Effect of water fluctuation on agriculturalproduction in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, China

Foundationitem:UndertheauspicesofChineseAcademyofScinceswithprojectcodeNo.KZ95T-04-01TheHuangHuaidsPlainconsistingOf3l7counhes(cihesordistrictS)bClongto5provincesOfHebei,Shandong,Henan,JiangsuandAIthuiand2medcipallhesofBeijingandTianjin.TheCultivatedlandareawas17.7ndllionhmandthePOpulahonwas2l2-5Ini1lioninl995.ThetOtalyteldofghn,cottonndoilcropsoftheplainregionwas22.6,39.7and24'2%reSPectivelyofthecountry'stotalin1995.1TheBearingCapacityofWaterResourcesintheHuangHuai-HaiPlainAcc…     

Spatio-temporal patterns and driving mechanism of farmland fragmentation in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain

Exploring the spatio-temporal variations of farmland landscape patterns in a traditional agricultural region can provide scientific support for decision-making on sustainable rural land use and rural vitalization development. This study established a comprehensive evaluation index for farmland fragmentation with multiple aspects (dominance, integrity, aggregation, regularity, and connectivity) at the county scale. The goal was to identify the evolution of farmland fragmentation in the traditional agricultural region of the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain during 2000-2015 and investigate underlying drivers using panel data of 359 counties. Results showed an accelerating but fluctuating fragmentation pattern of the farmland landscape. The indexes of dominance, integrity, and aggregation of farmland decreased most sharply, while the index of connectivity increased. Furthermore, the evolution of the farmland fragmentation pattern showed significant spatio-temporal heterogeneity, which is similar to the trajectory of urbanization and land use transition. Farmland fragmentation in municipal districts also emerged earlier and was more severe than in county-level cities and counties. Factors influenced by advancing urbanization include the proportion of artificial land, population density, and proportion of primary industry; these factors drove the evolution of farmland fragmentation. In contrast, the increase in income of rural residents and production efficiency of farmland were the key factors contributing to the improvement in farmland connectivity.     

中国西部生态脆弱地区景观生态位的时空差异——以陕北延安地区为例

In this study, we attempt to put forward a conception of landscape ecological niche, enlightened by international scholars on extending the ecological niche theory from spatial niche to functional niche. That is helpful for comprehensively appraising landscape spatial patterns and ecological functions, also, presents a new method for analyzing landscape features from multidimensional aspects. The practice process is demonstrated by taking Yan’an region in northwestern China as a case. Firstly, the indices system including spatial attribute and functional attribute is established for assessing landscape ecological niche. Additionally, two-dimensional figures are drawn for comparing the spatio-temporal features of landscape ecological niche in 1987 and 2000 among the 13 administrative counties. The results show that from 1987 to 2000, towards Yan’an region, spatial attribute value of landscape ecological niche changes from 1.000 to 1.178 with an obvious increment, and functional attribute value changes from 0.989 to 1.069 with a little increment, both of which enhance the regional landscape ecological niche. Towards each county, spatial attribute value of landscape ecological niche increases to different extent while functional attribute value changes dissimilarly with an increment or a decrement.     

黄淮海地区乡村发展格局与类型

以黄淮海地区为例,评价分析了该区2000-2008年乡村发展水平及其时空格局,并利用自组织特征映射（SOFM）人工神经网络聚类算法划分了区域乡村发展类型。结果表明：（1）研究时段内全区乡村发展水平明显提升,乡村综合发展指数年均增长7．71％;（2）县域乡村发展格局无明显变化,但乡村综合发展水平的区域差异仍在增大,乡村综...     

Spatio-temporal differentiation of landscape ecological niche in western ecological frangible region: A case study of Yan’an region in northwestern China

In this study, we attempt to put forward a conception of landscape ecological niche, enlightened by international scholars on extending the ecological niche theory from spatial niche to functional niche. That is helpful for comprehensively appraising landscape spatial patterns and ecological functions, also, presents a new method for analyzing landscape fea-tures from multidimensional aspects. The practice process is demonstrated by taking Yan’an region in northwestern China as a case. Firstly, the indices system including spatial attribute and functional attribute is established for assessing landscape ecological niche. Additionally, two-dimensional figures are drawn for comparing the spatio-temporal features of landscape ecological niche in 1987 and 2000 among the 13 administrative counties. The results show that from 1987 to 2000, towards Yan’an region, spatial attribute value of landscape ecological niche changes from 1.000 to 1.178 with an obvious increment, and functional attribute value changes from 0.989 to 1.069 with a little increment, both of which enhance the regional landscape ecological niche. Towards each county, spatial attribute value of landscape eco-logical niche increases to different extent while functional attribute value changes dissimilarly with an increment or a decrement.     

Changes and spatial patterns of eco-environment in the farming-pastoral region of northern China

This paper firstly selects 10 kinds of indexes to reflect eco-environment background condition and builds the multi-subject spatial database by using ground meteorological data, remote sensing data and DEM. It then discusses in detail the methods about evaluating eco-environment background condition and analyzing eco-environment change. The eco-environment background conditions of 1989 and 1999 are synthetically appraised. Finally, the paper analyzes the spatial distribution, quantitative change, the trend of change, the areas of change and the dynamic spatial pattern of eco-environment. The results are as follows: (1) The eco-environment background condition becomes worse from southeast to northwest in the farming-pastoral region of northern China. (2) The eco-environment background condition deteriorates from 1989 to 1999. (3) In the adjacent areas of Shanxi-Shaanxi-Inner Mongolia-Gansu-Ningxia, Horqin Sandy Land and its peripheries, and eastern Qinghai province, eco-environmental deterioration is very serious.     

中国北方农牧交错带生态环境的空间格局演变

1 IntroductionThe scope of the farm ing-pastoral region of northern China begins from the w est of G reatH inggan M ountains, w estw ards passes through southeastern Inner M ongolia, northern H ebei,Shanxiand Shaanxi,and then reaches the O rdos Plateau.It…     

黄淮海平原农区典型村庄用地扩展及其动力机制

以地处黄淮海平原农区的禹城市伦镇赵庄村为典型案例,利用高分辨率航空遥感数据为基本信息源,结合村庄逐户调查数据,通过土地利用分类与制图,定量研究典型村庄用地格局特征、扩展模式及其动力机制。结果表明:赵庄村土地利用呈"耕地—作业空间—居住空间"的圈层式空间格局。2008年村庄用地规模比1967年增加了1.26倍,主要表现为宅基地的扩展和打谷场用地增长,1985~1990年村庄用地扩展速度最快,村庄用地在空间上向西和向南方向扩展显著。村庄用地扩展主要表现为渐进式蔓延扩展、突变式非地扩展和填充式补充扩展三个阶段。农户居住需求增长与农业生产规模扩大是村庄用地扩展的内生动力,村庄内部条件与外围环境的巨大反差是村庄用地向外扩展的外部环境动力,农户收入增长为村庄用地扩展提供了经济基础,而村庄土地规划缺失与管理缺位使村庄用地扩展失去约束力,这些因素相互作用,共同驱动村庄用地扩展。最后,针对村庄用地扩展存在的问题,提出了促进村庄土地可持续利用的对策建议。     

黄淮海平原耕地功能演变的时空特征及其驱动机制

本文以县域为基本研究单元,从经济、社会及生态三个维度构建了耕地功能评价指标体系,分析了黄淮海平原耕地功能演化的时空特征,利用耦合动态度模型探讨了耕地功能间耦合关系的演变。在此基础上,利用空间计量模型,对耕地功能演化的驱动机制进行了定量分析。研究结果表明：① 1990-2010年间,冀中南及豫东地区部分欠发达县市耕地经济功能明显增强,发达的城市群及其腹地受工业化及城镇化影响较大,耕地经济功能持续下降;60.29%的县域单元耕地的社会功能下降,增强区主要集聚于郑州北部、德州及沧州西部、烟台、威海等区域;生态功能变化在空间格局上基本形成了以豫北、山东中部山地丘陵区为核心的增长区以及以环京津、环济南地区为核心的持续下降区。② 黄淮海平原耕地经济、社会及生态功能的耦合度及协调度空间差异显著,且退耦化现象日渐突出;经济发达地区耕地的社会及生态功能演化速率普遍滞后于经济功能。③ 黄淮海平原耕地的功能演化是区域本底因素与外部驱动因素综合作用的结果;城镇化与工业化进程中人口、产业的转型对耕地经济、社会及生态功能演化的强度及方向起决定性作用。并指出：黄淮海平原应激活农业现代化、产业化发展动力,促进传统农业的转型升级,充分考虑耕地功能演化的区域分异特征,实行由发达城市地区到欠发达传统农区的差异化、多元化的耕地多功能利用与管理模式。     

环渤海地区农业地域功能演进及其影响因素

农业地域功能是农业地理学的重点理论问题之一,也是关乎粮食安全和区域农业可持续发展的重要实践课题。以环渤海地区为例,通过构建评价体系开展农业地域功能划分及其演进分析,利用空间计量模型诊断农业地域多功能形成的影响因素。结果表明：① 环渤海地区生态保育功能的空间集中度较高,农产品供给、就业与社会保障、文化传承与休闲功能则较低,4种功能空间格局具有显著规律性。② 农产品供给功能显著增强,主要分布区域向平原农区聚集;就业与社会保障高值区从内陆向沿海转移;山地丘陵生态保育功能有所增强;市辖区及周边的文化传承和休闲功能较显著。③ 农产品供给功能主导型县域集中于冀中南平原、鲁西北冲击平原、胶莱平原和辽河平原西部;社会保障主导型集中在燕山山麓平原、滨海平原、胶东半岛以及黄河三角洲;生态保育主导型集中在冀北坝上高原、燕山山地地区,以及辽西、辽东山地丘陵区和京津冀都市圈周边;文化传承与休闲功能集中于京津冀、辽中南和济南都市圈及周边;综合型位于鲁西南黄淮平原与鲁中南丘陵地区。④ 自然因素对农产品供给、就业与社会保障和生态保育功能的形成均具有显著影响;社会经济因素对4种功能的作用则具有较大差异。     

60年来中国农业水热气候条件的时空变化

根据1951-2010年中国824个气象站点逐日观测数据选取与农作物生长密切相关的农业气候指标,按照年代将各指标站点数据空间化,求取前后期数据变化差值,分析中国农业水热气候条件的时空变化;进而对农业水热气候条件进行线性拟合,分析农业气候变化倾向。研究发现:60年来全国年平均气温、0℃积温和最冷月平均气温等值线均在不同程度上向北迁移,三者在全国大部分区域表现为显著增加趋势;全国最热月平均气温分成明显的下降和上升区,显著上升区集中在东北地区、内蒙古高原与东南沿海,黄河与长江中下游地区成为下降区;全国年降水量的增加趋势并没有通过显著检验。虽然对中国农业分布格局至关重要的400 mm等降水量线南段和800 mm等降水量线在整体上相对稳定,但是黄河与长江中下游地区最热月平均气温的下降趋势和最冷月平均气温等值线尤其是0℃等值线逐渐从秦岭—淮河一带北移到黄河一线,这对中国作物的分布、耕作制度等会产生重要影响。因此,高温、低温与农作物生长期热量供应以及水分的复杂变化对农业的影响将因区域差异与作物种类而变化,后续的研究可以考虑更多因素来分析农作物的适宜种植范围及区域农业对气候变化的适应。     

黄淮海平原中部地区村庄格局演变实证分析

研究村庄格局演变,对于制定新时期农村土地利用政策、建设社会主义新农村有一定指导和借鉴意义。以江苏邳州市的吴楼村为典型实例,采用当面问询式访谈和GPS量测的方法分析黄淮海平原中部地区村庄格局的演变。结果表明:1)该村经历了新中国成立前绝对缓慢发展、改革开放前相对缓慢发展以及20世纪80年代快速扩张、90年代稳定前进、新世纪逐步衰退的系列演化格局,并伴随道路和池塘的相应变化。2) 经济原因、社会结构演变、城镇化、村民传统观念变革及不同时期国家政策影响是村庄格局演变的主要因素,而村内人口数量变化是根本。3) 改革开放以前村庄规模变化较小,改革开放以来至90年代是村庄规模扩大最明显的时期,2000年左右村庄内部空弃房屋开始增多。4) 新中国成立后,人口大量增加、改革开放和市场经济发展、核心家庭地位提升以及保护耕地意识淡薄等是村庄规模大面积扩张的主要原因。5) 近期村庄空废房屋大量出现主要缘于城镇化和市场经济影响、户籍管理制度不断放松、种粮比较效益低及计划生育政策实施等。     

Regional agricultural landscape pattern changes along the Yellow River in Henan Province from 1987 to 2002

Agricultural landscape along the riparian zones is designated as important landscape components for partly controlling water quality, biodiversity, as well as for their aesthetic role in landscapes. Therefore, the change of agricultural landscape along the riparian zones is at the top of the agenda for many policy makers and landscape planners. As a basis for conservation management, sufficient information about landscape structure should be provided. In the present study, we reconstructed the former landscape structure and elucidated the changes in landscape patterns during a period of about 15 years. Two sets of maps were used: a landsat-5 TM image (1987) and landsat-7 ETM image (2002). The frequency index, landscape diversity index and landscape fragmentation index were calculated for analyses. The results showed that: (1) the areas of the irrigated land, river, forest and beach landscape classes presented a decreasing trend while the areas of landscape classes of pool, paddy fields, dry land and construction land increased. (2) Disturbed by human activity, landscape diversity index increased but landscape fragmentation index decreased. In short, Human activities have had important influences on agricultural landscape of the riparian zones along the Yellow River in Henan Province.     

河南黄河下游沿岸地区农业景观格局演变

1 Introduction Agriculturallandscape is the m osaics ofnaturaland hum an-managed patches thatvary in size, shape and arrangement(Forman and Gordron,1986).The spatialpattern in the landscape may influence a variety of ecological processes,such as water run…     

Spatio-temporal differentiation of landscape ecological niche in western ecological frangible region： A case study of Yan＇an region in northwestern China

In this study, we attempt to put forward a conception of landscape ecological niche, enlightened by international scholars on extending the ecological niche theory from spatial niche to functional niche. That is helpful for comprehensively appraising landscape spatial patterns and ecological functions, also, presents a new method for analyzing landscape features from multidimensional aspects. The practice process is demonstrated by taking Yan＇an region in northwestern China as a case. Firstly, the indices system including spatial attribute and functional attribute is established for assessing landscape ecological niche. Additionally, two-dimensional figures are drawn for comparing the spatio-temporal features of landscape ecological niche in 1987 and 2000 among the 13 administrative counties. The results show that from 1987 to 2000, towards Yan＇an region, spatial attribute value of landscape ecological niche changes from 1.000 to 1.178 with an obvious increment, and functional attribute value changes from 0.989 to 1.069 with a little increment, both of which enhance the regional landscape ecological niche. Towards each county, spatial attribute value of landscape ecological niche increases to different extent while functional attribute value changes dissimilarly with an increment or a decrement.     

黄淮海平原雨养条件下冬小麦水分胁迫分析

雨养条件下的水分胁迫分析能够反映当地气候土壤条件下作物生长的水分环境对农作物生长的影响,可为农业干旱管理及灌溉策略的实施提供依据,减少农业干旱的发生。本文在阐述EPIC(Environmental Policy Integrated Climate Model)作物生长模型水分胁迫计算过程的基础上,模拟黄淮海平原冬小麦在雨养条件下的生长过程,分析水分胁迫现象的时空分异。结果发现,研究区内自然降雨远不能满足冬小麦的正常生长,从水分胁迫现象发生时间上讲,雨养条件下在冬小麦生长期后段(5月中旬以后)水分胁迫现象较为严重,以5月下旬最为严重,重度水分胁迫发生频率高达48.2%;从区域分布上分析,冀鲁豫低洼平原区和山东丘陵农林区水分胁迫现象在整个研究时间段上均较为突出。     

中国县域农业劳动力变化与农业经济发展的时空耦合及其对乡村振兴的启示

基于中国县域1991年、2000年、2010年3期截面数据,利用定量和GIS空间分析法,研究了在快速城镇化背景下,农业劳动力变化与农业经济发展的耦合特征和时空格局。结果表明：① 1991-2010年中国县域农业劳动力总体呈减少趋势且减少幅度逐渐增加,1991-2000年、2000-2010年分别减少4.91%和15.50%;从空间分布上看,中国农业劳动力数量呈“东减西增”的空间演变特征。② 1991-2010中国县域农业经济呈持续增长态势,总量增长140.13%,但区域差异明显;农业产值占区域GDP的比重逐渐减小,呈现出东低西高的分布特征。③ 产劳弹性系数的耦合类型主要以农业经济、农业劳动力“同增”的增长型和农业经济增长、农业劳动力减少的集约型为主,分别分布在中国的西北和东南部地区;耦合类型为“滞后型”“衰落型”和“衰退型”的区域与中国贫困发生率高的地域较为吻合,1991-2010年各耦合类型整体呈良性发展态势。最后根据产劳弹性系数的耦合类型和空间分布特征,提出促进一二三产融合发展和乡村经济振兴的政策建议。     

Agricultural labor changes and agricultural economic development in China and their implications for rural vitalization

Journal of Geographical Sciences - Based on panel data from 1991, 2000 and 2010 at the county level in China, this study analyzed the coupling characteristics and spatio-temporal patterns of...     

The impact of land use on soil properties in a karst agricultural region of Southwest China:a case study of Xiaojiang watershed, Yunnan

Supported by RS and GIS, the land use change from 1982 to 2003 were analyzed and the impacts of land use changes on pH value, organic matter, total N, total P, total K, available N, available P, and available K in soil of Xiaojiang watershed, a typical karst agricultural region of Yunnan Province, Southwest China were assessed. The following aspects are concluded. (1) The total land use converted during the past 20 years in Xiaojiang watershed covers an area of 610.12 km2, of which 134.29 km2 of forestland was converted into cultivated land, and 210 km2 of unused land was converted into cultivated land. (2) The rapid growth of population and the economic development were the main driving forces of land use change. (3) With the change in land use, the soil properties have been changed significantly. The pH, organic matter, total N, total P, total K, available N, available P and available K in soil in 1982 were 6.3, 38.02 g kg-1, 1.86 g kg-1, 1.63 g kg-1, 10.94 g kg-1, 114.42 g kg-1, 11.65 mg kg-1 and 64.69 mg kg-1g, respectively; and those in 2003 were 6.73, 25.26 g kg-1, 1.41 g kg-1, 0.99 g kg-1, 12.6 g kg-1, 113.43 mg kg-1, 11.11 mg kg-1 and 151.59 mg kg-1, respectively. Pared samples t-test of the tested indices of soil properties indicate that those indices have changed significantly during the last 20 years. But the soil properties changed differently, due to the differences in land use change. (4) Also, with the change in land use and management measures of soil, the modifications in soil properties which developed from carbonate rocks were more sensitive than those in the soil developed from sandstone.     

典型岩溶农业区土地利用变化对土壤性质的影响——以云南小江流域为例

1 Introduction Because of modifying land-cover (Turner et al., 1991) and management measures of soil (Dalal, 1986), land use changes can cause significant modifications in soil properties (Islam, 2000; Mcalister, 1998; Braimoh, 2004; Lal, 1996; Shepherd, …