陆构造环境监测网络(陆态网络)中观测数据处理的期数过少或解算成果的坐标系统不统一等问题,该文在ITRF2008中对陆态网络239个GNSS基准站从2010年1月至2013年8月的观测数据进行解算,获取站点的坐标时间序列,估计了站点的水平和垂直运动速度场,并分析了中国大陆地壳运动特征。结果表明:GNSS基准站在ITRF2008中的坐标时间序列整体上符合线性变化趋势,东西方向的幅度变化大,高程方向受观测噪声的影响较大一些;高程方向相比较水平方向的年周期性更为明显;水平速度场明显有自西向东运动的趋势,且西藏块体中测站变化最为明显;垂直运动速度场中,华中、华南、华东块体中测站存在较低速率的下降,其他块体的测站存在较低速率的隆升。     

中国大陆导航连续站周期信号空间规律研究

为了进一步分析我国GNSS周期信号的空间分布规律,文章基于我国大陆及周边IGS站与中国地壳运动观测网络基准站的坐标时间序列,给出定量标准剔除质量差的测站;采用分段线性拟合法提取并扣除时间序列的趋势项;采用"拉依达准则"剔除时间序列中的奇异值;采用4参数三角函数拟合出时间序列的周期与幅度;分析东向、北向、垂向3个方向的年周期、半年周期的振幅与最大值出现月份在我国的空间分布情况。分析结果表明:3方向年周期的振幅都是半年周期振幅的两倍以上,3个方向不同周期振幅的空间分布规律差异明显。     

Estimates of ocean tide loading displacements and its impact on position time series in Hong Kong using a dense continuous GPS network

Three-dimensional ocean tide loading (OTL) displacements of eight diurnal and semidiurnal constituents at 12 sites in Hong Kong were estimated using 3–7 years of continuous global positioning system (GPS) observations. OTL displacements were estimated using the precise point positioning (PPP) technique on a daily basis and then combined. The OTL displacements obtained by GPS were compared with predictions using seven recent global ocean tide models. The effect of OTL displacements on GPS position time series was also investigated. The study shows that the GPS-derived OTL displacements (excluding K1 and K2 constituents) agree best with those predicted by the GOT4.7 and NAO99b models. The GPS/model agreement is generally at the sub-millimeter level, except for S2, K1, and K2 constituents with relatively large errors. After systematic biases between the GPS and model values are removed, the misfits of all sites for M2, S2, N2, O1, P1, and Q1 are less than 0.5 and 1.0 mm in the horizontal and vertical components, respectively, while larger misfits (within 2.5 mm) are observed for K1 and K2. Integer ambiguity fixing slightly improves the east component of OTL displacement estimates. The study also finds that GPS-derived OTL corrections, instead of model predicts, can be used in daily data processing with the exception of K1 and K2. Including K2 corrections, a secular vertical rate of up to 1 mm/year in position time series can be induced, which needs to be confirmed by further studies.     

Sub-daily noise in horizontal GPS kinematic time series due to thermal tilt of GPS monuments

The sub-daily noise in horizontal global positioning system (GPS) kinematic time series arising from monument tilts is quantitatively evaluated using tiltmeter data at GPS stations from the Japanese nationwide global navigation satellite system network. The estimated tilt-induced monument displacements show characteristics that are typical of those caused by thermal tilts of the monuments. The root mean square of the displacements is typically a few millimetres, with notable inter-seasonal variations. The stacked amplitude spectra of the monument displacements have peaks at the tidal bands S1 and S2, and their higher tones. The peaks at the S1 and S2 bands in the amplitude spectra are reduced by 41 and 43 % for the north–south component and 36 and 53 % for the east–west component, respectively, after correcting for the monument displacements. The monument displacements due to the thermal tilts of the monuments may also be a favourable candidate for sub-daily noise at the S1 and S2 bands found in other GPS networks.     

GPS坐标时序共模误差提取方法研究

针对GPS坐标时序数据中存在的共模误差(CME),研究利用堆栈滤波(SF)、网络反演滤波(NIF)和主成分分析(PCA)三种方法进行剔除,以提高GPS监测区域地表位移的精度.通过构建GPS坐标时序模型,去除明显构造运动,提取噪声残差时序,将隐含在噪声残差时序中的区域CME利用SF、NIF、PCA方法提取出来.以日本房总半岛2019—2021年GPS坐标时序为例,比较三种方法和GPS站点空间分辨率对CME提取的影响,分析CME去除前后慢滑移地表位移的变化.研究结果表明：SF、NIF、PCA方法提取CME的结果基本一致;GPS站点空间分辨率降低,提取的CME离散度增大;CME对慢滑移地表水平位移的大小和方向均会产生影响,需进行剔除.     

GPS sensitivity analysis applied to non-permanent deformation control networks

This paper illustrates the surveys and the results obtained in an experiment whose goal is to evaluate the Global Positioning System (GPS) sensitivity and accuracy for deformation control on non-permanent network of different extensions. To this aim a high-precision device was properly built to set up known displacements along three orthogonal axes of a GPS antenna. One of the antennas in the considered GPS networks was moved according to centimeter and sub-centimeter displacements; after careful GPS data processing, it was evaluated whether these simulated deformations were correctly a posteriori detected and at which probability level. This experiment was carried out both on a local (baselines ranging between 3 and 30 km) and on a regional (baselines ranging between 300 and 600 km) GPS network. The results show that in the local network it is possible to identify the displacements at a level of 10 mm in height and at a level of 5 mm in horizontal position. The analysis of the regional network showed that it is fundamental to investigate new strategies to model the troposphere; in fact, it is necessary to improve the precision of the height in order to correctly identify displacements lower than 60–80 mm; on the contrary, horizontal displacements can be evidenced at the level of 20 mm. Received: 27 April 1998 / Accepted: 14 December 1998     

Vertical deformations from homogeneously processed GRACE and global GPS long-term series

Temporal variations in the geographic distribution of surface mass cause surface displacements. Surface displacements derived from GRACE gravity field coefficient time series also should be observed in GPS coordinate time series, if both time series are sufficiently free of systematic errors. A successful validation can be an important contribution to climate change research, as the biggest contributors to mass variability in the system Earth include the movement of oceanic, atmospheric, and continental water and ice. In our analysis, we find that if the signals are larger than their precision, both geodetic sensor systems see common signals for almost all the 115 stations surveyed. Almost 80% of the stations have their signal WRMS decreased, when we subtract monthly GRACE surface displacements from those observed by GPS data. Almost all other stations are on ocean islands or small peninsulas, where the physically expected loading signals are very small. For a fair comparison, the data (79 months from September 2002 to April 2009) had to be treated appropriately: the GPS data were completely reprocessed with state-of-the-art models. We used an objective cluster analysis to identify and eliminate stations, where local effects or technical artifacts dominated the signals. In addition, it was necessary for both sets of results to be expressed in equivalent reference frames, meaning that net translations between the GPS and GRACE data sets had to be treated adequately. These data sets are then compared and statistically analyzed: we determine the stability (precision) of GRACE-derived, monthly vertical deformation data to be ~1.2 mm, using the data from three GRACE processing centers. We statistically analyze the mean annual signals, computed from the GPS and GRACE series. There is a detailed discussion of the results for five overall representative stations, in order to help the reader to link the displayed criteria of similarity to real data. A series of tests were performed with the goal of explaining the remaining GPS–GRACE residuals.     

Improved detection of earthquake-induced ground motion with spatial filter: case study of the 2012 M = 7.6 Costa Rica earthquake

High-rate GPS measurements of earthquake-induced strong crustal movements reveal important information on large amplitude displacements, which cannot be obtained by other seismic monitoring equipment. However, obtaining accurate measurements of these strong movements can be challenging, because large magnitude earthquakes (M > 7) affect a wide area surrounding the epicenter. As a result, the GPS recorded movements are calculated with respect to distant sites (relative positioning), or with satellite parameters estimated from distant sites (precise point positioning). In order to improve the accuracy of the strong motion GPS measurements, we developed a new method, based on a spatial filtering technique. The method calculates the displacement of a high-rate monitoring network with respect to a moving near field site and uses a stacking technique to remove the movements of the reference site from all the time series. We applied the new method to the analysis of 5 Hz data acquired by the Nicoya Peninsula network, which recorded strong crustal movements induced by the 2012, M = 7.6 Costa Rica earthquake. The results were successfully tested with respect to 1 Hz time series calculated with a far field reference site. The spatial filtering method also removes other systematic common noise from the time series, possibly due to atmospheric delay or orbital errors and, hence, produces more accurate solutions that those based on far fields sites, or on near field site experiencing earthquake-induced action.     

地表质量负载对格陵兰岛区域GPS站点坐标时序特征的影响

选取ITRF2008框架下格陵兰岛区域12个GPS站2013年1月-2016年12月期间的日解坐标时间序列作为研究对象,并利用极大似然估计分析地表质量负载改正前后各站点的噪声特性、速度场及周期项振幅。结果表明：站点最优噪声模型主要为白噪声+幂律噪声与白噪声+闪烁噪声,地表质量负载形变修正GPS坐标时序后,明显增加U方向闪烁噪声的成分,平均降低其速度约0.36 mm/a,对水平方向影响较小;同时分别降低高程方向44.1%、14.2%的1 a项、0.5 a项振幅,相反,却增加了水平方向的周期项振幅。     

GPS坐标时间序列中的异常高频周期性噪声

本文分析了中国地壳运动观测网络GPS基准站及中国周边IGS连续站坐标中的周期性噪声,在北、东和垂向分量坐标时间序列中均发现了周期约351/n(n=1,…,6)天的正弦项,而地表质量负荷造成的位移序列中并没有对应的成分,不能解释异常周期项的来源。在估计台站的运动速率时,如考虑此类"异常"周期项,速率误差略微减小,而周年项振幅的估计误差显著增大,且残差离散度未见明显改善。因此,不推荐在GPS速率矢量反演中加入异常周期项参数。     

尼泊尔Mw 7.9级地震同震垂直位移与断层运动模型

2015年4月25日尼泊尔地区发生了Mw 7.9级地震,发震断层位于印度板块与欧亚板块碰撞边界带,此次地震是一次典型的板块逆冲型事件。利用中国境内加密的GPS同震观测资料,融合ALOS-2卫星L波段的InSAR（interferometric synthetic aperture radar）同震形变数据,基于最小二乘方法获得了此次地震的同震垂直位移场。同震垂直位移结果表明,此次地震造成尼泊尔加德满都地区抬升约0.95 m,珠穆朗玛峰地区受地震的影响有所下降,其主峰的沉降量为2~3 cm,中国境内的希夏邦马主峰沉降约为20 cm。地区利用改进的二维弹性半空间位错模型反演了发震断层运动参数,本文模型显示此次地震的断层面破裂宽度约为60 km,平均滑动量达到4 m,相当于Mw 7.89级。