中国在东南亚的海外经贸合作园区——以嵌入性视角检验政策移动性（英文）

The development of overseas industrial parks is a key component of the Belt and Road Initiative and an expected experimental way of promoting inclusive globalization by inventing new forms of cooperation between China and local host countries. Policy mobility, a classic theory within international political geography addressing the connection between local and global policies, has implications for overseas industrial parks development. In this paper, we argue that policies are not easily moved directly from one place to another; instead, policies are embedded due to the role of local actors in policy mobility. This article first provides an overview of seven China-Southeast Asia economic and trade cooperation zones identified by the Ministry of Commerce, and analyzes their key participants. It then discusses policy mobility by looking into the roles of revenue, land, and talent in developing these industrial parks. The paper finds that these parks face challenges, such as the complicated geographical environments of host countries, huge pressure from enterprise investment capital, the lack of overseas service platforms, and underdeveloped agglomeration economies. In the light of the current situation, policy suggestions for the future sustainable development of overseas industrial parks are put forward.     

Variegated transnational partnerships: Multi-scalar actor networks in China’s overseas industrial parks

The development of overseas industrial parks is a key component of the Belt and Road Initiative and a practical way of promoting inclusive globalization by introducing new forms of cooperation between China and the host countries.In this paper,the Thai-Chinese Rayong Industrial Zone(TCRIZ),and the China-Indonesia Economic and Trade Cooperation Zone(KITIC)are discussed in the context of the evolving development strategies and tra-jectories through three interrelated conceptual lenses-policy mobility,actor networks,and partnerships.The actor-network theory provides a lens to analyze how policy mobility and partnerships develop for two industrial zone case studies.The development,which involves a multi-scalar process,is shaped by the interactions among the national states,the regional governments and corporations against a background of globalization.Three types of trans-national actor partnership networks have been identified,namely,hierarchical partnership,spontaneous partnership,and hybrid partnership.A highlight of the study is the role that the partnerships play in the process of policy mobility when it comes to the overseas industrial zones.It is argued that the partnerships are the key to achieving technology transfer on a cross-national basis,and the effectiveness of the technology transfer is dependent on partner selection and the roles of the actors in policy mobility.     

中国境外经贸合作区的政策移动研究——以天津经济技术开发区和中埃·泰达苏伊士经贸合作区为例

中国境外经贸合作区的建设是国内特殊经济区发展经验在空间上的延展。基于东道国独特的发展条件,需要将国内园区的建设经验进行调整,再运用到中国境外经贸合作区以适应东道国本地化发展。构建政策移动的理论框架,采用案例分析和比较研究法,以天津经济技术开发区与中埃·泰达苏伊士经贸合作区为例,将国内园区与境外经贸合作区的相关政策进行对比分析,验证政策在不同国家“土壤环境”中的适应性。研究发现：① 根据政策施行的影响因素和不同作用,政策移动可以分为政策移植、政策调试和政策创新;② 规划建设经验、运营管理经验、环保政策、人才政策等可直接进行政策移植;发展模式和文化政策要进行政策调试;法规政策、晋升政策和优惠政策需要进行政策创新;③ 园区的共性体现在国内园区成熟经验的借鉴、人才的培育与储备、园区生态环境的保护以及基础设施和配套设施的完善;④ 园区的个性体现在文化的求同尊异、园区品牌的打造、晋升制度的创新和协调机制的建立等。创新性地运用政策移动性理论将国内和国外园区进行关联研究,揭示了境外经贸合作区的移植、调试和创新国内园区政策的过程,深化了政策移动理论的内涵,丰富了境外经贸合作区的理论研究成果。     

Analysis on geo-effects of China’s overseas industrial parks: A case study of Cambodia Sihanoukville Special Economic Zone

China's overseas industrial parks contribute to political and economic cooperation,cultural exchange between home and host countries.Current studies mainly discuss the ef-fect of overseas industrial parks from the perspective of institutional and cultural difference,multi-scale coupling,as well as key partnerships,while little attention has been paid to the comprehensive analysis of overseas industrial parks.Based on a theoretical framework,this paper explores the overall effect of China's overseas industrial parks from the geo-effects perspective by using field interviews and a case study approach.The research shows that:(1)the geo-effects reveal the over effect of overseas industrial parks from the multiple and com-plementary dimensions of geopolitics,geo-economics,geo-society and geo-culture;(2)the Cambodia Sihanoukville Special Economic Zone,as a flagship BRI project,has produced the prominent and positive geo-effects;(3)the institutional-economic-cultural-environmental adaptability of overseas industrial parks is becoming important.Overseas industrial parks must be rooted in the politics,economy,society,and culture of host country;embedded in local social networks;balance the rights and interests of all stakeholders;and form the community of interests,community of destiny,and community of responsibility with political mutual trust,economic integration,cultural inclusiveness,and social harmony.The paper not only deepens the understanding about the overall effect of overseas industrial parks,but also provides decision support and theoretical reference for government policy makers and the overseas investment of enterprises.     

中国海外园区建设的地缘效应解析——以柬埔寨西哈努克港经济特区为例（英文）

China's overseas industrial parks contribute to political and economic cooperation, cultural exchange between home and host countries. Current studies mainly discuss the effect of overseas industrial parks from the perspective of institutional and cultural difference, multi-scale coupling, as well as key partnerships, while little attention has been paid to the comprehensive analysis of overseas industrial parks. Based on a theoretical framework, this paper explores the overall effect of China's overseas industrial parks from the geo-effects perspective by using field interviews and a case study approach. The research shows that:(1) the geo-effects reveal the over effect of overseas industrial parks from the multiple and complementary dimensions of geopolitics, geo-economics, geo-society and geo-culture;(2) the Cambodia Sihanoukville Special Economic Zone, as a flagship BRI project, has produced the prominent and positive geo-effects;(3) the institutional-economic-cultural-environmental adaptability of overseas industrial parks is becoming important. Overseas industrial parks must be rooted in the politics, economy, society, and culture of host country; embedded in local social networks; balance the rights and interests of all stakeholders; and form the community of interests, community of destiny, and community of responsibility with political mutual trust, economic integration, cultural inclusiveness, and social harmony. The paper not only deepens the understanding about the overall effect of overseas industrial parks, but also provides decision support and theoretical reference for government policy makers and the overseas investment of enterprises.     

中国境外政府间合作园区多尺度耦合建设机制——以中白工业园为例

“一带一路”倡议提出后,境外合作园区已成为中国企业走出去的重要平台和促进中国与沿线国家经贸合作的重要载体,在“一带一路”建设中发挥着重要作用。其中,政府间合作境外园区因合作规格高、投资规模大、建设进展快、成效初现,并肩负着“一带一路”建设示范功能,所以备受国际社会和学术界关注。但目前有关中国境外合作园区的研究多为政策导向型,未将政府间合作园区与企业投资所建立的境外园区区分开。为此,本文以中国—白俄罗斯（简称中白）为例,讨论“一带一路”背景下政府间合作园区建设过程中的多尺度耦合机制。中白工业园是中白两国元首共同发起、亲自推动的“一带一路”旗舰项目,已成为白俄罗斯首都明斯克新的经济增长极。研究表明,境外合作园区的发起、建设和运营是两国政府、园区开发公司和园区企业在全球经济活动中不停协调各自利益,追求共同目标的过程,涉及多尺度（全球、国家间、园区、企业）和多主体（政府、企业）。具体而言,中白两国出于各自战略目标考虑发起合作园区项目,并建立起政府间合作框架和机制。政府间合作框架和机制为协调两国战略利益,动员两国政治和经济资源推动园区发展提供了制度基础,但它并不完全能保证园区的成功。合理的园区开发公司股权结构及其强大的全球网络动员能力是园区成功建设的关键。因此,只有在处理好两国战略利益的同时,开发公司和入园企业能获取经济收益,才能确保政府间合作园区的长久发展。本文拓展性地将多尺度耦合理论用于分析政府主导的跨国大型园区项目合作,有助于丰富人文地理学里的耦合研究,并可为推动中国境外政府间合作园区高质量发展提供科学依据。     

合作伙伴关系视角下的海外园区政策移动性研究——以泰中罗勇工业园为例

政策移动性是国际政治地理学研究的经典理论。作为包容性全球化和“一带一路”倡议重要空间载体的海外园区,是检验政策移动性理论框架的新兴空间载体。本文以泰中罗勇工业园为例,以合作伙伴为切入点,检验政策移动性理论在海外园区的适用性,并强调海外园区的政策移动性是渐进发展的过程,关键角色的合作伙伴关系对于政策移动性起着重要作用。本文系统分析了泰中罗勇工业园的制度背景、主体合作伙伴,甄别出国家、地方政府、主导企业等关键角色的合作伙伴关系及其在税收、土地、人才等要素政策移动性过程中的机制。在此基础上,提出未来“一带一路”建设中海外园区可持续发展的政策建议。     

“一带一路”倡议提出以来中国国内外产业园区的比较与案例分析（英文）

With rapid globalization, industrial parks are playing an increasingly important role in the national and regional development. Since the Belt and Road Initiative(BRI) was put forward, national-level overseas industrial parks of China have emerged with new development features and trends. It is of great importance to carry out a comparative study on domestic and overseas industrial parks of China. Based on the perspective of spatiotemporal evolution, this paper compares and analyzes national-level overseas industrial parks along the Belt and Road(BR) and domestic industrial parks of China. In time, China's industrial parks have experienced four stages with distinctive state-led characteristic. There are different development paths and modes for overseas industrial parks along the BR and domestic industrial parks. In space, the national-level overseas industrial parks are invested and constructed by Chinese enterprises(mostly from the coastal developed cities), and mainly distributed in the countries along the BR. Through typical cases comparison of Thai-Chinese Rayong Industrial Zone and Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area, the paper finds that national-level overseas industrial parks are basically market-driven and concentrated in traditional advantageous industries, while domestic industrial parks are mainly government-led high-tech industries. Localization of overseas industrial parks and remote coupling with domestic industrial parks become very important.     

论海外园区在中国企业对外投资中的作用——以柬埔寨西哈努克港经济特区为例

当前海外园区已成为中国与“一带一路”沿线国家开展经贸合作的重要平台,在“一带一路”建设中发挥着愈来愈重要的作用。目前国内外关于中国海外园区的研究多聚焦园区的经济功能,而其制度和文化平台功能有待深入探讨。基于制度和文化的视角,本文以柬埔寨西哈努克港经济特区为案例,剖析海外园区的运行机制和建设模式,揭示海外园区对中国中小企业对外投资的促进作用。研究发现,西哈努克港经济特区通过构建多层级协调机制、打造优良投资环境、促进信息与资源共享以及释放集聚经济效应,为入区企业提供了优质的制度环境和充足的跨国发展空间,帮助入区企业更好地适应东道国投资环境,为大量中小企业对外投资实现路径突破和路径创新提供了更多可能性。基于案例研究,本文认为海外园区对于中国中小企业对外投资起到了重要的促进作用,为它们海外投资克服制度与文化差异提供了缓冲空间和发育土壤,起到了“投资花园”的作用。     

中国境外产业园区的政策转移与尺度重构——以马中关丹产业园为例（英文）

As an innovative mode of China's foreign direct investment, China's overseas industrial parks are not only the main content of the Belt and Road Initiative(BRI) but also the practical carrier of policy transfer. However, most of the academic literature on the policy transfer of overseas industrial parks has regarded the host country as a passive learner and seldom considers the two-way interactions between the host country and the home country. Using the Malaysia-China Kuantan Industrial Park(MCKIP) and the "Two Countries, Twin Parks" model as case studies, we discuss the applicability and innovative development of the policy transfer theory of China's overseas industrial parks under the background of BRI. This article systematically analyzes the developmental background of the MCKIP and the cooperative framework between the governments. We consider the problems encountered in the policy transfer process and the solutions, as well as the two-way interactions between China and Malaysia in terms of the flow of people, logistics, capital, information, and technology. The study sheds light on the construction of the "Two Countries, Twin Parks" overseas industrial park.     

Policy transfer and scale reconstruction of China’s overseas industrial parks: A case study of the Malaysia-China Kuantan Industrial Park

As an innovative mode of China's foreign direct investment,China's overseas in-dustrial parks are not only the main content of the Belt and Road Initiative(BRI)but also the practical carrier of policy transfer.However,most of the academic literature on the policy transfer of overseas industrial parks has regarded the host country as a passive learner and seldom considers the two-way interactions between the host country and the home country.Using the Malaysia-China Kuantan Industrial Park(MCKIP)and the"Two Countries,Twin Parks"model as case studies,we discuss the applicability and innovative development of the policy transfer theory of China's overseas industrial parks under the background of BRI.This article systematically analyzes the developmental background of the MCKIP and the coop-erative framework between the governments.We consider the problems encountered in the policy transfer process and the solutions,as well as the two-way interactions between China and Malaysia in terms of the flow of people,logistics,capital,information,and technology.The study sheds light on the construction of the"Two Countries,Twin Parks"overseas in-dustrial park.     

全球商品链中的地方产业群--以东莞的"商圈"现象为例

分析全球商品链与地方产业群之间的关系,特别强调产业群在发展中国家外资政策中的意义,并结合对东莞“商圈”现象的实地调查,分析了“生产者主导”和“订户主导”两种动力学在我国沿海出口加工地方产业群发展中所扮演的角色。文章认为原有基于土地和劳动力成本优势起来的沿海外向型出口加工业产业群,随着国内市场的进一步开放和成长,既存在新的发展机遇,也面临既成的制度瓶颈,因此,提出要从三方面实现政策侧重点的转变,以充分发挥地方产业群的竞争优势。     

Evolution and influencing factors of the transnational investment network of China–Africa international cooperation parks

Based on development data relating to China–Africa International Cooperation Parks(CAICPs) from 2003 to 2018, this study examined the transnational investment network of CAICPs using the social network analysis method. The number of CAICPs is increasing.Textiles and apparel, agricultural and food processing, trade logistics and management,building materials and construction, and electrical machinery and equipment manufacturing are the leading industries chosen by most CAICPs. These parks have pr...     

中国-老挝境外经贸合作区的发展模式与启示——以万象赛色塔综合开发区为例

境外经贸合作区已经成为中国实施“走出去”战略和建设“一带一路”的重要平台和空间策略。文章在总结中国境外经贸合作区发展特点基础上,采用实地调研与深度访谈的方法分析了中国-老挝万象赛色塔综合开发区的开发模式,并基于企业视角分析了该开发区的优劣势。结果发现：1）园区是采取“项目建设+土地抵偿”的形式进行开发的典型项目,以符合东道国国情与需要为发展定位,主要通过土地增值、为跨国企业提供厂地的方式获取收益;2）园区发展优势表现在：受到双边政府的大力支持,税收优惠力度大,区位优势明显;园区发展劣势表现在：产业链体系不完整、企业境外融资难度大、企业在当地的根植性弱、企业间凝聚力不足、劳动力资源匮乏、劳动技能与效率尚待提高、投资汇回利润存在一定风险、市场开发尚且不足。在此基础上,提出未来研究应重点关注中国境外经贸合作区的区位选择与产业布局、本地嵌入机制、经济地理影响等方面,并探讨了本案例对中国境外经贸合作区建设的政策启示,即,加强政府间磋商、契合东道国发展需要,加强对本地劳动力的职业培训是保障中国境外经贸合作区顺利发展的关键。     

泰中罗勇工业园“园中园”模式与效益评价

“一带一路”倡议为中国产能合作与产业升级提供了广阔的空间,而境外经贸合作区则是中国与一带一路沿线国家实现产能合作的有效平台。在总结中国境外经贸合作区发展特点基础上,利用中国对泰国直接投资流量与泰国GDP数据分析双边贸易和投资,从“园中园”开发模式、区位条件、服务环境及企业特征4个方面详细探讨泰中罗勇工业园的发展模式,并采用数据包络分析方法对近年来园区发展效率进行评价。研究结果显示：① 泰中罗勇工业园是中国企业赴泰国投资兴业的第一平台,也是中泰产能合作的有效载体;② 泰中罗勇工业园采用“园中园”开发模式,是中国海外园区一个有效的发展模式;③ 2012—2018年泰中罗勇工业园园区投入产出效率较高,园区效益较好,其中,2016和2018年投入产出效率最高;基于此,总结泰中罗勇工业园对中国境外经贸合作区建设的启示：“园中园”模式完善招商环境、提高投资效率,结合自身与东道国优势、构建合作区完整产业链,实现合作区本土化、促进东道国社会经济发展。     

中国企业R&D国际化:时空格局与区位选择影响因素

基于中国企业海外R&D投资数据和零断尾负二项回归分析方法,探讨了1998—2015年中国企业R&D国际化的时空格局特征,并从东道国角度分析影响其区位选择的主要因素。结果表明：研究期内中国新建海外R&D机构数量快速扩张;海外R&D投资区域分布广泛,呈现分散和集聚并存的特征;以华为为例分析了典型中国企业海外R&D投资的空间布局特征,认为目前华为海外R&D投资呈现集中布局在欧洲,零散分布在亚洲、美洲、非洲的空间特征,主要是由其以全球技术升级和满足多样化的市场需求等R&D国际化的战略动机所决定。回归分析结果表明,中国企业对发达国家和发展中国家进行R&D投资的影响因素有共同点但也存在一定的差异：① 现阶段东道国的R&D需求不是影响中国企业对其进行R&D投资的主要因素;② 代表中国与东道国经济往来密切程度的关联要素是影响中国企业R&D投资的重要决策因素;③ 发达国家吸引中国企业对其进行R&D投资主要是因其创新能力强、R&D资源数量多,而政策及制度供给是影响中国企业对发展中国家进行R&D投资的主要因素;④ 地理距离对中国企业R&D“走出去”的阻碍作用主要体现在对发展中国家的R&D投资中。     

Mobility Patterns of Overseas Human Capital in Australia: the role of a ‘new’ graduate visa scheme and rural development policy

In 2007, the Australian federal government introduced a ‘new’ graduate visa scheme, the 485 visa sub-class. This visa facilitates the transition from student to worker for overseas graduates from Australian higher education institutions, with the potential to significantly increase their numbers in the country. At the same time, local governments have introduced various policies designed to attract and retain human capital in rural areas to address the shortfall of highly skilled individuals. This paper redresses the current lack of research into the spatial dynamics of overseas human capital in Australia and their relation to the new visa scheme in combination with shifts in rural development policies. Drawing on survey data of graduates describing the ‘before’ (2005) and ‘after’ (2008) periods of the introduction of the 485 visa scheme, this paper shows that the propensity of overseas graduates to move between Australia's regions has increased substantially. In particular, there have been an increasing proportion of overseas graduates moving to major cities despite rural development policy efforts to attract human capital to rural areas. However, these policy efforts appear to have attracted overseas graduates with particular qualifications (education and health) to work in such locales.     

国土空间规划:产业空间配置类单幅总图的研制

省级空间规划中的产业空间配置是在“三区三线”划分基础上进一步明确地域功能、引导地域功能格局优化的必要步骤。在综合考虑方法的创新性和成熟度基础上,对在“三区三线”格局内进行产业空间配置的逻辑架构、技术方法、数据体系等内容进行定量和定性相结合的探索性分析,形成了主导产业筛选、产业园区适宜规模识别、重点产业空间识别等流程体系,共同合成了一套用以研制空间规划中的产业空间配置类单幅总图的技术方法。其中,在主导产业筛选体系中综合考虑了产业关联、产业发展基础、发展潜力和政策支持等方面,在产业园区适宜规模识别体系中综合考虑了产业园区级别、园区产业是否切合区域产业发展导向、园区产业发展程度、与各类红线及城镇的空间关系等指标,并从微观企业入手向上总结重点产业空间范围,结合“三区三线”的国土空间适宜性、城镇空间划分结果进行空间叠加,做到了对省级重点产业空间的有效识别和落地。同时,以福建省为案例进行了实践分析。     

CONSTRUCTING CONSENSUS: ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY MAKING IN MASSACHUSETTS

In this paper we consider whether consensual approaches to environmental policy making—that is, policies that seek to foster cooperation and the search for consensus among industry, environmental groups, and regulatory authorities—are likely to succeed when pursued by states and local areas. Recent work in industrial and urban ecology suggests considerable benefits derive from a regulatory approach centered around cooperation, trust, and the search for consensus among interested parties. The conditions under which such consensual approaches to policy making are likely to succeed, however, are not well established. Drawing upon an emerging literature on trust and cooperation in advanced industrial economies, we examine whether local levels in the state are well positioned to pursue a consensual approach to environmental policy making. The research design involves case-study analysis of two environmental initiatives in Massachusetts—namely, the Toxics Use Reduction Act (1989) and revisions to state hazardous-site clean-up laws. The research clarifies the significance of overlapping material interests and of the process of consensus building in achieving successful environmental policy reform.     

政策视角下的粤港澳大湾区空间关联分析与协同发展政策机制优化

文章收集了428份由公共部门发布的粤港澳大湾区协同发展政策,根据政策主体拓扑关系测度城市间的大湾区协同政策供给强度,绘制基于协同发展政策关系的大湾区空间联系格局,结果发现：1）单向惠港惠澳的政策措施是当前主要的政策供给方向;2）政策供给高度集中于公共服务与产业领域;3）区县及以下层级和地方专业部门尚未充分进入大湾区协同发展政策网络;4）港、澳、广、深四大中心城市与大湾区其他主体间的政策关系与空间联系方式各异;5）大湾区城市间的政策联系在都市圈尺度内互动频密,跨都市圈政策联系相对松散。最后,提出以下建议：粤港澳大湾区可进一步加强邻域城市、邻域区县、专业部门间以及广深2个中心城市之间的双向政策联动,统筹对港、对澳政策,使得政策供给进一步适应大湾区的治理结构。