安大略赫姆洛金矿床地球化学、同位素研究

安大略省马拉松附近的赫姆洛金矿床是现今北美最大的金矿之一。矿床呈层状产于太古代变质火山沉积岩中,主矿带由黄铁绢云片岩和块状重晶石组成。赫姆洛西部其它重晶石产地虽有发现,但北美太古界产出层状重晶石还是首次报道。矿床大量富集Au、Mo、Sb、Hg、Tl和V,碳酸盐缺乏。因变形、变质作用的影响,至今未能确定矿床成因。矿床钻孔剖面中Au品位与黄铁矿的硫同位素组成相关。这一事实以及具同位素分馏的硫化物与硫酸盐共生,表明金与黄铁矿、重晶石是同时沉淀的。剖面间硫同位素和硫矿物的不对称分布连续,以及赫姆洛矿区与其西部地区重晶石中同位素组成的相似性都与同生沉积矿床的模式相吻合。硫矿物的形成有两种可能,一是来自有限盆地的外生硫酸盐在某个地热系统中部分还原形成贫~34S的硫化物;其二,硫酸盐和硫化物都是岩浆热液成因的。硫酸盐和具同位素分馏的硫化物在太古代岩石中均属罕见,但在太古代大型金矿床中却异乎寻常地或一或同时出现。因此,含有硫酸盐,并在氧化态、还原态硫之间能发生同位素分馏的这样一种适当的高fo_2值的热液可能利于金的溶解、迁移、沉淀。     

加拿大安大略赫姆洛帕格-威廉斯金矿的地层、断裂和金矿的关系

导论金矿出现在加拿大地盾的许多绿岩带中,具有多种地质环境并可被划分成许多矿床类型,包括最近在赫姆洛发现的类型。研究者对金矿的生成是受地层和构造控制已开展争论。赫姆洛的威廉斯矿区的帕格-威廉斯金矿包括A、B、C三带。三个地貌上各异的金矿,均赋存在独特的断层控制的地层层序中,其规模、岩石、构造、丰度、含金的     

与加拿大安大略省赫姆洛地区金巨人矿床有关的蚀变类型和痕量元素的分散性

引言最近发现的世界第一流水平的赫姆洛矿床,其中的中部第三个矿床由金巨人矿床组成,它代表了产于太古宙赫姆洛-休伦湾绿岩带中唯一著名的有经济价值的金-钼矿体。赫姆洛矿床位于安大略省马拉松以东35公里的17号公路处(图1)。金巨人矿床的金和钼矿呈层状矿化体富集在两个主要矿层(主矿带和下矿带)内。这些矿层是含微斜长石的,并富集有Ba、Sb、Hg、As、V和B等元素。矿化体赋存于几个不同的变火山和变沉积片岩以及花岗变晶岩中。     

赫姆洛黄铁矿型金矿床地质

赫姆洛金矿是过去10年北美发现的最重要矿床之一。由于它的规模大、含金量丰富和具有独一无二的矿物组合,而成为加拿大地盾的另一种细脉型会矿床。该矿床产于绿岩带中,储量590吨。从地质观点看,最重要的是对赫姆洛和其他细脉型金矿床之间相似性的认识。可以认为,赫姆洛金矿是典型的层状黄铁矿型金矿床的代表。在其他绿岩带的相似地质环境中还会发现类似的金矿床。     

赫姆洛特大型金矿最新研究成果

赫姆洛特大型金矿最新研究成果陈光远，邵远（中国地质大学，北京，１０００８３）１９９４年８月１７日上午加拿大西安大略大学弗林特教授应邀到中国地质大学（北京）作加拿大新太古代赫姆洛巨型金矿的学术报告。不同专业的１７位教授与中科院、地矿部、黄金管理局的学者...     

加拿大金矿地质的新进展

一加拿大是世界上重要的产金国之一,以绿岩带金矿著称于世.八十年代以来,又有了新的进展,尤其是绿岩带上部的金矿有了重大突破.在加拿大地盾西北部的斯拉夫构造省,晚太古代花岗-绿岩带耶奈洛夫超群上部与浊流沉积有关的铁建造中的鲁频(Lupin)金矿,八十年代初期正式建矿开采,并成为当今加拿大重要的金矿山之一,它不仅使绿岩带金矿增添了新的类型,而且也提高了黄金的产量.在苏必利尔构造省的瓦瓦(Wawa)花岗-绿岩带上部戈利斯(Goliath)火山-碎屑沉积建造中,发现了黄铁矿化层控浸染型赫姆洛(Hemlo)金矿,它以巨大的规模,轰动了加     

当前金矿地质研究中的若干新认识及其找矿意义

长期以来,国际范围对金矿地质勘探和科学研究的投入不断增加,无论在成矿理论抑或勘探与开发技术上,均取得了长足的进步。发现了诸如澳大利亚的奥林匹克坝Cu-U-Au-REE-Fe建造矿床,中国的团结沟斑岩型矿床、康定氟镁石型矿床、木里耳泽菱铁矿型矿床,以及兰德型金矿、霍姆斯塔克型金矿、太古代绿岩带型金矿、卡林型(微细浸染型)金矿、穆龙套型金矿、蚀变岩型金矿、火山岩型金矿等一大批大型、超大型矿床和许多新的矿床类型,建立了相应的成矿模式。这些金矿床的发现和模式的建立,不但推动了有关国家经济的发展,而且丰富了矿床学和成矿理论。     

近年来某些世界级大型金矿床的发现史例

近年来国外相继发现了若干个被称之为世界级的大型金矿床,使世界金矿储量大幅度增长.本文介绍了美国金坑、麦克劳林,加拿大赫姆洛,澳大利亚奥林匹克坝、布丁顿,日本菱刈,巴布亚新几内亚波尔盖拉和莱斗拉姆等巨型金矿的发现史和地质特征,以供参考.     

第二章 金矿床的建议分类

1 引言在地球的演化期间,有若干金矿的成矿期,尽管各期成矿的强度不同。金矿的时间分布与铁矿极为类似;这可从前寒武纪铁建造颇丰,又与某些金矿床有关来证明。含金矿床与太古代和元古代的岩石有关,这些矿床或以矿脉或作为多金属硫化物矿床的副产品或以古砂矿(占世界金矿产量大部分)。这些矿床见于不同位置,主要矿床如下:     

夹皮沟矿区金矿床的分布规律和成矿模式

夹皮沟是我国著名的老金矿区。已探明工业矿床15处,查明金矿点近百个。矿床赋存于太古代高铁镁质的角闪岩中,受北西向构造带控制。矿化集中,呈带状展布。各矿床间距约2000米。含金石英脉出露标高均在450～800米之间。金主要来自太古代海底火山的喷发产物,部分来自陆源风化冲积物。区域变质作用使金活化。海西晚期—燕山早期的重熔岩浆作用是成矿的定位期。近矿围岩蚀变有黄铁矿化和硅化。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Mountains,nations, parks,and conservation

Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km² and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

NEW SET OF LOW CONCENTRATION STANDARDS FOR LA, CE, SM, YB, LU, Y, SC, V, NB AND TA IN SILICATES

We have developed a set of four synthetic standards for the rare earth and high field strength elements designed for use in the determination of those elements in silicates. The base material is a glass nominally at the eutectic of the MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ ternary system. The nominal doping level was 2 wt% of the elements as oxides. To avoid problems associated with peak interference, the elements were doped in four separate glasses.