近场水下爆炸对背空圆板冲击作用仿真研究

在一定的假设条件下,圆板在空气中接触爆炸具有理论解;而在水介质中,近场条件下很难推导理论解。 通过 LS-Dyna 近场条件下全过程模拟计算技术研究水下爆炸载荷对水面圆板冲击作用,得到自由场压力、气泡脉动周期及最大半径、水射流速度等典型特征参数的变化规律,与理论分析结果一致。 揭示了气泡第一周期内脉动形态发展变化过程,获取了结构应力响应、圆板结构变形。 该技术可进一步应用于近场水下爆炸对水面舰船的毁伤评估工作。     

无限水域中壳体对爆破型战斗部爆炸威力的影响研究

基于战斗部水中爆炸威力评估方法,选取某型爆破型战斗部为研究对象,通过建立有效的爆破型战斗部有限元模型,设计出科学合理的仿真计算工况,利用 ALE 方法分析研究无限水域中壳体对爆破型战斗部爆炸威力的影响。 结果表明:壳体对爆炸威力的影响呈现出振荡衰减特性,且爆距越近振荡越大,爆距越远衰减越明显;壳体密度越大振荡越大,衰减越大。 可为水中兵器爆炸威力设计与评估提供参考。     

战斗部跌落响应数值分析

为了研究某型战斗部跌落的安全性,采用ABAQUS有限元分析软件对战斗部5 m高度多角度跌落过程进行数值模拟分析,得到不同条件下战斗部跌落的结构变形和装药响应,并结合跌落试验进行验证。结果表明：相同高度,头部向下倾斜15°跌落时装药压力最大,为危险角度,通过点火增长模型计算得出未反应物密度增加0.73%,小于起爆阈值1%,不会发生点火反应,与战斗部跌落试验结果一致,验证了数值分析的正确性。研究结论为战斗部的设计及跌落试验实施提供参考。     

环肋圆柱壳体在水下冲击波作用下的动力弹塑性屈曲

本文以加肋圆柱壳体为对象建立力学模型，在水下爆炸产生的冲击波作用下，考虑流体与结构的耦合效应，研究加肋圆柱壳体的弹塑性失稳变形量及动力响应特性。数值分析显示出的最终变形形状和压力变化过程与实验资料一致的     

海底管道水下气体扩散FLUENT仿真分析

海底管道气体扩散到自由表面的半径及泉涌高度是进行水下气体泄漏风险分析的关键因素。利用FLUENT软件中的VOF模型和DPM模型耦合方式,对海底管道气体竖向扩散进行了仿真。模拟了水气两相交界面的行为,研究了气泡粒子扩散过程,分析了气泡粒子的扩散半径及轴向位移,讨论了不同泄漏速率对水下气体上升时间及水气两相交界面中泉涌高度的影响。通过模型中的水气两相交界面中泉涌高度和上升时间与实验结果的比较,验证了模型在一定条件下的正确性。     

海洋表层气泡运动规律的研究

建立了海洋表层气泡运动和半径变化的数学模型,通过计算发现一定深度的气泡存在一个临界半径;在一定初始深度气泡的半径小于临界半径时不能到达水面,随着时间的增长,气泡半径逐渐变小,直至最终溶解;气泡的半径大于临界半径时,气泡随着时间的增长,半径逐渐增大,直至达到水面破碎;气泡的初始深度不同,其临界半径也不同;半径在临界点附近的气泡的存活时间最长.对海洋表层气泡运动规律的研究对了解海洋表层气泡的分布规律有重要意义.     

圆筒水下爆炸冲击响应

旨在研究声固耦合法模拟水下爆炸对圆筒的冲击,运用大型有限元软件 ABAQUS 声固耦合算法分别对密封圆筒与透水圆筒水下爆炸模型进行计算分析,并与理论公式结果进行对比分析。结果表明：利用 ABAQUS 声固耦合算法可以比较准确地模拟圆筒水下爆炸分析,能够满足工程要求;另外,在相同的水下爆炸作用下,透水圆筒比密封圆筒具有更好的抗爆炸和抗冲击性能。     

水下滑翔器耐压壳体的设计与优化

采用特征值屈曲分析方法对水下滑翔器耐压壳体的结构参数进行了分析,计算了结构参数在不同取值情况下壳体的临界失稳压力,在分析比较计算结果的基础上,确定了耐压壳结构参数的最优数值。计算结果表明,优化设计得到的壳体即能满足抗压稳定性和机械强度要求,又最大限度地减轻了壳体的重量,与最初的设计方案相比,壳体重量减轻了1.51 kg,同时也使壳体内部空间得到了加大,其中中间段内部空间直径扩大了8 mm。     

水下节流阀砂粒冲蚀数值模拟研究

在海洋油气开发中,水下节流阀作为水下生产系统的重要组成部分,用于调节生产单元的流量,冲蚀是其主要失效因素之一,因此研究水下节流阀冲蚀失效的影响机理尤为重要。以某笼套式角型水下节流阀为研究对象,建立了水下节流阀的三维流体域模型,采用ANSYS Fluent的标准k-ε湍流模型、DPM离散相模型和Generic冲蚀模型进行了不同开度下的流场数值模拟计算和冲蚀分析,研究了流场环境参数对冲蚀的影响。对水下节流阀流场数值模拟结果进行分析,得到了水下节流阀流场内流速、压力的分布规律。对不同开度下水下节流阀的冲蚀数值模拟结果进行分析,发现节流孔处是冲蚀最为严重区域,得到了冲蚀率随开度的变化曲线。对不同流场环境参数下水下节流阀的冲蚀数值模拟结果进行分析,得到了最大冲蚀率和最大冲蚀深度随流场环境参数的变化规律。根据数值模拟的分析及结论可以对水下节流阀结构进行改进,并在油气生产中对流场环境参数进行控制,提高海洋油气开发的经济效益。     

深海采矿机器人行走液压系统特性研究

针对深海采矿机器人"鲲龍500"行走液压系统,建立深海采矿机器人行走液压系统理论模型,分析深海高压和低温环境对油液特性影响,并基于AMESim软件平台,建立深海采矿机器人行走液压系统数值模型,研究了0～6 000 m不同作业深度下的行走液压系统泵和马达的动态特性,以及在6 000 m水深时不同牌号液压油和行走启动特性对其行走性能的影响,对比分析了深海采矿机器人水池行走试验和500 m海底行走试验的行走泵的输出压力与流量曲线与其数值模拟曲线。研究表明,随着超过1 000 m作业水深的增加,深海行走液压系统的动态响应性能和稳定性显著降低,通过减小行走输入电压斜坡斜率和减小控制电压可以提高行走液压系统的稳定性,并通过试验验证了行走液压系统数值建模与仿真的正确性,为深海液压系统研究提供理论基础。     

Transient dynamic response of submerged sphere shell with an opening subjected to underwater explosion

This investigation applies the time domain FEM/DAA coupling procedure to predict the transient dynamic response of submerged sphere shell with an opening subjected to underwater explosions. The elastic–plastic material behavior of the transient fluid–structure interaction relate to structural response equation also presented herein. This analysis also examines the transient responses of structures to different charge distances. The effects of standoff distance on pressure time history of the shell to underwater explosion (3001b TNT) are presented. Additionally, the transient dynamic responses to underwater explosion shockwaves in the sea and the air are compared.     

On the determination of the mesh size for numerical simulations of shock wave propagation in near field underwater explosion

It is well known that the accuracy of mesh-based numerical simulations of underwater explosion strongly relies on the mesh size adopted in the analyses. Although a numerical analysis of underwater explosion can be performed with enough accuracy by using considerably fine meshes, such fine meshes may lead to substantially increase in the CPU time and the usage of computer memory. Thus, how to determine a suitable mesh size in numerical simulations is always a problem confronted when attempting to study the shock wave propagation resulting from underwater explosion and the subsequent response of structures. Considering that there is currently no universally accepted method for resolving this problem, this paper aims to propose a simple method to determine the mesh size for numerical simulations of near field underwater explosion. To this end, the mesh size effects on the shock wave propagation of underwater explosion are carefully investigated for different charge weights, through which the correlation between mesh sizes and charge weights is identified. Based on the numerical study, a dimensionless variable (λ), defined as the ratio of the radius of charge to the side length of element, is introduced to be the criterion for determining the mesh size in simulations. It is interesting to note that the presented method is suitable for various charge weights. By using the proposed meshing rule, adequate balance between solution accuracy and computational efficiency can be achieved for different blast scenarios in numerical simulations of underwater explosion.     

Estimation of Depth and Yield of Underwater Explosions From First and Second Bubble-Oscillation Periods

In this communication, a method is described for estimating the order of magnitude of energy yield and detonation depth for underwater explosions, based on the acoustical signals radiated. The method determines the ratio of the periods of the first two oscillations made by the gas bubble formed by an explosion, with bubble-oscillation periods being extracted from the cepstra of signals recorded on hydrophones. The results of laboratory studies, taken from the literature [H. G. Snay and R. V Tipson, “Charts for the parameters of migrating explosion bubbles,” Tech. Rep., NOLTR 62–184 (1963)], are used to convert this ratio into a measure of the maximum bubble radius achieved during the first oscillation, expressed as a fraction of the detonation depth. This fraction, combined with the period of the first oscillation, allows detonation depth and explosion energy yield to be estimated on an order-of-magnitude basis. The method is applied to signals gathered in the Pacific Ocean, at ranges of thousands of kilometers from a series of chemical explosions. Reported values of detonation depths and explosion yields are shown to agree with the order-of-magnitude estimates derived using the method. The method is shown to have a bias towards underestimating explosion energy yield. It is hypothesized that this bias results from the different scales of the at-sea explosions and the laboratory measurements on which the estimation method is based. The uncertainty associated with the method's estimation of charge yield is comparable with those of seismic methods for the estimation of energy yields of underground nuclear tests.      

Investigation on the Cavitation Effect of Underwater Shock near Different Boundaries

When the shock wave of underwater explosion propagates to the surfaces of different boundaries, it gets reflected. Then, a negative pressure area is formed by the superposition of the incident wave and reflected wave. Cavitation occurs when the value of the negative pressure falls below the vapor pressure of water. An improved numerical model based on the spectral element method is applied to investigate the cavitation effect of underwater shock near different boundaries, mainly including the feature of cavitation effect near different boundaries and the influence of different parameters on cavitation effect. In the implementation of the improved numerical model, the bilinear equation of state is used to deal with the fluid field subjected to cavitation, and the field separation technique is employed to avoid the distortion of incident wave propagating through the mesh and the second-order doubly asymptotic approximation is applied to simulate the non-reflecting boundary. The main results are as follows. As the peak pressure and decay constant of shock wave increases, the range of cavitation domain increases, and the duration of cavitation increases. As the depth of water increases, the influence of cavitation on the dynamic response of spherical shell decreases.     

The evaluation method of total damage to ship in underwater explosion

Whipping response will happen when a ship is subjected to underwater explosion bubble load. In that condition, the hull would be broken, and even the survivability will be completely lost. A calculation method on the dynamic bending moment of bubble has been put forward in this paper to evaluate the impact of underwater explosion bubble load on the longitudinal strength of surface ships. Meanwhile the prediction equation of bubble dynamic bending moment has been concluded with the results of numerical simulation. With wave effect taken into consideration, the evaluation method of the total damage of a ship has been established. The precision of this evaluation method has been proved through the comparison with calculation results. In order to verify the validity of the calculation results, experimental data of real ship explosion is applied. Prediction equation and evaluation method proposed in this paper are to be used in ship structure design, especially in the preliminary prediction of the ultimate withstanding capability of underwater explosion damage for the integrated ship in preliminary design phase.     

Dynamic response of cylindrical shell structures subjected to underwater explosion

This study investigated the linear and nonlinear dynamic responses of three cylindrical shell structures subjected to underwater small charge explosions in a 4 m×4 m×4 m water tank. The dimensions of the cylindrical shell structures were 90 cm×30 cm×1 mm (length×diameter×thickness). Both ends of the cylindrical shell were mounted with thick plates to provide support and create an enclosed space. The three cylindrical shell structures were un-stiffened, internally stiffened and externally stiffened, respectively. The experiments involving the dynamic response of cylinders subjected to underwater explosion (UNDEX) were performed under different standoff distances, varying from 210 to 35 cm. A small quantity of explosives was used to generate the shock loading. The plastic deformation of the cylindrical shell was observed at a standoff distance of less than 50 cm. Other conditions were tested to examine cylinder linear response. Dynamic analyses were performed for the experimental model using FEM and compared with the test results. The accelerations and dynamic strains of cylindrical shells obtained from the experiment were compared with those obtained by FE analysis. Finally, problems related to small-scale UNDEX experiments performed in small water tanks were analyzed.     

Experimental investigation of bubble dynamics near the bilge with a circular opening

Highly dependent on boundary conditions, the behaviors of underwater explosion (UNDEX) bubbles would be quite unusual near boundaries that are discontinuous with abrupt changes in shape, e.g. ship structures that have already been deformed by previous attacks. The oscillation features of the UNDEX bubble near the bilge with a circular opening representing previous deformation are studied experimentally with electric-spark-generated bubbles and high-speed photographing. The bubble behaviors are found highly dependent on two non-dimensional variables, D and Φ, representing the opening-bubble distance and the opening diameter, respectively. Seven distinctive oscillation scenarios are summarized from 180 experiments, namely the ‘rim-constrained oscillation’, the ‘inward jet’, the ‘outward jet’, the ‘bump and dimple’, the ‘quasi-spherical oscillation’, the ‘spherical oscillation with jet’ and the ‘spherical oscillation without jet’. The occurrence domains of the scenarios are identified as functions of D and Φ. Significantly affected by the opening, the bubble behaviors are quite different from that near a non-opening bilge; the bubble jet might not be formed, or even develop from inside the bilge, which indicates that the bubble load on the bilge should be re-evaluated. Finally the speeds, initiation time and displacements of the jets in different scenarios are measured and noticeable variation trends are found.     

Optimum design of multiple intersecting spheres deep-submerged pressure hull

The multiple intersecting spheres (MIS) pressure hull is a logical derivative of the single unstiffened sphere, which is frequently used for deep operating, small submersibles because of its attractive low buoyancy factor. This paper investigates the optimum design of an MIS deep-submerged pressure hull subjected to hydrostatic pressure, using a powerful optimization procedure combined the extended interior penalty function method (EIPF) with the Davidon–Fletcher–Powell (DFP) method. In this study, the thickness of the shell, the width of the rib-ring, the inner radius of the rib-ring and the angle of intersection of the spherical shell are selected as design variables, and structural failure and human requirements are considered to minimize the buoyancy factor. Additionally, a sensitivity analysis is performed to study the influence of the design variables on the optimal structural strength design. The results reveal that the shell thickness is most important to lobar buckling strength, and that rib-ring width, rib-ring inner radius and spherical shell intersection angle are most important to rib-ring hoop strength. Optimization results may provide a valuable reference for designers.     

Bble Size Distribution for Waves Propagating over A Submerged Breakwater

Experiments are carried out to study the characteristics of active bubbles entrained by breaking waves as these propagate over an abruptly topographical change or a submerged breakwater. Underwater sounds generated by the entrained air bubbles are detected by a hydrophone connected to a charge amplifier and a data acquisition system. The size distribution of the bubbles is then determined inversely from the received sound frequencies. The sound signals are converted from time domain to time-frequency domain by applying Gabor transform. The number of bubbles with different sizes are counted from the signal peaks in the time-frequency domain. The characteristics of the bubbles are in terms of bubble size spectra, which account for the variation in bubble probability density related to the bubble radius r. The experimental data demonstrate that the bubble probability density function shows a-2.39 power-law scaling with radius for r＞0.8 mm, and a-1.11 power law for r＜0.8 mm.