自然电位法在晶质石墨矿找矿中的应用——以南江尖山石墨矿、攀枝花新民石墨矿为例

方法实验发现南江尖山石墨矿勘探运用物探激电中梯采不到有效数据,后采取自然电位法进行面积工作,异常反应明显;攀枝花新民石墨矿实验发现两种方法都能取得效果,开展了自然电位法与激电中梯相结合的综合物探找矿实践,利用小比例尺的自然电位测量圈定异常靶区,再以激电中梯对异常靶区进行验证确认,极大地提高了物探准确率及工作效率。两个不同地区的石墨矿勘探结果表明,自然电位法这种古老简单的物探方法对某些区域的晶质石墨矿勘探效果显著,对四川南江地区、攀枝花地区的同类型晶质石墨矿勘探工作具有一定的参考价值。     

自然电位法在晶质石墨矿找矿中的应用——以南江尖山石墨矿、攀枝花新民石墨矿为例

方法实验发现南江尖山石墨矿勘探运用物探激电中梯采不到有效数据,后采取自然电位法进行面积工作,异常反应明显;攀枝花新民石墨矿实验发现两种方法都能取得效果,开展了自然电位法与激电中梯相结合的综合物探找矿实践,利用小比例尺的自然电位测量圈定异常靶区,再以激电中梯对异常靶区进行验证确认,极大地提高了物探准确率及工作效率。两个不同地区的石墨矿勘探结果表明,自然电位法这种古老简单的物探方法对某些区域的晶质石墨矿勘探效果显著,对四川南江地区、攀枝花地区的同类型晶质石墨矿勘探工作具有一定的参考价值。     

自然电位法在晶质石墨矿找矿中的应用——以南江尖山石墨矿、攀枝花新民石墨矿为例

方法实验发现南江尖山石墨矿勘探运用物探激电中梯采不到有效数据,后采取自然电位法进行面积工作,异常反应明显;攀枝花新民石墨矿实验发现两种方法都能取得效果,开展了自然电位法与激电中梯相结合的综合物探找矿实践,利用小比例尺的自然电位测量圈定异常靶区,再以激电中梯对异常靶区进行验证确认,极大地提高了物探准确率及工作效率。两个不同地区的石墨矿勘探结果表明,自然电位法这种古老简单的物探方法对某些区域的晶质石墨矿勘探效果显著,对四川南江地区、攀枝花地区的同类型晶质石墨矿勘探工作具有一定的参考价值。     

四川攀枝花晶质石墨矿电性特征及找矿评价

[研究目的]石墨具有高的电子导电性,电性呈现形式为低阻(<10-5Ω·m)高极化(>40％)特征,正是由于石墨的超低阻特性,在石墨矿地球物理勘查中经常遇到"低阻屏蔽"作用,因此,优选有效的电法勘探组合在石墨矿勘查中非常重要.[研究方法]本文选择四川攀枝花中坝晶质石墨矿开展正演模拟,同时对典型矿床开展自然电位法和宽频电磁...     

中坝石墨矿与三大湾石墨矿成矿地质条件对比

攀枝花中坝石墨矿与"三大湾"石墨矿位于康滇基底断隆带中段西缘大田背斜两翼,两者成矿地质条件存在一定的对称性(相似性)和差异性,"中坝"石墨矿位于混合花岗岩内部("残留体"),矿石类型为片岩型石墨矿,具有石墨粒度大、品位高的特征;"三大湾"石墨矿位于混合花岗岩边缘,矿石类型为千枚岩型石墨矿,具有石墨粒度小、品位低、变质程度低、部分碳质尚未发生重结晶变质为石墨矿的特征。通过对两矿床地质成矿条件对比分析发现,引起这种矿石质量变化的原因在于热接触变质作用(花岗岩位置)的差异,因此热接触变质作用在该地区石墨矿成矿过程中起到关键性作用。     

物探方法在攀枝花三大湾石墨矿区的选择及运用效果

本文通过在攀枝花三大湾石墨矿区开展的多种物探方法为例,试验后确定大功率激电不适宜在本区采用,采用自然电场法与音频大地电磁测深法(AMT)相结合的综合物探方法,结合地质资料、钻探对物探异常进行综合解译确定矿(化)体的形态,取得了较好的找矿效果,为今后在寻找同类石墨矿床提供参考。     

物探方法在攀枝花三大湾石墨矿区的选择及运用效果

本文通过在攀枝花三大湾石墨矿区开展的多种物探方法为例,试验后确定大功率激电不适宜在本区采用,采用自然电场法与音频大地电磁测深法(AMT)相结合的综合物探方法,结合地质资料、钻探对物探异常进行综合解译确定矿(化)体的形态,取得了较好的找矿效果,为今后在寻找同类石墨矿床提供参考。     

攀枝花大田石墨矿床地质特征及成因北大核心CSCD

康滇地轴中段攀枝花大田地区石墨矿赋存于古元古界康定群变质岩层中,含矿岩性为黑云斜长片麻岩及混合岩化黑云斜长片麻岩,矿体呈层状、似层状。薄片鉴定石墨呈鳞片状,大鳞片石墨(>100目或>0.147mm)占比76.69%。主量元素分析矿段SiO_(2)含量比非矿段平均高14.73%,反映含矿段原岩石英含量更高。碳同位素分析δ^(13)C值在-19.5‰~-21.9‰之间,平均值-20.73‰,指示石墨为有机碳成因。赋矿岩石原岩恢复为一套富含有机质的沉积碎屑岩。认为大田石墨矿床属有机成因的区域变质型大鳞片晶质石墨矿,混合岩化作用有利于石墨片径增大。     

攀枝花石墨矿成矿地质规律及成矿模型初探

攀枝花地区地处扬子陆块西缘,大地构造位置位于上扬子古陆块康滇前陆逆冲带之康滇基底断隆带中段。通过对区域成矿地质背景、晶质石墨矿成矿地质条件及典型矿床地质特征等研究,初步探讨区内石墨矿的成矿规律及成矿模式,并提出找矿模型。研究结果表明:晶质石墨矿成矿时代主要集中于古元古界和中新元古界,赋矿地层为元古代康定岩群冷竹关组、中元古代盐边群渔门组和中元古代会理群天宝山组;成矿过程可分成四个阶段:沉积、区域变质、构造应力作用和混合岩化。     

内蒙古中部地区石墨矿专题地质填图进展与思考

在内蒙古中部地区开展接触变质型石墨矿1:5万专题地质填图试点工作,查明了接触变质石墨矿成矿要素和找矿标志。白云鄂博群尖山组一段炭质地层是石墨矿化的主要层位,经历低程度的区域变质作用,叠加了晚古生代岩浆活动的强烈接触变质改造,发生了大规模的石墨矿化。通过石墨矿专题地质调查,圈定了3处石墨找矿靶区,3处成矿远景区,预测远景资源储量大于2000×10~4t。不同于传统的矿产地质调查,以成矿作用为核心的专题地质调查工作,是以石墨成矿关键问题为导向,开展石墨成矿作用研究,构建成矿模型和找矿标志,从而指导矿产地质调查填图,可以快速圈定矿化异常,开展异常查证和评价,提高了找矿工作效率。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Mountains,nations, parks,and conservation

Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km² and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

NEW SET OF LOW CONCENTRATION STANDARDS FOR LA, CE, SM, YB, LU, Y, SC, V, NB AND TA IN SILICATES

We have developed a set of four synthetic standards for the rare earth and high field strength elements designed for use in the determination of those elements in silicates. The base material is a glass nominally at the eutectic of the MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ ternary system. The nominal doping level was 2 wt% of the elements as oxides. To avoid problems associated with peak interference, the elements were doped in four separate glasses.