Influence of solar activity on winter temperatures: New climatological evidence

Winter temperatures in the Netherlands for the period 1634–1977 (344 years) have been analysed for the years in odd and even solar cycles separately. It is found that on average the odd-cycle years have lower and more variable winter temperatures than the even-cycle years. The indicated differences are statistically significant and show up in the 17th and 18th as well as in the more recent centuries. Most probably the effect is caused by an observed slight difference in the preferred location (Iceland or Scandinavia) of North Atlantic pressure systems in alternate solar cycles.     

Observations of the Takata flocculation reaction in serum of normal persons during the total eclipse of the sun,February 15, 1961

Summary Takata tests were performed simultaneously under and outside an iron screen before, during, and after the solar eclipse of 15^th February 1961. Under the screen, the rate of flocculation remained constant throughout the period of observation. Outside the screen it showed higher values before and after the eclipse but decreased during the eclipse reaching the same value as found under the screen.

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Zusammenfassung Während der Sonnenfinsternis vom 15. Februar 1961 durchgeführte Versuche mit demTakata-Test außerhalb und unter einer Eisenabschirmung ergaben eine unveränderte Flockungszahl unter der Abschirmung vor, während und nach der Sonnenfinsternis, dagegen während der Sonnenfinsternis eine Abnahme der sonst bei Messungen außerhalb der Abschirmung festgestellten höheren Flockungszahl auf den unter der Abschirmung gefundenen Wert.

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Résumé Lors de l'éclipse de soleil du 15 février 1961, l'auteur a effectué des tests deTakata sous un écran de fer et au-dehors du dit écran. Ces essais ont montré que, sous l'écran, l'indice de flocculation restait constant avant, pendant et après l'éclipse. Au-dehors de l'écran par contre, cet indice a nettement diminué durant l'éclipse. Il est normalement plus élevé au-dehors de l'écran que dessous.

     

Response of the Intensity of Subtropical High in the Northern Hemisphere to Solar Activity

Using the intensity data of each northern subtropical high measured by monthly 500 hPa height charts for the recent 38 years (1954-1991), we calculate their correlations with the monthly sunspot number and monthly solar radio flux at 10.7 cm wave length, respectively. Through strict test, we further confirm a series of high correlations. Next, using a method called the non-integer (year) wave, the significant response of each subtropical high’s intensity to so-lar activity at its main period of 10.9-year length is found. Special attention is paid to that of the eastern Pacific high, the possible mechanism of such sensible response is also analysed.     

太阳活动与北半球副热带高压强度的耦合振荡

近28年(1954—1981)逐月太阳黑子数和北半球500hPa各海洋副高面积指数存在着十分显著的后延l—3年的高相关.后者的功率谱分析显示出存在着明显的11和22年振动,且和太阳活动相应的周期很好地耦合.西太平洋副高面积(强度)指数最显著的周期为11年,其次才是受赤道东太平洋海温影响的3.67年振动.     

Influence of atmospheric circulation patterns on local cloud and solar variability in Bergen,Norway

In a previous paper, we have shown that long-term cloud and solar observations (1965–2013) in Bergen, Norway (60.39°N, 5.33°E) are compatible with a largely cloud dominated radiative climate. Here, we explicitly address the relationship between the large scale circulation over Europe and local conditions in Bergen, identifying specific circulation shifts that have contributed to the observed cloud and solar variations. As a measure of synoptic weather patterns, we use the Grosswetterlagen (GWL), a daily classification of European weather for 1881–2013. Empirical models of cloud cover, cloud base, relative sunshine duration, and normalised global irradiance are constructed based on the GWL frequencies, extending the observational time series by more than 70 years. The GWL models successfully reproduce the observed increase in cloud cover and decrease in solar irradiance during the 1970s and 1980s. This cloud-induced dimming is traced to an increasing frequency of cyclonic and decreasing frequency of anticyclonic weather patterns over northern Europe. The changing circulation patterns in winter can be understood as a shift from the negative to the positive phase of the North Atlantic and Arctic Oscillation. A recent period of increasing solar irradiance is observed but not reproduce by the GWL models, suggesting this brightening is associated with factors other than large scale atmospheric circulation, possibly decreasing aerosol loads and local cloud shifts.     

Interdisciplinary studies of solar activity and climate change

<正>1.Introduction The solar flux is considered the fundamental energy source of earth’s climate system,and the earth’s motion greatly influences climate change over long time scales(Imbrie and Imbrie 1980;Ruddiman 2001).Modern global climate change is one of the core issues in research on climate change.The degree to which astronomy and earth motion factors,which are characterized by quite weak and slow variations,     

太阳活动对中国东部夏季降水异常的可能影响

太阳活动与气候变化的关系急需深入进行探索性研究,本文的分析研究表明,中国东部夏季降水与太阳活动有明显的关系。强(弱)太阳活动年,华北平原和东北南部地区少(多)雨,西北地区却多(少)雨,而江淮地区的夏季降水量也偏多(少);太阳活动与夏季的梅雨量存在着既显著又复杂的相关关系,而且它们间的相关关系还随时间有年代际变化。强(弱)太阳活动有利于在中国上空造成500 hPa位势高度出现正(负)异常,并与夏季降水异常的形势较为相配,可认为是太阳活动影响中国东部降水的重要途经。尽管目前尚未形成完整的理论,但基于已有的观测和分析研究,作为一个讨论内容,我们提出了一些关于太阳活动影响天气气候变化的初步看法。     

A relationship between solar activity and frequency of natural disasters in China

The relationship between the length of the solar cycle, a good indicator of long-term change in solar activity, and natural disasters (drought, flood, and strong earthquakes) in China during the last 108 years is analyzed. The results suggest that the length of solar cycle may be a useful indicator for drought/flood and strong earthquakes. When the solar activity strengthens, we see the length of the solar cycle shorten and more floods occur in South China and frequent strong earthquakes happen in the Tibetan Plateau,but the droughts in East China as well as the strong earthquakes in Taiwan and at the western boundary of China are very few. The opposite frequencies occur when the solar activity weakens. The current study indicates that the solar activity may play an important role in the climate extremes and behavior in the lithosphere.     

中高层（60-120km）大气电参数非线性效应对地闪回击电磁场传播的影响

基于麦克斯韦方程组,通过综合考虑电子热效应和电离、吸附效应的非线性变化,利用二维时域有限差分算法(2D FDTD),建立了对流层-中高层大气电动力耦合模式,分析了中高层大气电参数的非线性效应对地闪回击电磁场传播的影响。结果表明,对微秒量级的地闪回击辐射场而言,在60 km以下,由于弛豫时间为毫秒量级,不需要考虑电参数的非线性效应。而在60 km以上的空间,由于弛豫时间快速减小至小于微秒量级,必须考虑电参数非线性效应带来的影响。如果考虑中高层大气电参数非线性效应,距地面90 km高度处地闪回击辐射场峰值明显减小,其中,垂直电场受影响最明显,场峰值最大可减小75%左右,而水平电场受影响相对较小。因为垂直电场脉冲持续时间为几百微秒,而水平电场脉冲持续时间仅为几十微秒,电磁场脉冲持续时间越长,受微秒量级中高层大气电介质弛豫时间的影响越大。     

太阳准周期变化对北半球夏季平流层加热率的影响

采用1979—2013年6—8月欧洲中期数值预报中心ERA-Interim逐月再分析资料和2004—2010年6—8月美国国家大气和海洋管理局太阳光谱辐照度资料,利用北京气候中心大气辐射模式,计算了北半球平流层夏季臭氧加热率(Ozone Heating Rate,OHR)和净加热率(Net Heating Rate,NHR),分析了太阳准11 a变化中太阳活动强年与弱年纬向平均OHR(NHR)的差异,并讨论了差异形成的原因。结果表明:太阳活动强年比弱年的紫外辐射明显要强,导致OHR、NHR整层增强,且随高度增加而增加;臭氧浓度在平流层下层较小,在平流层上层较大,该变化导致OHR、NHR有类似的变化型,且稍向高处偏移;OHR、NHR在平流层上层的变化,由紫外辐射和臭氧共同作用,其他地区均为臭氧起主要作用。     

Influence of the total atmospheric optical depth and cloud cover on solar irradiance components

Broadband solar irradiance data obtained in the spectral range 400–940 nm at Kwangju, South Korea from 1999–2000 have been analyzed to investigate the effects of cloud cover and atmospheric optical depth on solar radiation components. Results from measurements indicate that the percentage of direct and diffuse horizontal components of solar irradiance depend largely on total optical depth (TOD) and cloud cover. During summer and spring, the percentages of diffuse solar irradiance relative to the global irradiance were 5.0% and 4.9% as compared to 2.2% and 3.0% during winter and autumn. The diffuse solar irradiance is higher than the direct in spring and summer by 24.2%, and 40.6%, respectively, which may largely be attributed to the attenuation (scattering) of radiation by heavy dust pollution and large cloud amount. In cloud-free conditions with cloud cover ≤2/10, the fraction of the direct and diffuse components were 66.0% and 34.0%, respectively, with a mean daily global irradiance value of 7.92±2.91 MJ m⁻² day⁻¹. However, under cloudy conditions (with cloud cover ≥8/10), the diffuse and direct fractions were 97.9% and 2.2% of the global component, respectively. The annual mean TOD under cloudless conditions (cloud cover≤2/10) yields 0.74±0.33 and increased to as much as 3.15±0.67 under cloudy conditions with cloud amount ≥8/10. An empirical formula is derived for estimating the diffuse and direct components of horizontal solar irradiance by considering the total atmospheric optical depth (TOD). Results from statistical models are shown for the estimation of solar irradiance components as a function of TOD with sufficient accuracy as indicated by low standard error for each solar zenith angle (SZA).     

太阳活动11年周期对气候系统中准两年振荡的影响(英)

用一个有外强迫的、简单的动力系统研究气候系统中的准两年振荡(平均周期长度比两年稍长或稍短的准周期振荡)。结果显示,准两年周期性源于该系统对于受11年周期调制的季节强迫的非线性响应。当系统的非线性固定时,准两年震荡的周期长度和振幅随季节变化的强度和太阳活动11年周期变化的强度而变化。这可能是造成气候中准两年震荡的性质有时空变化的原因之一。     

New results regarding the influence of solar activity on the stratospheric-tropospheric exchange

Summary The dependence of stratospheric intrusions on solar events is analyzed on the basis of 8-years' recordings of the concentration of stratospheric radionuclides and the ozone at 3 km altitude, as well as of the atmospheric profile of the ozone concentration and the total ozone.A significant, even though weak influence of solar magnetic sector structure boundary passages of type-/+ can be identified, a seasonal influence, however, is also observed. The strong 50 to 80% increase in the frequency of stratospheric intrusions after solarH -flares is significant and completely independent of the phase of the solar cycle and season. The total atmospheric ozone shows also a correlation with solar flares: A well defined maximum on the day preceding the flare. The neutron density clearly shows the Forbush decrease on theH -key day. Using key days with Forbush minimum for the superposed epoch analysis reveals a significant maximum of the Be 7-concentration on the day before the flare (rise by about 45 to 60%).Notable is the following sequence: Approximately 3 days before the solar flare the neutron density begins to decrease, 1 to 2 days before the flare the total atmospheric ozone maximizes, and 2 to 3 days after the flare one finds the maximum of the Be 7 in the troposphere as a consequence of the stratospheric intrusion.Around days with maximum Be 7-concentration the reliability of weather forecasts is clearly reduced — a fact, which at this point is obviously indicative of an acute activation of a labile atmospheric condition.We selected some characteristic individual cases to demonstrate by means of tables the time lapse of typical solar atmospheric and geophysical variables associated with solar flares. The attendant structures of the vertical ozone profile are discussed.Some preliminary reflections on a physical link are set forth.

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Neue Ergebnisse über den Einfluß der Sonnenaktivität auf den stratosphärisch-troposphärischen Austausch

Zusammenfassung Anhand 8jähriger Registrierungen der Konzentration stratosphärischer Radionuklide und des Ozon in 3 km Höhe sowie des atmosphärischen Profils der Ozon-Konzentration und des Gesamt-Ozon wird die Abhängigkeit stratosphärischer Lufteinbrüche in die Troposphäre von solaren Ereignissen analysiert.Ein signifikanter, wenn auch schwacher Einfluß von Sektordurchgängen des interplanetarischen Magnetfeldes beim Polaritätswechsel vom Typ-/+ läßt sich nachweisen, jedoch geht ein jahreszeitlicher Einfluß mit ein.Signifikant und völlig unabhängig von der Phase des solaren Zyklus und der Jahreszeit ist die starke Zunahme der Häufigkeit bzw. der Stärke von stratosphärischen Lufteinbrüchen 2 bis 3 Tage nachH -Eruptionen (Zunahme um 50 bis 80%). Das atmosphärische Gesamt-Ozon zeigt ebenfalls eine Korrelation mitH -Eruptionen: Ein gut ausgeprägtes Maximum am Tag vor der Eruption wird festgestellt. Die Neutronendichte zeigt amH -Stichtag deutlich den Forbush-Effekt. Verwendet man Stichtage mit einem Forbush-Effekt für die Überlagerungs-Analyse, so findet man am Tage vor dem Stichtag ein signifikantes Maximum der Be 7-Konzentration (Anstieg um 45–60%). Auffallend ist die folgende Zeitfolge: Etwa 3 Tage vor derH -Eruption beginnt die Neutronendichte abzusinken, 1 bis 2 Tage vor der Eruption erreicht das atmosphärische Gesamt-Ozon das Maximum, 2 bis 3 Tage nach derH -Eruption findet man das Maximum des Be 7 in der Troposphäre als Folge der stratosphärischen Lufteinbrüche.Um Tage mit maximaler Be 7-Konzentration ist die Treffsicherheit von Wetterprognosen eindeutig reduziert. Man hat es also zu diesem Zeitpunkt offensichtlich mit der akuten Aktivierung eines labilen atmosphärischen Zustandes zu tun.Anhand von Tabellen wird der zeitliche Ablauf von charakteristischen solaren atmosphärischen und geophysikalischen Größen im Zusammenhang mit solaren Ereignissen für einige charakteristische Einzelfälle dargelegt. Die zugehörigen Strukturen des vertikalen Ozon-Profiles werden besprochen.Einige vorläufige Gedanken über einen Kausalzusammenhang werden dargelegt.

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With 12 Figures     

Influence of the Mascarene High and Australian High on the Summer Monsoon in East Asia： Ensemble Simulation

By using a nine-level atmospheric general circulation model developed at the Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP 9L AGCM), two sets of numerical experiments are carried out to investigate the influence of the Mascarene high (MH) and Australian high (AH) over the southern subtropics upon the East Asian summer monsoon circulation and summer precipitation in East Asia. The use of ensemble statistics is adopted to reduce the simulation errors. The result shows that with the intensification of MH, the Somali low-level jet is significantly enhanced together with the summer monsoon circulation in the tropical Asia and western Pacific region. Furthermore, the anticyclonic anomaly in the tropical western Pacific to the east of the Philippines may induce a weak East-Asia-Pacific teleconnection pattern. In the meantime,geopotential height in the Tropics is enhanced while it is reduced over most regions of mid-high latitudes,thus the northwestern Pacific subtropical high at 500 hPa extends southwestward, resulting in more rainfall in southern China and less rainfall in northern China. A similar anomaly pattern of the atmospheric circulation systems is found in the experiment of the intensification of AH. On the other hand, because the cross-equatorial currents associated with AH are much weaker than the Somali jet, the anomaly magnitude caused by the intensification of AH is generally weak, and the influence of AH on summer rainfall in China seems to be localized in southern China. Comparison between the two sets of experiments indicates that MH plays a crucial role in the interactions of general atmospheric circulation between the two hemispheres.     

Measurements of solar radiation and estimation of optical depth in the high Andes of Peru

Summary During an expedition to the high Andes of Southern Peru in June–July 1977, measurements of direct solar radiation in four spectral bands (0.270–0.530–0.630–0.695–2.900 ) were conducted at six sites in elevations ranging from sea level to 5645 m. These measurements were evaluated in Langley plots to determine total optical depths () and irradiances at the top of the atmosphere. In addition, water vapor optical depths (_wv) were calculated from the mean radiosounding over Lima during the expedition, and Rayleigh (_ray) and ozone (_oz) optical depths were obtained from published tabulations. Subtracting _ray, _oz, and _wv from yielded estimates of aerosol optical depth _aer. The components _ray and _oz decrease from the shorter towards the longer wavelength bands and from the lower towards the higher elevation sites; _aer also decreases towards the higher elevations. Particularly pronounced is the decrease of _aer and from the lowlands of the Pacific coast to the highlands of the interior, reflecting the effect of a persistent lower-tropospheric inversion and the contrast from the marine boundary layer to the clear atmosphere of the high Andes.With 4 Figures     

On the relation between surface wind and pressure gradient,especially in lower latitudes

Observations show that the angle between surface wind and isobar increases equatorward in low latitudes while the ratio of surface to geostrophic wind speed decreases. With the use of Southern Hemisphere winter fields of surface pressure and temperature over the oceans, and Rossby number similarity theory (including the effects of baroclinicity) in several different forms, the expected latitudinal variation of the angle and ratio has been computed. A check has also been made of mean ATEX and BOMEX data. It appear that the variations with latitude are probably mainly due to baroclinicity. With this factor taken into account, similarity theory fairly adequately explains the observations.A recently proposed form of similarity theory based on the assumption of very strong momentum mixing in the boundary layer was also tested. It predicts the equatorward increase of the angle, even without baroclinicity. Quantitatively the results of the test are not in good agreement with observation. However, the strong convective mixing assumed in the theory does not generally occur over the oceans, and this test must be regarded as inconclusive.