甲壳寡糖的研究与应用

甲壳质 ,又名甲壳素、几丁质 ,主要存在于虾、蟹、蛹及昆虫等动物外壳以及菌类、藻类植物的细胞壁中［１］。甲壳质及其衍生物具有良好的吸湿性、成膜性、气透性、降解性、生物相溶性、无毒副作用以及不污染环境的优良性质 ,广泛应用于环保、水处理、食品、化工、医药、纺织、造纸、烟草、农业、化妆品、印染、生物医学、酶制剂、保健品、金属回收及提取等许多行业中。甲壳质作为一种纯天然可再生的自然资源 ,开发及应用具有极其深远的意义。但是 ,甲壳质的高度不溶性质极大地限制了它的应用 ,必须对甲壳质进行化学深加工 ,进行结构修饰 ,或…     

甲壳低聚糖的研究近况

甲壳质是节肢动物如虾、蟹和昆虫等外壳的重要成分,也是一些低等植物如真菌类的重要成分。据估计,自然界中每年甲壳质的生物合成量约为１０９～１０１０ｔ,它是地球上仅次于纤维素的第２大类再生有机资源。甲壳质的化学结构为Ｂ－（１,４）－２一乙酰氨基－Ｄ－葡萄糖的直链聚合物［１］,其部分或全部脱乙酸基的产物称为甲壳胺,它们是天然多糖中少见的带正电荷的高分子物质［２］。随着甲壳质／甲壳胺研究的深入,人们发现甲壳胺／甲壳质的降解产物——甲壳低聚糖,其性质得到改变,具有独特的更具魅力的生理活性和功能性质［１,３］…     

甲壳多糖及单糖的制备工艺研究

甲壳质(chitin)，又名甲壳素，几丁质，主要存在于虾、蟹、蛹及昆虫等动物外壳中。其衍生物壳聚糖(chitosan)又名甲壳胺或脱乙酰甲壳素，是甲壳质经脱乙酰化反应制得的产物，是最基本、最重要的甲壳质衍生物。 壳聚糖具有良好的吸湿性、成膜性、气透性、降解性、生物相溶性、无毒副作用以及不污染环境的优良性质，广泛应用于环保、食品、化工、医药、纺织、造纸、卷烟、农业、化妆品、印染、生物医学、酶制剂、保健品、金属回收等许多行业中。因此甲壳质作为一种纯天然的自然资源，对其开发和应用具有极其深远的意义。但甲壳质及其壳聚糖的高度不溶性极大地限制了它们的应用，必须对它们进行化学深加工，或结构修饰，引入或改变其分子链上的某个基团，或者完全降解或部分降解其分子链，从而得到一些具有特殊性质、水溶性有所改善的衍生物产品来满足人们的使用需要，因此甲壳单糖随之问世。 D-氨基葡萄糖盐酸盐(GAH)是甲壳质或壳聚糖的降解产物，其结构为D-葡萄糖分子中C2-羟基被氨基所取代，因氨基显碱性，与盐酸结合成盐。D-氨基葡萄糖盐酸盐是重要的生化试剂和医药中间体，其用途十分广泛：对人体具有重要的生理功能，它参与肝肾解毒，发挥抗炎护肝的作用；它能促进抗生素药剂的注射功能，也可作为糖尿病患者的营养补助剂，大剂量使用对宿主组织无害，但对体内恶性细胞却是一种细胞毒；它促进人体黏多糖的合成，改善关节软骨的代谢及修复；此外，它还可作为化妆品和饲料的添加剂。目前，国内、外对D-氨基葡萄糖的需求日益增加。 本文论述了甲壳质和壳聚糖的制备技术，并着重研究了单糖的最优化制备方法，通过正交实验，进行了3因素6水平72(36×2)个实验；同时研究了抽滤工艺和脱色工艺对产品质量的影响，为今后高质量的生产D-氨基葡萄糖盐酸盐及工业化提供了技术指导。     

甲壳质生产物料平衡分析及清洁生产途径

简要介绍了甲壳质传统酸碱法、酸碱法和微生物法清洁生产工艺及其优缺点以及主要物料投入和流失物,分析了以废弃虾、蟹壳为原料,以酸碱法作试剂生产甲壳质的污染状况;通过对酸碱法清洁生产工艺与传统生产工艺的比较,提出了酸碱法生产中使甲壳质废水排放达标的若干对策,指出了甲壳质清洁生产的可行途径;同时展望了微生物法清洁生产甲壳质的前景。     

在铈盐引发下甲壳质膜与甲基丙烯酸甲酯的接枝聚合反应

甲壳质(Chitin)是生物界广泛存在的一种天然高分子化合物,属多糖类衍生物,有如下的结构:它是海洋中甲壳动物壳体的主要成份,其化学性质比较稳定。不溶于水和有机溶剂;也不溶于碱和稀酸,浓酸可使其逐渐降解。接枝后可使其改性,以扩大其应用性能。     

甲壳质及其衍生物生理活性研究进展

甲壳质是自然界中含量丰富且具有重要生物活性的一种天然多糖 ,其分子的部分基团进行修饰后可产生多种衍生物 ,这些衍生物既保留甲壳质的部分活性功能 ,又具有其本身独特的生理作用 ,因此 ,甲壳质及其衍生物在研究与开发应用方面具有广阔的前景 ,成为目前多糖领域中的研究热点。下面就甲壳质及其衍生物的生理活性研究作一综述。１伤口促愈活性甲壳质及其衍生物在伤口愈合过程中有作用已得到证明。已研究发现 ,伤口愈合的过程中 ,上皮细胞、内皮细胞、巨噬细胞和成纤维细胞的作用都很重要 ,甲壳质及其衍生物对这些细胞均有不同程度的影响。Ｍ…     

甲壳质/壳聚糖硫酸酯研究进展

人们希望能够找到或合成能够代替肝素的物质,以解决肝素资源有限问题,在众多的衍生物当中,甲壳质、壳聚糖磺化修饰成为最诱人的领域,由于壳聚糖具有独特的分子结构,比其他多糖更适合于制备肝素类物质,因此科学家对甲壳质、壳聚糖选择性磺化,对它们的构效关系,生物活性与应用开发进行了大量研究,以期在海洋药物领域获得突破。１甲壳质／壳聚糖硫酸酯的理化性质甲壳质是一种天然高分子多糖,存在于各种节肢动物（虾、蟹、昆虫等）的甲壳中,在褐煤中曾找到约２５０×１０４ａ前各种甲虫翅膀的残余,可见甲壳质对细菌作用十分稳定。这…     

微晶甲壳质在乳白鱼肝油中的应用

本文探讨了微晶甲壳质的乳化性能以及它在乳白鱼肝油中的应用。微晶甲壳质的独特性能如乳化性，持水性，稳定性等在乳白鱼肝油中都表现的比较明显。     

甲壳质/壳聚糖及其衍生物的应用化学

甲壳质(Chitin),也称几丁质、壳多糖,俗称甲壳素,是一种天然高分子聚合物,属于氨基多糖,学名为N-乙酰-2-氨基-2-脱氧-D-葡萄糖,分子式为(C8H13NO5)n,单体之间是以β(1→4)苷键连接,分子量一般在106左右,理论含氮量6.9%。甲壳质广泛存在于无脊椎动物的外壳,昆虫的外骨骼,内角质层,真菌的胞壁中。在自然界中,甲壳质的年生物合成量高达千亿吨之多,是仅次于纤维素的第2大自然资源。由于甲壳质天然、无毒(LD5016g/kg)和所具有的良好的生物相溶性、可降解性,以及独特的分子结构和物理、化学性质,使它在医学、药物制剂学、化工、食品、化妆品、…     

甲壳质及其衍生物为载体的固定化技术和应用

近年来甲壳质及其衍生物作为载体固定化酶和细胞的研究引起了广泛的重视[1]。甲壳质是甲壳动物外壳的主要成分,是自然界生成量仅次于纤维素的第二大天然聚合物。甲壳质的化学结构是由N-乙酰葡萄糖胺通过β-1.4糖苷键连接而成的生物高聚物,其化学性质稳定,而且耐热性好。特别是分子中存在有氨基,既易于与酶共价结合,又可络合金属离子使酶免受金属离子的抑制,同时容易通过接枝改性,是一种很有应用价值的固定化载体。本文介绍了固定化载体的制备、固定化方法和应用。1　固定化载体的制备方法1.1　壳多糖的制备以新鲜虾蟹壳为原料分别用2mol/L…     

热液区管状蠕虫几丁质结合蛋白的克隆表达及功能鉴定

本文应用PCR技术对四种管状蠕虫几丁质结合蛋白进行了扩增,进而连接到pIZ-FLAG构建了重组表达载体,并在昆虫细胞中实现了几丁质结合蛋白的异源重组表达.我们对几丁质结合蛋白的功能进行了初步研究,亲和活性实验结果表明这四种几丁质结合蛋白对α-chitin具有亲和活性,并且可以辅助几丁质酶,对降解α-chitin和β-chitin均有不同程度的促进作用,且作用效果明显.结果表明,这四种几丁质结合蛋白均为α型,且可以促进几丁质酶的活性,对降解几丁质多糖具有巨大的应用潜力和应用价值.     

海洋生物高分子壳聚糖微孔树脂的开发

在简要评述甲壳素和壳聚糖的资源、产业及其应用特点的同时,着重叙述壳聚糖微孔树脂的制备、性质、功能和应用,从而展示壳聚糖及其微孔树脂的发展前景。     

The mineralization of chitin in the sediments of the Ythan estuary, aberdeenshire, Scotland

Reliable methods have been developed for the quantitative estimation of chitin, chitosan and chitin deacetylase in sediment samples, as well as two methods for the estimation of chitinase in these samples. The differing substrates used in the latter two methods have produced distinct ‘depth profiles’ for chitinase activity which suggest the presence of more than one chitinolytic system in the sediments of the Ythan estuary. Studies on the mineralization of chitin in these sediments have revealed a complex system with a number of unexpected features. The rate of chitin degradation was reduced in late summer, possibly due to the heavy seaweed growth which covers the mud flats at this time, although the potential degradative activities of the enzymes chitinase and chitin deacetylase were higher in summer than in winter. The proportional rates of degradation of chitin, chitosan and cellulose were similar in both the absence and presence of seaweed overgrowth, although the apparent rates of degradation of these substrates were higher in the absence of seaweeds. Core samples have indicated that the major input of chitin to the sediment ecosystem occurs via deposition at the surface, while the input of chitosan (the deacetylated polymer) occurs via its production within the sediment, primarily within the upper 5 cm of sediment. The concentrations of both these polymers decreased sharply below an ‘interface’ between aerobic and anoxic sediments.     

厚壳贻贝几丁质提取及几丁质相关基因筛查

几丁质是贝类贝壳的重要组成成分,在贝壳形成和生物矿化中具有重要作用。本研究通过对厚壳贻贝的贝壳和外套膜边缘三层褶皱进行形态和组织学观察,发现贻贝角质层壳膜是从外褶皱和中褶皱之间的壳膜沟中分泌,而外套膜三层褶皱间组织形态、细胞类型都存在较大差异。此外,本研究还从厚壳贻贝的角质层和贝壳层中提取并鉴定到β-几丁质成分,并构建了外套膜内褶皱（IF）、中褶皱（MF）、外褶皱（OF）的转录组文库,筛查出几丁质合成、降解、结合相关功能的三类几丁质相关基因,对其结构域和表达模式进行进一步分析,发现几丁质合成酶基因以及β氨基己糖苷酶、二-N-乙酰壳二糖酶等几丁质酶基因主要在内、中褶皱表达,而壳三糖苷酶类的几丁质酶基因和几丁质结合蛋白基因则主要在外褶皱表达。在三褶皱差异表达基因的GO富集分析中,进一步发现内、中褶皱主要参与几丁质的生物合成,而外褶皱则主要参与调控几丁质结合、代谢、角质层色素沉着等过程。本研究揭示了外套膜三褶皱在几丁质合成、代谢、结合等功能方面的差异,其中外褶皱可能在厚壳贻贝的贝壳角质层的形成和色素沉着中发挥更重要的作用。本研究有助于了解贻贝贝壳中的几丁质成分以及几丁质相关基因,为软体动物贝...     

Rates of chitin degradation in an estuarine environment

In vitro chitin degradation rates in pure cultures and in mixed natural cultures have been determined and compared with those of other workers.In situ studies in the salt marsh shrimp nursery grounds along the southeastern Louisiana coast showed that chitin degradation was most rapid (118 mg d^–1 g^–1 chitin) when water temperature averaged 30C. Maximum degradation rates were noted at the water-sediment interface and when substrate particles were reduced in size (0.25 cm²). Of the several types of chitin tested, including treated and untreated, native chitin was most rapidly solubilized. Microbial populations on this substrate developed more rapidly, suggesting that chitin degradationin situ is a function of initial colonization. This is further supported by the observation that degradation rates were most rapid when total bacteria, chitinoclastic bacteria, and the ratio of chitinoclasts to total bacterial biomass (15.6 %) was greatest.     

甲壳素提取方法的研究进展

甲壳素是一类重要且应用广泛的天然高分子。海洋甲壳类加工副产物,如虾壳、蟹壳等,是甲壳素的重要来源之一,常见的提取方法主要有化学法、酶法、微生物发酵法等,其中微生物发酵法是一种依赖微生物发酵完成脱矿(DM)、脱蛋白(DP)过程的方法,整个过程不引入任何化学试剂,绿色无污染,是解决目前甲壳素生产过程中酸、碱用量大导致污染严重的关键技术。本文综述了各种甲壳素提取方法及各种影响因素在提取过程对所得甲壳素性质的影响,讨论了微生物发酵法的相关内容,以期为相关研究提供理论支撑。     

Microbial colonisation of artificial and deep‐sea sediments in the Arctic Ocean

Although environmental factors such as grain size and organic carbon content may influence the distribution of microbes in marine sediments, there has been little experimental study of the topic to date. To investigate how those sediment variables affect microbial colonisation under in situ conditions, deep‐sea sediments and artificial sediments (glass beads, sands) were incubated in the Arctic deep sea at 2500 m water depth with or without chitin, one of the most important carbon polymers in marine environments. Microbial abundance, biomass, chitobiase activity and changes in community structure were monitored after 7 days and 1 year. In control sediments without chitin addition, no significant changes in microbial abundance, biomass and activity were observed after 1 year. In the presence of chitin, however, considerable increases in these parameters were recorded in all three sediment types tested. Regardless of chitin addition, natural deep‐sea sediments were always associated with higher values of microbial abundance, biomass and activity compared with artificial sediments. Sediment type was always found to be the most significant factor explaining variation in enzymatic activity and bacterial community structure as compared to the effects of chitin amount, incubation time, and changes in cell number or biomass. Overall, this is the first in situ study that has addressed the effects of multiple factors and their interactions on abundance, biomass, activity and community structure of microbial communities in the deep Arctic Ocean.     

Concentration of chemical elements by zooplankton of the White Sea

A technique of net sampling of zooplankton at night in the Kandalaksha and Dvinskii Bays and during the full tide in the Onezhskii Bay of the White Sea allowed us to obtain “clean” samples without considerable admixtures of terrigenous suspension. The absence of elements-indicators of the terrigenous suspension (Al, Ti, and Zr) in the EDX spectra allows concluding that the ash composition of the tested samples is defined by the constitutional elements comprising the organic matter and integument (chitin, shells) of planktonic organisms. A quantitative assessment of the accumulation of a large group of chemical elements (approximately 40) by zooplankton based on a complex of modern physical methods of analysis is presented. The values of the coefficient of the biological accumulation of the elements (K_b) calculated for the organic matter and the enrichment factors (EF) relative to the Clarke concentrations in the shale are in general determined by the mobility of the chemical elements in the aqueous solution, which is confirmed by the calculated chemical speciation of the elements in the inorganic subsystem of the surface waters of Onezhskii Bay.     

酶法制备几丁寡糖和壳糖研究现状与进展

对用酶法制备几丁寡糖和壳寡糖研究现状与进展进行了综述。几丁质酶、壳聚糖酶、溶菌酶和 N-乙酰葡萄糖胺酶等专一性的水解酶及糖酶、蛋白酶、脂肪酶等水解酶对几丁质和壳聚糖都具有部分或完全非专一性水解作用。介绍了这些酶类的作用机理及相关微生物的种类和作用条件