基于热红外遥感数据的西藏冈底斯东段岩性识别

ASTER数据包含有从太空测量来自地球表面的多光谱热红外辐射数据。通过对JHU光谱库中岩石矿物热红外光谱特征的分析,以及对ASTER影像TIR波段光谱特征进行分析,利用比值法和光谱角制图法SAM相结合进行石英、砂岩和硅酸盐岩类等造岩矿物识别并在西藏冈底斯东段泽当矿田应用,最后将遥感解译分析结果与该区已的地质资料进行比较。结果表明,ASTER影像TIR波段基本上能识别硅酸盐类造岩矿物,并且对于岩性识别具有很大的应用潜力。     

先进星载热发射和反射辐射仪（ASTER）——地质学家的最佳选择

航天遥感技术的发展为地质学家提供了大量可使用的遥感数据.在这些遥感数据中,ASTER具有从可见光到热红外的较宽的波谱范围,能满足对大多数矿物、岩石划分的需要.ASTER的多波段数据除了可以用传统的数据处理方法处理之外,还可以利用高光谱的岩矿信息识别与提取技术进行数据处理,得到更精确的矿物、岩石分类结果.利用GIS评价模型处理ASTER遥感解译的蚀变岩石信息,可以得到精确的遥感异常,从而指导找矿勘查工作.     

基于ASTER的哈密土墩地区构造及蚀变信息提取与找矿预测

土墩铜镍矿位于东天山黄山—镜儿泉铜镍成矿带, 矿床形成主要受岩浆作用和构造作用控制。为了进一步探测该地区的矿产情况, 采用ASTER热红外波段比值组合模拟的反演算法, 对发射率数据进行SiO₂含量的定量反演, 在反演图上识别出了研究区内明显的石英断裂带。结合ASTER数据可见光—近红外光谱波段中提取出的构造信息, 得出研究区完整的构造解译图。采用主成分分析和阈值分割法对研究区进行了铁染、羟基蚀变信息提取。最后根据区内线性构造、遥感蚀变信息、岩石分布特征、化探异常、已知矿床点分布资料综合分析, 圈定出6个成矿有利区, 为研究区今后的找矿勘查提供依据。      

用ASTER数据提取云南个旧西区矿化蚀变信息

以ASTER影像为数据源、野外实测波谱数据为参考,用光谱角分类法（SAM）在个旧矿区提取矿化蚀变信息。为剔除假“异常”信息,用ASTER热红外波段的比值计算定义硅酸盐、碳酸盐和超基性岩指数作RGB合成得反应岩性信息的影像,据此确定西区重点研究区。在此区域再次用SAM提取矿化蚀变信息,结合用ASTER短波红外数据的比值计算增强的构造信息,分析提取的重点研究区矿化蚀变信息结果,为该矿区找矿工作提供了参考。     

基于ASTER数据的内蒙古东乌珠穆沁北部地区遥感蚀变信息提取

ASTER数据在短波红外和热红外波段光谱信息明显优于ETM,使得在ASTER波段范围内能够更为详尽地刻画地物波谱,尤其是具有特征谱带的岩石和矿物.选择内蒙古东乌珠穆沁旗北部地区为工作区域,设计了用光谱角制图法提取矿化蚀变信息的技术方案.通过波段组合和增强处理,ASTER数据对含Fe-OH(如黄钾铁矾,含铁白云母)、Al-OH(如粘土类矿物、明矾石、绿泥石、绢云母)和Fe~(3+) (如褐铁矿,赤铁矿)3种类型蚀变信息的刻画能力明显比ETM更好.野外查证了提取结果的可靠性.     

基于ASTER数据和反射光谱分析的烃类微渗漏信息提取

选取陕西省榆林气田地区为研究区, 利用ASTER数据多波段的优势, 在研究区开展了基于波段运算和主成分分析的二价铁、黏土矿化以及碳酸盐矿化等烃类微渗漏蚀变信息提取, 圈出4个有效靶区; 并利用ASTER数据的热红外波段进行基于分裂窗简化算法的温度反演得到研究区的温度图像以验证靶区的有效性, 温度反演结果中高温异常区和靶区范围基本吻合; 最后对USGS光谱库中常见蚀变矿物光谱、研究区实测光谱以及原油光谱进行综合分析, 进一步验证靶区有效性, 多种方法相结合以提高烃类微渗漏蚀变信息提取精度。      

利用Aster数据估算Ca含量分布的研究

元素在地表的分布对矿产的赋存具有指示作用,而不同元素都有各自对应的光谱特征;使用光谱数据元素含量可快速、大面积提取元素分布信息,指导找矿工作。本文基于实地测量的岩石光谱发射率数据重采样至ASTER各热红外波段,然后进行波段比值处理;将波段比值与岩石中的Ca进行相关分析。使用SPSS软件做多元逐步回归,排除相关系数小及具有共线性的波段比值,得出Ca与发射率光谱的数值关系;通过数值关系计算,得到Ca含量的大致分布区域。结果表明,Ca含量与ASTER波段之间有较好的相关关系;利用ASTER波段反演地表岩石Ca含量是可行的;在Aster影像上Ca高含量地区与地层的岩性吻合度高。     

基于ASTER光谱特征的科技廊带岩性填图:以新疆塔什库尔干地区为例

科技廊带填图是以解决关键地质问题为目的填图方式,但部分地区海拔高差大,交通不便,给填图工作造成巨大困难。遥感岩性解译可为填图工作提供重要参考。然而,当前主流的遥感岩性解译方法仍是基于地貌纹理等间接解译标志开展的。相对而言,矿物岩石光谱特征作为最为直接和准确的遥感岩性解译标志却少有实例报道。本文基于ASTER遥感影像和岩石光谱特征分析,对部分地区海拔高差较大的新疆塔什库尔干地区进行岩性解译工作,以检验其适用性。在野外工作对研究区岩性类型进行识别和鉴定的基础上,ASTER光谱分析成果影像可较准确显示区内主要岩性类型的地表出露。其中,ASTER热红外波段比可反映区内中高级变质岩、花岗岩类及碳酸盐岩的整体分布特征;在此基础上,ASTER可见光-近红外及短波红外波段比可准确鉴定与Fe~(3+)、Fe~(2+)-硅酸盐、Al-OH、Mg-OH等成分相关的矿物组成(如绿泥石、白云母及石榴子石等),从而对地表岩性出露进行更为细致的识别和分类。研究结果表明基于ASTER光谱特征的岩性填图方法在新疆、西藏等地区有天然的实用性,既可克服区内海拔高、交通不便等困难,又可准确指示地表关键岩性类型的出露情况,可作为科技廊带填图及地质研究工作的重要手段。     

基于Landsat 8 OLI__TIRS数据的找地下水靶区预测研究

遥感技术因为它独特的优点(宏观性、综合性、动态性、快速性)而广泛利用于地下水资源调查[1],能更准确掌握调查区域地下水形成、贮存,运动特征、水质、水量的变化规律,节省野外勘察费的大量人力、物力,为地下水资源的规划、开发和合理利用提供充足的水文地质依据[2]。以Landsat 8 OLI__TIRS的多光谱数据和热红外数据为信息源,通过各种遥感图像增强处理和波段运算,获取了与地下水富集带有关的两个重要水文要素信息——线性构造特征和地表温度信息,最终在综合分析这些信息基础上圈定出找地下水靶区,并对圈定结果与区域水文地质图进行对比验证,结果证明,利用遥感技术在缺水区进行地下水勘查,能够为快速、有效地寻找地下水资源提供技术依据,减少地下水勘查中物力和人力的大量耗费,为实际地面调查和物探工作提供依据。     

浅覆盖区基于ASTER 数据的蚀变矿物识别方法

国内外提取蚀变矿物的报道中,多数采用高光谱数据(图像和光谱曲线),而这两者具有数据价格昂贵和大范围进行反演蚀变矿物比较困难的缺点.ASTER在短波红外和热红外波段时刻画岩石中矿物成分具有一定的优势.本文选择内蒙古东乌珠穆沁旗北部地区为研究区域,尝试用ASTER图像进行蚀变矿物识别的研究,并给出了对五种常见矿物提取的主成分分析方法.通过对提取结果的实地调查验证发现,本文所给方法对铁氧化物(褐铁矿和赤铁矿等)、绿泥石、高岭石等蚀变信息提取效果很好,鉴于伊利石和明矾石均以K~+、Al~(3+)和OH~-离子为主要成分,对区分二者的效果并不明显.     

Terra卫星ASTER数据的特点与应用

ASTER是搭裁在Terra上的一种多光谱高分辨率遥感数据源，它包含从可见光到热红外范围的14个波段，分辨率从15m到90m，具有多种用途，如环境监测、地表度盖变化、短期气候顿测、自然灾害监测等。了解它的数据特点及应用，对于我们了解地球、观测地球具有重要的科学价值。     

岩溶含水系统降水入渗补给研究进展

岩溶含水系统中赋存着丰富的优质地下水,而大气降水是浅部可供开采的岩溶地下水的最主要补给来源。受岩溶含水系统各向异性、不均一性和直接观测难度大等因素的影响,降水入渗补给量的计算是一个非常复杂的过程。确定岩溶含水系统的汇水范围是降水入渗补给计算的首要问题,示踪法与经验公式法被证明是最有效的两种方法。降水入渗补给量的计算方法主要包括水文过程线法分析法、氧同位素法、氯质量平衡法、基于GIS的多变量综合分析法和模型法。本文对目前岩溶含水系统降水入渗补给计算方法的关键点和适用条件进行了总结和对比,同时指出大气降水物理化学性质的时空特征以及水-岩反应可以作为未来研究岩溶含水系统降水补给的研究方向之一。     

The influence of karst features on environmental studies in Turkey

 The carbonate rocks of Turkey, which underlie about one third of the country, possess major water resources with great potential for electricity generation and water supplies. The ongoing development of karst features, especially in the southern part of Turkey, demonstrates specific environmental problems that occur in many karst water supply projects. Karst aquifers, springs, sinkholes, dolines, poljes and other karst features are of great importance from the standpoint of karst water resources and environmental research studies. In karst regions, conservation and protection of groundwater resources for both qualitative and quantitative evaluations is possible only when the catchment area is determined accurately. Since the catchment area in karst terrains is not limited by the surface drainage boundaries and the groundwater flows through well-developed coduits or fissures, the equations used in non-karstic areas cannot be applied to such karstic regions. Studies on the development of karst features and its environmental impacts in Turkey are of recent origin. Therefore, many unreliable methods are being applied in karstic areas. For example, the use of "shallow holes or sinkholes and fault zones" for septic water waste disposal or as sewage by those who are not familiar with karst, sometimes causes very serious problems of extensive groundwater pollution. This paper discusses the development of different karstic features in Turkey and case studies on its environmental impacts. Received: 27 December 1995 · Accepted: 10 July 1996     

ETM+和ASTER数据在遥感矿化蚀变信息提取应用中的比较——以安徽铜陵凤凰山矿田为例

在利用遥感技术找矿中,矿化蚀变信息识别与提取起着重要作用。选择具有典型蚀变特征的安徽铜陵凤凰山矿田作为研究区,从分析地物波谱,尤其是岩矿光谱特征出发,根据ETM+和ASTER数据的光谱特征,采用主成分分析（PCA）,设计了相应的粘土矿化蚀变信息提取方案,成功地进行信息提取。对两者的提取结果进行比较后表明,ASTER数据较之ETM数据在粘土类矿化蚀变信息提取中具有更大的优势。     

基于ASTER数据的断裂构造判读:以甘肃白银地区为例

ASTER传感器提供了包括可见光-近红外（VNIR）、短波红外（SWIR）、热红外（TIR）共14个波段的地物波谱数据。其中最高分辨率在VNIR波段达到了15m。另外,在获得地物波谱数据的同时,它还能利用在03N波段和03B波段以不同视角获得的图像组成立体像对,从而获得同一地区的高程数据。这些特点为该数据的地质应用提供了很大的方便。由于断裂构造能造成断裂带内及其两侧之间地质环境与地貌特征的差异,这种差异会造成相应地区遥感影像中地物的波谱特征及空间分布即纹理型式上的差别。反之,使用多种图像处理技术,通过增强图像的灰度差并获取纹理图像,可以使这种差异凸现出来分析图像中的这些差异,找出在灰度和纹理上的规律性变化,不但可以推断可能的断裂分布,并可确定它的性质.利用ASTER数据高空间分辨率、多波谱段及同时提供DEM数据的特点,将之用于甘肃白银地区断裂构造的识别和判读。试验表明,利用该数据判读的结果与实地调查结果有相当的一致性。     

Water supply potential and optimal exploitation capacity of karst aquifer systems

The management of groundwater flow systems in karst regions appears, at present, to be the most important procedure for solving water deficiency problems during periods of low rainfall. Faced with a lack of data for characterizing the water supply potential of karst aquifers, analyses of spring hydrographs may provide valuable indirect information regarding the structure of karst hydrogeological systems. To estimate the optimal exploitation capacities of karstic sources, a stochastic-conceptual approach was applied in case studies from the Serbian karst. Water supply potentials were initially evaluated on the basis of groundwater budgets. Further steps towards defining optimal “exploitable” regimes included analyses of storage changes in karst water reservoirs under natural conditions and calculation of the potential expansion of currently tapped sources. The results obtained through these analyses are a significant contribution to feasibility studies and aid in the avoidance of problems of overexploitation.     

ASTER mapping of limestone formations and study of caves, springs and depressions in parts of Sultanate of Oman

Caves, springs, and large depressions of limestone karst formations are becoming more attractive tourist places and have potential importance on socio-economic development. The present study is a multi-scale point of view on limestone karst, from the space images to microscopic fabric. Here, the karst features consist of limestone formations of Cretaceous (Albian–Cenomanian) age of Tanuf Valley and Tertiary (Late Paleocene–Middle Eocene) age of Sur region of parts of Sultanate of Oman which are mapped in the visible near-infrared and shortwave infrared spectral bands of advanced spaceborne thermal emission and reflection radiometer (ASTER) using decorrelated stretch image processing technique and the occurrences of caves, springs, and depressions of the formations in the field were studied. The decorrelated RGB images of ASTER spectral bands 8, 3, and 1 discriminated well the limestone formations and associated lithology. The limestone formations of Tanuf valley (Natih formations of Hajar unit) are thick-bedded, massive, shallow marine limestone and clayey limestone, which have caves and springs. Large depressions are studied as collapsed structures at the boundary between Abat formations; they consist of gray to white marly or micritic limestone with chert nodules and Seeb Formation of bioclastic limestone, calcarenite, marl, and sandstone of Sur region. Interpretations of limestone formations, their occurrences and distributions of caves, springs and depressions of these regions are verified and confirmed in the field and studied in the laboratory. Occurrences of more springs and depressions in the limestone formations of the study sites are interpreted and located on the Google Earth image. The study proved the capability of ASTER sensor in mapping of limestone formations and recommends the technique to other geographical regions where similar geological questions need to be resolved.     

邢台市区地下水饮用水源污染成因及规律的探讨

邢台市区地下饮用水源位于太行山前储存两种相当丰富的岩溶水和孔隙水的百泉泉域径流排泄区。令人担忧的是：浅层孔隙水已受到轻度污染，深层岩溶水出现个别水井水质超标。本文针对几起地下饮用水源污染事例，探讨岩溶水饮用水源污染成因和规律。     

Improved groundwater vulnerability mapping for the karstic chalk aquifer of south east England

The Cretaceous age Chalk of south east England forms an important aquifer. Within chalk the storage and transmission of groundwater is enhanced by subsurface karstic weathering. The case study presented in this paper demonstrates that current approaches to assessing groundwater vulnerability to pollution and delineating source protection zones are flawed, as they do not take proper account of the karstic nature of chalk.Improved techniques, based on understanding the geological and geomorphological controls of karst development in chalk, are proposed to overcome the shortcomings of published groundwater vulnerability maps. The results also demonstrate the inadequacies of current groundwater modelling approaches for defining source protection zones. The techniques follow European Commission research recommendations by taking account of recharge, presence of overlying cover deposits, the nature of chalk karst and the way in which it influences the flow of groundwater. The approach described allows for better informed decisions to be made about chalk aquifer management to ensure adequate protection and conservation of groundwater. For example, the published groundwater vulnerability map shows Lambeth Group deposits classified as being a minor aquifer of low groundwater vulnerability in the chosen study area. However, by applying the new techniques, they are classified as having an Aquifer Vulnerability Rating of moderate to very high, when taking the karstic development of the underlying chalk into account.     

天桥泉域岩溶水系统水动力场、水化学场特征分析

通过对天桥泉域岩溶水系统水动态和降雨量资料、万家寨水库水位与岸边岩溶水水位动态关系以及岩溶水化学成分进行研究分析,确定了研究区岩溶地下水的流动方向和强径流带的分布位置;总结出了动荡型、滞后型和消耗型三种类型的岩溶水动态变化特征,得出黄河岸边岩溶钻孔水位与水库水位变化同步等结论。在此基础上,对黄河进行了分段渗漏量计算,渗漏量可达6. 926m3 /s;绘制出了反映天桥泉域岩溶水化学成分变化的水化学三线图。