未来情景下中国高温的人口暴露度变化及影响因素研究

基于RCP 8.5气候情景下21个高分辨率全球气候模式的日最高气温数据和A2r社会经济发展情景下的人口数据,以高温日数和人口数量的乘积构建高温的人口暴露度指标,采用多个气候模式集合平均的方法从网格单元尺度分析未来不同时段中国高温和强危害性高温的人口暴露度变化,并从全国和气象地理分区两种空间尺度研究人口暴露度变化的影响因素。研究表明：未来情景下,中国高温的人口暴露度明显增加,2021-2040年、2041-2060年、2061-2080年和2081-2100年相比基准时段1981-2010年分别增加了1.3、2.0、3.6和5.9倍,强危害性高温的人口暴露度增加更为显著,相比基准时段分别增加了2.0、8.3、24.2和82.7倍。高温的人口暴露度在华北、黄淮、华南、江南、江淮、西南和江汉地区增加较为明显,其中华北、黄淮、华南和江南最为显著;强危害性高温的人口暴露度在华北、黄淮、江南、江淮、西南和江汉等区域增加较为明显,其中华北、黄淮、江南和江淮最为显著;未来情景下人口暴露度的变化主要受气候因子的影响,其次受人口和气候因子的共同影响,单独人口因子的影响很小。全国尺度上,气候因子对未来不同时段人口暴露度变化的影响逐渐减弱,贡献率由70.0%左右逐渐减至60.0%左右。人口和气候因子的共同作用逐渐增强,贡献率由20.0%左右逐渐增至40.0%左右。     

中国土壤湿度的时空变化特征

基于中国155个农业气象观测站1981-2010年逐旬土壤湿度资料,分析了全国和12个气候区域0~50 cm逐层的土壤湿度时空分布规律,采用趋势分析和Cramér-von Mises（CVM）方法探究了土壤湿度的变化趋势及突变性。结果表明：西南、江淮、东北、江南、江汉、黄淮和华南地区各层土壤湿度均高于全国平均值,内蒙古地区最低;随着深度增加,西南地区土壤湿度增加最明显,仅青藏高原地区土壤湿度减小。不同区域0~50 cm各层土壤湿度年变化和季节变化差异明显,并具有阶段性特征,大部地区深层土壤湿度高于浅层;总体上,新疆、华南、华北、青藏高原、东北、黄淮地区1981-2010年土壤湿度减小趋势显著,其中新疆地区减小最为明显。除江淮地区外,各区域土壤湿度均存在较为明显的年际差异,突变时段主要集中在20世纪80年代后期至90年代初期、90年代后期两个时间段。     

RCP4.5情景下中国人口对高温暴露度预估研究

基于CMIP5的逐日最高温度模拟资料、GGI情景数据库逐年代人口数据,在RCP4.5情景下,以对应栅格高温日数与人口数量的乘积作为人口对高温的暴露度指标,通过多模式集合平均预估未来中国人口对不同强度高温的暴露度变化。结果表明：相比于基准时段（1981-2010年）,中国人口对高温和强危害性高温的暴露度从2021-2040年开始明显增加,至2081-2100年暴露度分别增加了5.7倍和17.5倍;除了中国西部部分地区外,全国大部地区人群均受高温的影响,在21世纪中后期中东部大部人口对高温的暴露度超过10.0×10⁶人?d;相比基准时段,随着年代的增长,中国人口对强危害性高温的暴露度在范围和强度上均有明显增加;2081-2100年,人口对高温和强危害性高温的暴露度增幅减缓。从气象地理区域上看,未来各时段人口对高温、强危害性高温的暴露度均有一定程度增加,但增加明显的区域主要集中在华北、黄淮、江南和江淮地区,华南地区对强危害性高温的暴露度增幅较小。高温日数变化对全国人口对高温暴露度的变化所产生的作用最明显。多模式集合的预估结果可以为防控未来高温风险提供重要的参考价值。     

基于标准化降水指数的1960—2011年中国不同时间尺度干旱特征

利用1960—2011年中国566个气象站逐日降水资料,采用标准化降水指数对近52年中国的干旱特征进行了详细分析。结果表明：近52年来,中国存在一条由东北向西南延伸的干旱趋势带,东北、内蒙古中东部、华北、西北地区东部以及西南地区东部趋于干旱,而西北地区西部的北疆地区、青海中部以及西藏中北部等地呈显著变湿趋势;华北地区干旱化主要是夏季趋于干旱引起的,东北和西南地区的干旱化主要是夏、秋季趋于干旱引起的,西北地区东部和长江中下游地区主要是春、秋季趋于干旱。东北地区20世纪70年代和2000年后轻旱以上日数较多,60年代干旱日数最少;华北地区和西北地区东部90年代最多,60—80年代旱日较少;西南地区东部2000年后干旱日数最多,60—70年代较少;长江中下游地区60年代和21世纪后干旱日数偏多,80年代较少。60年代,易旱区主要位于西北地区中、西部以及长江中下游部分地区;70年代,西北西部和东北地区是干旱的高发区;80年代,易旱区位于华北、黄淮、内蒙古中西部以及西南东部等地;90年代,易旱区转移到中部,西北地区东南部、华北、黄淮、江淮以及江汉等地是干旱的高发区;进入21世纪后,东北、内蒙古东部、西北地区东部、西南东部以及长江中下游的部分地区干旱高发。     

1982—2014年中国沿海地区归一化植被指数(NDVI)变化及其对极端气候的响应

基于1982—2014年GIMMS NDVI3g数据集,分析中国沿海地区生长季归一化植被指数（NDVI）的时空变化特征,探讨NDVI对极端气温和极端降水年尺度和月尺度的响应特征。结果表明：中国沿海地区及其子区域NDVI均呈上升趋势,且该趋势具有一定持续性;江南及其以南各子区域的NDVI高于江南以北,但长江三角洲、珠江三角洲等地区NDVI下降较明显,而江南以北沿海地区NDVI多呈上升趋势。NDVI在东北沿海西部、华北和黄淮沿海各子区域与极端气温暖指数（暖昼日数和日最高气温的极高值）多呈负相关,在其他沿海地区多呈正相关。NDVI与极端气温冷指数（冷昼日数和日最低气温的极低值）在整个沿海地区基本呈负相关,且对冷指数的响应具有一定滞后性;江淮（含）以南各子区域的NDVI与气温日较差多呈正相关,以北基本呈负相关。NDVI在黄淮以北与极端降水之间一般呈正相关,在黄淮（含）以南和东北沿海中东部地区多呈负相关,黄淮（含）以北各子区域的NDVI对极端降水的滞后效应较明显。     

基于社会脆弱性的中国高温灾害人群健康风险评价

本研究通过综合考虑高温胁迫、社会脆弱性和人口暴露,提出基于社会脆弱性的高温灾害风险评价框架,结合气象数据、遥感数据、社会经济数据构建多元数据融合的评价指标体系,开展全国分县高温灾害风险评价。研究结果表明,高温灾害脆弱性热点区域主要集中在中国新疆西部、豫西皖北交界处、四川盆地、洞庭湖流域、广西境内珠江流域;而华中地区湖北江汉平原和湖南洞庭湖流域、西南地区四川省和重庆市交界处的四川盆地、华东地区江浙沪一带、华南珠江流域,则是中国突出的高温灾害风险热点区。高温灾害脆弱性热点区和高温灾害风险热点区的分布出现比较明显的差异,高温灾害脆弱性热点区主要分布于高温胁迫较高或社会经济较差的不发达地区,区域人群由于经济上的适应能力较差而受到高温威胁的概率较大;而高温灾害风险则强调灾害一旦发生时的可能损失,其热点区域主要分布于人口聚集、经济较为发达的大城市区域。就主导因子分区来说,高温胁迫主导区域主要为平原、盆地以及大江大河流域,社会脆弱性主导区域主要位于经济欠发达地区以及脆弱性人群聚集区;人口暴露主导区域则主要集中在人口密集的中心城市和沿海地区。     

Simulation and projection of climate change using CMIP6 Muti-models in the Belt and Road Region

Climate condition over a region is mostly determined by the changes in precipitation, temperature and evaporation as the key climate variables. The countries belong to the Belt and Road region are subjected to face strong changes in future climate. In this paper, we used five global climate models from the latest Sixth Phase of Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) to evaluate future climate changes under seven combined scenarios of the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways and the Representative Concentration Pathways (SSP1-1.9, SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, SSP3-7.0, SSP4-3.4, SSP4-6.0 and SSP5-8.5) across the Belt and Road region. This study focuses on undertaking a climate change assessment in terms of future changes in precipitation, air temperature and actual evaporation for the three distinct periods as near-term period (2021-2040), mid-term period (2041-2060) and long-term period (2081-2100). To discern spatial structure, K?ppen-Geiger Climate Classification method has been used in this study. In relative terms, the results indicate an evidence of increasing tendency in all the studied variables, where significant changes are anticipated mostly in the long-term period. In addition to, though it is projected to increase under all the SSP-RCP scenarios, greater increases will be happened under higher emission scenarios (SSP5-8.5 and SSP3-7.0). For temperature, robust increases in annual mean temperature is found to be 5.2 °C under SSP3-7.0, and highest 7.0 °C under SSP5-8.5 scenario relative to present day. The northern part especially Cold and Polar region will be even more warmer (+6.1 °C) in the long-term (2081-2100) period under SSP5-8.5. Similarly, at the end of the twenty-first century, annual mean precipitation is inclined to increase largely with a rate of 2.1% and 2.8% per decade under SSP3-7.0 and SSP5-8.5 respectively. Spatial distribution demonstrates that the largest precipitation increases are to be pronounced in the Polar and Arid regions. Precipitation is projected to increase with response to increasing warming most of the regions. Finally, the actual evaporation is projected to increase significantly with rate of 20.3% under SSP3-7.0 and greatest 27.0% for SSP5-8.5 by the end of the century. It is important to note that the changes in evaporation respond to global mean temperature rise consistently in terms of similar spatial pattern for all the scenarios where stronger increase found in the Cold and Polar regions. The increase in precipitation is overruled by enhanced evaporation over the region. However, this study reveals that the CMIP6 models can simulate temperature better than precipitation over the Belt and Road region. Findings of this study could be the reliable basis for initiating policies against further climate induced impacts in the regional scale.     

Interdecadal fluctuation of dry and wet climate boundaries in China in the past 50 years

Based on the mean yearly precipitation and the total yearly evaporation data of 295 meteorological stations in China in 1951-1999, the aridity index is calculated in this paper. According to the aridity index, the climatic regions in China are classified into three types, namely, arid region, semi-arid region and humid region. Dry and wet climate boundaries in China fluctuate markedly and differentiate greatly in each region in the past 50 years. The fluctuation amplitudes are 20-400 km in Northeast China, 40-400 km in North China, 30-350 km in the eastern part of Northwest China and 40-370 km in Southwest China. Before the 1980s (including 1980), the climate tended to be dry in Northeast China and North China, to be wet in the eastern part of Northwest China and very wet in Southwest China. Since the 1990s there have been dry signs in Southwest China, the eastern part of Northwest China and North China. The climate becomes wetter in Northeast China. Semi-arid region is the transitional zone between humid and arid regions, the monsoon edge belt in China, and the susceptible region of environmental evolution. At the end of the 1960s dry and wet climate in China witnessed abrupt changes, changing wetness into dryness. Dry and wet climate boundaries show the fluctuation characteristics of the whole shifts and the opposite fluctuations of eastward, westward, southward and northward directions. The fluctuations of climatic boundaries and the dry and wet variations of climate have distinctive interdecadal features.     

Interdecadal fluctuation of dry and wet climate boundaries in China in the past 50 years

Based on the mean yearly precipitation and the total yearly evaporation data of 295 meteorological stations in China in 1951–1999, the aridity index is calculated in this paper. According to the aridity index, the climatic regions in China are classified into three types, namely, arid region, semi-arid region and humid region. Dry and wet climate boundaries in China fluctuate markedly and differentiate greatly in each region in the past 50 years. The fluctuation amplitudes are 20–400 km in Northeast China, 40–400 km in North China, 30–350 km in the eastern part of Northwest China and 40–370 km in Southwest China. Before the 1980s (including 1980), the climate tended to be dry in Northeast China and North China, to be wet in the eastern part of Northwest China and very wet in Southwest China. Since the 1990s there have been dry signs in Southwest China, the eastern part of Northwest China and North China. The climate becomes wetter in Northeast China. Semi-arid region is the transitional zone between humid and arid regions, the monsoon edge belt in China, and the susceptible region of environmental evolution. At the end of the 1960s dry and wet climate in China witnessed abrupt changes, changing wetness into dryness. Dry and wet climate boundaries show the fluctuation characteristics of the whole shifts and the opposite fluctuations of eastward, westward, southward and northward directions. The fluctuations of climatic boundaries and the dry and wet variations of climate have distinctive interdecadal features.     

近50年来中国干湿气候界线的10年际波动

利用中国北方1951～1999年降水量和年蒸发量资料，计算了干燥度指数（D）。并据此将中国划分为干旱区（D（0.20）），半干旱区（0.20-0.50）和湿润区（D(0.50）），近50a中国干湿气候波动显著，区域差异大；50a波动幅度东北区为20～400km，华北区为40～400km，西北东部为30～350km，西南区为40～370km，以80年代为界，在20世纪80年代以前（包括80年代），西南区气候具有显著变湿趋势；西北东部稍变湿；华北区和东北区具有变干趋势，且华北区变干程度比东北区严重。进入90年代。西南区和西北东部气候有变干迹象。华北区西部气候的干旱程度有所增加，华北区东部有所减弱，东北区气候进一步变湿，半干旱区是湿润区与干旱区之间的过渡区，是中国季风的边缘地带，也是环境变化的敏感区，20世纪60～70年代中国（北方）干湿气候存在一次突变，由较湿润变为干旱。50年来干湿气候界线呈现出整体移动和东西、南北相异波动的特征，当干湿气候界线同时向西或向北移动时，中国北方气候就变得相对湿润；当同时向东或向南移动时，北方气候就变得相对干旱；当干湿气候界线东西、南北相异移动时，北方气候的干旱程度就介于二者之间。     

长江源区地表水资源对气候变化的响应及趋势预测

利用1961-2011 年长江源区流域水文、气象观测数据和国家气候中心2009 年11 月发布的中国地区气候变化预估数据集(2.0 版本), 通过分析长江源区流量的演变规律和揭示气候归因, 预测了未来流量可能的演变趋势。研究表明:近51 年来长江源区地表水资源总体呈增加趋势, 特别是2004 年后增加趋势显著, 并具有9a、22a 的准周期;青藏高原加热场增强, 高原季风进入强盛期, 流域降水量显著增加, 加之气候变化导致冰川融水增多, 是引起长江源区地表水资源增加的主要气候归因;根据全球气候模式预测, 在SRESA1B气候变化情景下, 未来20年长江源区地表水资源仍有可能以增加为主。     

黄河源区径流对气候变化的响应及未来趋势(英文)

This study examines the hydrological and meteorological data of the source region of the Yellow River from 1956 to 2010 and future climate scenarios from regional climate model (PRECIS) during 2010-2020. Through analyzing the flow variations and revealing the climate causes, it predicts the variation trend for future flows. It is found that the annual mean flow showed a decreasing trend in recent 50 years in the source region of the Yellow River with quasi-periods of 5a, 8a, 15a, 22a and 42a; the weakened South China Sea summer monsoon induced precipitation decrease, as well as evaporation increase and frozen soil degeneration in the scenario of global warming are the climate factors, which have caused flow decrease. Based on the regional climate model PRECIS prediction, the flows in the source region of the Yellow River are likely to decrease generally in the next 20 years.     

江汉平原钟桥遗址地层揭示的史前洪水事件

通过野外考古调查研究,利用对钟桥遗址疑似古洪水层和研究区现代洪水沉积物的锆石微形态、粒度、磁化率、Rb/Sr等地球化学指标的比较、AMS¹⁴C技术和考古器物断代,发现钟桥遗址在4800~4597 cal. a BP、4479~4367 cal. a BP和4168~3850 cal. a BP分别经历了三次古洪水事件并相应堆积了古洪水沉积层;结合江汉平原及其周边地区众多遗址的古洪水沉积层时代对比证据,揭示了屈家岭文化中晚期（4900~4600 cal. a BP）和石家河文化末期至夏代（4100~3800 cal. a BP）两次大洪水事件在江汉平原地区非常普遍。对史前洪水发生环境背景的进一步分析,反映江汉平原在5000~4500 a BP及4000 a BP前后的时段气候表现得不稳定,古洪水事件与气候环境变化驱动的江汉平原湖群扩张存在一定的联系,并影响区域新石器文化兴衰过程。同时,其它证据也表明该区社会发展过程和环境变化过程特别是古水文过程的矛盾在石家河文化末期已特别突出,发现具有全球意义的4000 a BP前后气候异常引起的大洪水事件是江汉平原地区石家河文化消亡的重要环境因素;而石家河文化末期该区内部或同中原以及其它地区间的冲突,都加速了石家河文化的崩溃。这些研究成果,提供了可靠的大禹时代史前洪水证据来说明其对新石器文化兴衰的社会影响,对于揭示4000 a BP气候事件中区域气候水文变化的响应规律,亦具有重要的科学意义。     

树轮密度对气候的响应及重建研究进展

树轮密度是重建过去气候变化的重要代用指标。过去几十年,国内外学者针对树轮密度开展了大量的研究工作,取得了丰硕的成果。论文收集了国内外有关树轮密度的研究文献,从树轮密度对气候变化的响应和气候重建等方面进行了概述。尽管树轮密度对气候变化的响应可能受到样点的地理位置、地形(如海拔、坡向等)、树种等因素的影响,但湿冷地区树轮晚材最大密度能较好地反映生长季或生长季末期温度变化;而干旱地区的早材平均密度能揭示生长季早期的降水变化。因此,目前大多数研究以重建生长季或生长季末期温度为主,也有重建降水量、海平面气压变化的案例。此外,重建方程的方差解释量存在空间和树种间的差异,但这些差异需要更多的研究工作加以验证。最长的重建序列来自于欧洲,长达2018 a;国内基于树轮密度重建的最长温度序列来自于西南地区,长达449 a。另外,树轮密度序列在对温度响应的分异性问题以及评估强火山喷发的降温效应方面还存在争议。其争议源于树轮密度与温度关系还受到其他环境变量与人为因素的影响,因此今后研究还需关注树轮密度与降水、光照等其他气候变量的关系,同时也要注重树种、海拔、实验方法等非气候因子的影响。     

长江源区地表水资源对气候变化的响应及趋势预测(英文)

In this paper,variations of surface water flow and its climatic causes in China are analyzed using hydrological and meteorological observational data,as well as the impact data set(version 2.0) published by the National Climate Center in November 2009.The results indicate that surface water resources showed an increasing trend in the source region of the Yangtze River over the past 51 years,especially after 2004.The trend was very clearly shown,and there were quasi-periods of 9 years and 22 years,where the Tibetan Plateau heating field enhanced the effect,and the plateau monsoon entered a strong period.Precipitation notably increased,and glacier melt water increased due to climate change,all of which are the main climatic causes for increases in water resources in the source region.Based on global climate model prediction,in the SRESA1B climate change scenarios,water resources are likely to increase in this region for the next 20 years.     

经验模态分解下中国气温变化趋势的区域特征

By the Empirical Mode Decomposition method, we analyzed the observed monthly average temperature in more than 700 stations from 1951-2001 over China. Simultaneously, the temperature variability of each station is calculated by this method, and classification chart of long term trend and temperature variability distributing chart of China are obtained, supported by GIS, 1 kmxl km resolution. The results show that： in recent 50 years, the temperature has increased by more than 0.4~C/10a in most parts of northern China, while in Southwest China and the middle and lower Yangtze Valley, the increase is not significant. The areas with a negative temperature change rate are distributed sporadically in Southwest China. Meanwhile, the temperature data from 1881 to 2001 in nine study regions in China are also analyzed, indicating that in the past 100 years, the temperature has been increasing all the way in Northeast China, North China, South China, Northwest China and Xinjiang and declining in Southwest China. An inverse ‘V-shaped’ trend is also found in Central China. But in Tibet the change is less significant.     

Regional features of the temperature trend in China based on Empirical Mode Decomposition

By the Empirical Mode Decomposition method, we analyzed the observed monthly average temperature in more than 700 stations from 1951–2001 over China. Simultaneously, the temperature variability of each station is calculated by this method, and classification chart of long term trend and temperature variability distributing chart of China are obtained, supported by GIS, 1 km×1 km resolution. The results show that: in recent 50 years, the temperature has increased by more than 0.4℃/10a in most parts of northern China, while in Southwest China and the middle and lower Yangtze Valley, the increase is not significant. The areas with a negative temperature change rate are distributed sporadically in Southwest China. Meanwhile, the temperature data from 1881 to 2001 in nine study regions in China are also analyzed, indicating that in the past 100 years, the temperature has been increasing all the way in Northeast China, North China, South China, Northwest China and Xinjiang and declining in Southwest China. An inverse ‘V-shaped’ trend is also found in Central China. But in Tibet the change is less significant.     

秦岭黄淮平原交界带自然地理特征

The features of physical geography in the transitional region between Qinling Mountains and Huanghuai Plain possess transitional characters evidently in two directions： one is from the western mountain to the eastern plain and the other is from southern subtropical zone to northern temperate zone. Torrential rain, especially strong torrential rain is frequent in the transitional region, and there are many torrential rain centers. A majority of torrential rain is distributed among 100-200 m asl. The winter temperature at 100-400 m asl is higher than that in Huanghuai Plain whose altitude is lower than that of the transitional region, and the highest temperature in January appears at 350-400 m asl.The thickness of warm slope belt in the transitional region varies from 100 m to 250 m asl. The formation of torrential rain and warm slope belt is the result of joint action of atmospheric circulation and local terrain. Frequent torrential rains and warm slope belt had tremendous influences on the soil properties, plant distribution and local climate in the transitional region.     

1961—2017年华北地区高温日数及高温热浪时空变化特征

利用华北地区85个气象站1961—2017年逐日最高气温资料,统计分析了华北地区高温日数及高温热浪（频次、持续时间、强度）的时空变化特征。结果表明：① 华北地区年高温日数整体呈增加趋势,自20世纪90年代中期之后年均高温日数明显增多;高温多出现在华北地区的南部和西部,华北地区大部分站点的高温日数呈增加趋势。② 就气候平均态而言,高温初日有略提前趋势,高温终日则明显推迟;空间上,绝大多数台站的高温终日呈推迟的趋势,其中京津冀中北部地区尤为明显。③ 累计高温热浪次数、轻度和中度热浪次数均整体增加,并在1990年左右明显由少变多,重度热浪次数增加趋势更为显著;1987年之后,平均每次高温热浪事件的高温有效积温明显增加,表明高温热浪的平均强度增大。④ 不同等级高温热浪总频次的空间分布特征相近,高频次区域均集中在内蒙古西部、山西西南部和河北南部;热浪累计频次的变化趋势在内蒙和山西以增多为主,在京津冀地区以减少为主。除山西南部和河北南部的个别站点以外,绝大多数站点的热浪平均持续天数和平均高温有效积温的变化呈增多增强趋势。总体来看,华北大部分区域自20世纪90年代以来,高温日数及热浪事件明显增强,同时存在明显的空间差异,研究结果将有助于进一步认识华北高温的区域性特征。     

The response of vegetation growth to shifts in trend of temperature in China

Though many studies have focused on the causes of shifts in trend of temperature, whether the response of vegetation growth to temperature has changed is still not very clear. In this study, we analyzed the spatial features of the trend changes of temperature during the growing season and the response of vegetation growth in China based on observed climatic data and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) from 1984 to 2011. An obvious warming to cooling shift during growing season from the period 1984–1997 to the period 1998–2011 was identified in the northern and northeastern regions of China, whereas a totally converse shift was observed in the southern and western regions, suggesting large spatial heterogeneity of changes of the trend of growing season temperature throughout China. China as a whole, a significant positive relationship between vegetation growth and temperature during 1984 to 1997 has been greatly weakened during 1998–2011. This change of response of vegetation growth to temperature has also been confirmed by Granger causality test. On regional scales, obvious shifts in relationship between vegetation growth and temperature were identified in temperate desert region and rainforest region. Furthermore, by comprehensively analyzing of the relationship between NDVI and climate variables, an overall reduction of impacts of climate factors on vegetation growth was identified over China during recent years, indicating enhanced influences from human associated activities.