金川超大型铜镍矿床与超基性小岩体的同源分异关系

世界级的金川超大型硫化铜镍矿床具有小岩体容大矿之特点,根据地质地球化学信息论述了其分异关系:①成矿大地构造环境为中元古代长城纪龙首山-祁连山裂谷带。②成矿岩浆性质为拉斑玄武系列苦橄质岩浆,是地幔岩较高程度部分熔融的产物。③成矿岩浆源区为富S地幔,岩浆起源时就富含成矿物质。④岩浆演化过程进一步浓集成矿物质,在地壳过渡岩浆房经深部分异再多次脉动侵入。现存的含矿岩体包括4次侵入,第一、二次侵入携带硫化物液滴与橄榄石晶体的硅酸盐熔浆,局部形成贫矿体;第三次侵入携带大量橄榄石晶体的硫化物矿浆,全部构成富矿体;第四次侵入杂质很少的硫化物矿浆,全部构成特富矿体。     

中国岩浆硫化物矿床的主要成矿机制

深部熔离—贯入成矿机制,即指母岩浆侵入现存空间之前,在深部就发生了熔离作用和部分结晶作用,使母岩浆分离为不含矿岩浆、含矿岩浆、富矿岩浆、矿浆几部分,然后对现存空间一次或多次上侵贯入成矿。一般来说,经过深部熔离后的不含矿岩浆的体积,比含矿岩浆、富矿岩浆和矿浆的体积要大得多,在上侵过程中,不含矿岩浆大部分都侵入到不同的空间或喷溢出地表,形成岩群或岩流,剩余的岩浆、含矿岩浆、富矿岩浆和矿浆可以多次贯入同一空间成岩、成矿(金川),也可以分别贯入不同的空间成岩、成矿(红旗岭)。比照就地熔离的矿床,这种深部熔离—贯入矿床的岩体体积就小得多,含矿率和矿石品位也高得多,所以这种成矿作用导致形成小岩体,大矿床。     

中国岩浆硫化物矿床的主要类型

母岩浆侵入现存空间之前，在深部就已发生了熔离作用和部分结晶作用，致使母岩浆分离为不含矿岩浆、含矿岩浆、富矿岩浆和矿浆，然后对现存空间一次或多次贯入成矿。这种成矿作用是小岩体成大矿的必备条件，这种深部熔离—贯入矿床，是中国最主要的岩浆硫化物矿床类型，也是世界主要的岩浆硫化物矿床类型之一     

新疆喀拉通克矿区I号含贵金属硫化铜镍矿床的成岩成矿模式

讨论了喀拉通克矿区I号含贵金属硫化铜镍矿床含矿岩体及矿体地质特征、成岩成矿物质来源和成矿作用等，建立了相应的成岩成矿模式。该模式认为，喀拉通克I号含贵金属硫化铜镍矿床是一叠生矿床，它是由深部熔离作用形成的富含硫化物的含矿岩浆，侵位后经就地熔离成矿怍用、纯硫化物矿浆就地结晶和挤压迁移作用以及热液成矿作用形成的，矿床类型属岩浆熔离型。     

新疆喀拉通克矿区Ⅰ号含贵金属硫化铜镍矿床的成岩成矿模式

讨论了喀拉通克矿区工号含贵金属硫化铜镍矿床含矿岩体及矿体地质特征、成岩成矿物质来源和成矿作用等,建立了相应的成岩成矿模式。该模式认为,喀拉通克Ⅰ号含贵金属硫化铜镍矿床是一叠生矿床,它是由深部熔离作用形成的富含硫化物的含矿岩浆,侵位后经就地熔离成矿作用、纯硫化物矿浆就地结晶和挤压迁移作用以及热液成矿作用形成的,矿床类型属岩浆熔离型。     

超基性岩同生镍矿典型:甘肃金川矿床

正成矿区带:阿拉善成矿带(Ⅲ-18)。建造构造:龙首山一带,中元古代侵入前长城系变质岩地层中的复式铁质超基性岩体。第一次侵入含硫化物的岩浆,形成含矿中细粒超基性岩;第二次侵入含硫化物的岩浆,形成含矿中粗粒超基性岩;第三次贯入富含橄榄石的硫化物矿浆,形成硫化物纯橄岩;第四次贯入硫化物矿浆,形成硫化物矿脉。主要岩石类型有纯橄榄岩、含辉橄榄岩、二辉橄榄岩、斜长二辉橄榄岩、橄榄二辉岩、二辉岩。岩石m/f值为3.43～5.07。含     

金川含铂硫化铜镍矿床成矿模式

金川矿床产出于过渡区,位于中朝地块西南部阿拉善边缘隆起上,含矿岩体是多期上侵贯入形成的,时代为1508±31Ma。 导源于地幔深部富硫的铁质超基性岩浆,沿超壳深断裂上侵到达地壳岩浆房。注入岩浆房的岩浆发生熔离作用和岩浆分异作用,按重力效应在岩浆房中自下而上先后形成了矿浆、富矿岩浆、含矿岩浆和岩浆分层格局。随着温度下降,在构造应力脉动式驱动下,岩浆房中自上而下按岩浆、含矿岩浆、富矿岩浆和矿浆的顺序,先后分别沿相同通道上侵、贯入于现存空间成岩成矿、每次上侵、贯入的浆体都沿着前次浆体的下侧部和根部定位。 整个成矿过程由岩浆房中的深部熔离、岩浆分异和重力分层作用→第一期次岩浆上侵→第二期次含矿岩浆上侵→第三期次富矿岩浆贯入→晚期矿浆贯入→接触交代成矿→热液叠加成矿,构成一个完整的硫化铜、镍矿床的成矿模式和时空分布系列。     

金川硫化铜镍矿床成矿模式

金川矿床产出于过渡区,位于中朝地块西南部阿拉善边缘隆起上,含矿岩体是多期上侵贯入形成的,时代为1509～1526Ma。 导源于地幔深郎富硫的铁质超基性岩浆,沿超壳深断裂上侵到达地壳岩浆房。注入岩浆房的岩浆在橄榄石结晶温度的区间内,发生熔离作用和橄榄石结晶作用,按重力效应正岩浆房中自下而上先后形成了矿浆、富矿岩浆、含矿岩浆和岩浆的分层格局。随着温度下降,在构造应力脉动式驱动下,岩浆房中自上而下按岩浆、含矿岩浆、富矿岩浆和矿浆的顺序,先后分别沿相同通道上侵、贯入于现存空间成岩成矿、每次上侵、贯入的浆体都沿着前次浆体的下侧部和根部定位。 整个成矿过程由岩浆房中的深部熔离、橄榄石结晶和重力分层作用→第一期次岩浆上侵→第二期次含矿岩浆上侵→第三期次富矿岩浆贯入→晚期矿浆贯入→接触交代成矿→热液叠加成矿,构成一个完整的硫化铜、镍矿床的成矿模式和时空分布系列。     

硫化铜镍矿床成矿作用机理——以新疆哈密黄山硫化铜镍矿床为例

本文作者以哈密黄山硫化铜镍矿床为例,详细探讨了硫化铜镍矿床成矿作用,指出硫化铜镍矿床成矿作用是比较复杂的,按产生不混熔金属硫化物的途径和熔离富集的方式可明显地划分为四种熔离成矿作用:(1)岩浆深部液态熔离成矿作用、(2)矿浆成矿作用、(3)岩浆浅部就地结晶熔离成矿作用及(4)同化混染熔离成矿作用。岩浆深源液态熔离成矿作用是产生多样性岩浆和铜镍等成矿元素原始富集的重要原因,矿浆成矿作用是岩浆深源液态熔离成矿作用的完善和继续,岩浆浅部就地结晶熔离成矿作用是硅酸盐矿物结晶而导致残余硫化物进一步熔离成矿,而同化混染熔离成矿作用则是含矿岩浆同化混染围岩导致硫化物熔离成矿。但他们在黄山硫化铜镍矿床中所起的作用是不同的,最重要的(1),其次是(2),(3)和(4)则很次要。因此在实际地质找矿工作中应以找“熔离型”矿体为重点,但也要兼顾其它,特别是“贯入型”和“同化混染熔离型”往往构成浅部富矿。     

金川铜镍硫化物矿床成矿物质深部预富集过程探讨

金川矿床为世界第三大在采铜镍硫化物矿床,该矿床赋矿岩体出露面积仅为1.34km2,主要由超镁铁质岩石组成,岩体矿化率高达47%。不同岩相和矿石类型之间呈明显的突变接触关系。这些典型特征暗示成矿物质在侵入现存空间之前发生了明显的预富集。成矿物质的深部预富集过程主要探讨深部岩浆房内硫化物的熔离机制、硫化物熔离的相对时限及熔离量的大小、硫化物熔离后的迁移聚集及分离结晶过程。金川岩体不同岩石类型中橄榄石Fo变化范围小(Fo=80.11～85.68),暗示深部岩浆房是开放的岩浆系统,存在多期次后续新鲜岩浆的贯入。依据橄榄石-液相平衡原理,计算得到金川岩体母岩浆MgO含量为10.8%～12.6%,为高Mg拉斑玄武质岩浆,表明岩浆源区发生了较高程度的部分熔融,其为硫化物的大量熔离提供了丰富的成矿元素。金川岩体Sr-Nd-Os同位素和微量元素地球化学特征表明,金川岩体原生岩浆遭受明显的地壳物质混染,混染程度约为5%～10%,Th-Ta、Th-Nb和(Th/Ta)PM-(La/Nb)PM图解表明,部分混染物为下地壳组分,下地壳物质的混染可能是导致深部岩浆房内硫化物熔离的主要机制。金川矿床赋矿岩石类型主要为二辉橄榄岩和纯橄岩,为金川岩体中基性程度最高的岩石类型,同时"Melts"模拟计算也表明,硫化物的熔离发生在岩浆演化的早期阶段,并随着后续新鲜岩浆的持续贯入熔离出的硫化物含量不断增加。熔离后的硫化物在重力作用下下沉至岩浆房底部或中下部,形成矿浆和富矿岩浆。金川矿床中块状矿石相对富集IPGE,富Cu矿体中则相对富集Cu和PPGE。这种成矿元素的分异现象表明,随着温度的降低,硫化物在深部岩浆房内发生了明显的分离结晶作用。同时研究表明,硫化物分离结晶程度与硫化物之间的连通性呈正相关关系。     

东昆仑志留纪辉长岩地球化学特征及与铜镍成矿关系探讨

东昆仑造山带新发现的夏日哈木超大型岩浆铜镍矿床、石头坑德大型岩浆铜镍矿床及冰沟南小型岩浆铜镍矿床,其矿体均赋存于橄榄辉石岩内,而辉长岩又是该含矿橄榄辉石岩的直接围岩,并且辉长岩的形成时代相近(夏日哈木辉长岩431Ma、石头坑德辉长岩425Ma、冰沟南辉长岩427Ma),产出位置属于同一大的构造单元,均邻近昆北及昆中断裂。通过对辉长岩的地球化学特征研究,发现明显富集轻稀土元素和明显的Nb-Ta负异常,亏损高场强元素。Sr-Nd同位素研究,表明东昆仑夏日哈木和石头坑德辉长岩岩体的母岩浆来自一个曾经被交代富集的地幔源区,可能揭示了由于从洋壳释放出的流体交代地幔楔的岩石成因。结合区域构造演化和辉长岩形成时代,认为东昆仑夏日哈木和石头坑德辉长岩形成于碰撞后伸展环境。辉长岩岩浆源区性质与赋矿辉石岩存在明显不同,并非同一岩浆活动的产物。辉长岩在东昆仑造山带地区直接充当了含矿辉石岩的直接围岩,与岩浆铜镍硫化物矿体的形成没有关系,富含橄榄石的超镁铁质岩石更有利于形成具有较大经济价值的铜镍矿体。这为指导东昆仑找矿实践和岩浆铜镍矿床成矿理论研究提供了基础。     

岩浆铜-镍-铂族金属硫化矿床“深部熔离-贯入”成矿作用与模式--加拿 大伏伊希湾和中国金川矿床地质特征对比

通过对金川铜镍矿床地质、矿化特征与加拿大伏伊希湾（Voisey′s Bay）铜- 镍-铂族金属硫化物矿床进行系统对比分析,总结出这2个世界级铜镍硫化物矿床 形成演化方面的相似性、可比性及其共同特点,即深部岩浆房含矿岩浆沿通道脉 动式上侵,到上部表现为“小岩体,成大矿”。成矿作用过程和模式表现为：①含矿 岩浆的有序侵位显示岩浆在深部岩浆房停歇过程中曾发生熔离分异,形成岩浆、 含矿岩浆、富矿岩浆和矿浆分层结构;②成矿作用是在富有动力的岩浆环境下岩 浆不连续（脉动式）上侵过程中发生的,岩浆熔融体富含挥发组分,上侵活动剧烈, 围岩角砾化;③含矿岩浆沿相同的通道或越位上侵,在先期侵入岩体下侧或上方 不同空间成矿;④岩浆运移过程中与围岩发生相互作用、组分交换和成矿物质的 富集。深入阐明了含矿岩浆不连续（脉动式）上侵、后续岩浆补给和混合是镁铁 —超镁铁岩体中硫化物被聚集在岩浆流动的通道内形成超大型铜镍硫化物型铂 族元素矿床的重要机制。     

Origin of anomalously Ni-rich parental magmas and genesis of the Huangshannan Ni–Cu sulfide deposit,Central Asian Orogenic Belt,Northwestern China

The Huangshannan Ni–Cu sulfide deposit at the southern margin of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB) is an important recent discovery in the Eastern Tianshan Region, Northwestern China. The Huangshannan Intrusion is composed of mafic and ultramafic rocks, and its websterite and lherzolite sequences host the sulfide orebodies. Olivine is the dominant mineral in the Huangshannan Intrusion, occurring as olivine inclusions hosted by pyroxene oikocrysts, as olivine crystals in magmatic sulfides, and as poikilitic crystals in the lherzolite. Small olivine inclusions always coexist with large poikilitic olivine crystals in the same sample, resulting in a heterogeneous texture on the scale of the oikocrysts. The Ni abundance ranges from 1540 to 3772 ppm in poikilitic olivine grains, from 2114 to 3740 ppm in olivine grains hosted by sulfide minerals, and from 2043 to 4023 ppm in olivine inclusions hosted by pyroxene oikocrysts. For the three types of olivine, the ranges in forsterite (Fo) content are 78.97–84.92 mol.%, 81.57–84.79 mol.%, and 80.33–84.68 mol.%, respectively. The Ni content of olivine in the lherzolite is anomalously high relative to the range found in most within plate olivine-bearing mafic-ultramafic rocks. The composition of olivine is controlled mainly by that of the parental magma, fractional crystallization and reactions with interstitial silicate and sulfide melts. Both fractional crystallization and reaction with interstitial silicate may cause a decrease in the Ni content of olivine. The possibility that Ni–Fe exchange causes the anomalously high Ni contents in olivine can be excluded because the olivine grains contained in sulfide have similar or lower Ni content than the olivine grains hosted in the silicate rock. Most of the olivine grains are unzoned, and they have anomalously high Ni contents throughout the crystal. Assuming a partition coefficient of Ni between olivine and silicate magma to be 7, the measured Ni content of olivine in the lherzolite (1540–4023 ppm with a mean of 2907 ppm) indicates that the parental magma contains 220–575 ppm (average of 415 ppm) Ni. This value is higher than that found in basaltic magmas that crystallized olivine with similar Fo contents compared to the Huangshannan Intrusion. As mentioned above, the symmetric and reproducible variations in both Fo and Ni contents from core to margin in most of the olivine grains cannot be explained by fractional crystallization and reactions with interstitial silicate or sulfide melts but may reflect the equilibration of the olivine with new fluxes of magma as the chamber was replenished. The anomalously Ni-rich composition of the parental magmas of the Huangshannan Intrusion, relative to those of many other mineralized olivine-bearing mafic-ultramafic intrusions, may be produced by upgrading and scavenging of metals from a previously formed sulfide melts by a moderately Ni-rich magma. The mass-balance calculations of PGE data indicate that the parental magma that formed lherzolite contains 0.04 ppb Os, 0.02 ppb Ir and 0.4 ppb Pd, whereas the parental magma that formed websterite has 0.02 ppb Os, 0.009 ppb Ir and 0.75 ppb Pd. Rayleigh modeling using PGE tenors indicates that the massive sulfides may be produced by monosulfide solid solution (MSS)-sulfide liquid fractionation from the magma that formed the websterite. Rayleigh modeling of Fo and Ni contents of olivine shows that the parental magma that formed the lherzolite has experienced previous sulfide segregation and olivine crystallization.     

Experimental study of interaction between fluid-bearing basaltic melts and peridotite: A mantle-crustal source of trap magmas in the Norilsk area

The paper reports data on the geology and tectono-magmatic reactivation of the Norilsk area and on the stratigraphy and geochemistry of its volcanic sequence, with the discussion of the sources and genesis of the ore magmas and the scale of the ore-forming process. According to the geochemistry of the lavas and intrusive rocks (Ti concentration and the La/Sm and Gd/Yb ratios), two types of the parental magmas are recognized: high-Ti magmas of the OIB type (from bottom to top, suites iv, sv, and gd of phase 1) and low-Ti magmas (suites hk, tk, and nd of phase 2 and suites mr-mk of phase 3), which were derived from the lithospheric mantle. The magmatic differentiation of the parental low-Ti magma of the tk type into a magma of the nd type was associated with the derivation of an evolved magma of the nd type, which was depleted in ore elements, and an ore magma, which was a mixture of silicate and sulfide melts, protocrysts of silicate minerals, and chromite. Judging from their geochemical parameters, the intrusions of the lower Norilsk type were comagmatic with the lavas of the upper part of the nd suite, and the ore-bearing intrusions of the upper Norilsk type were comagmatic with the lavas of the mr-mk suites. When the ore-bearing intrusions were emplaced, their magmas entrained droplets of sulfide melt and protocrysts of olivine and chromite and brought them to the modern magmatic chamber. These protocrysts are xenogenic with respect to the magma that formed the intrusions. In certain instances (Talnakh and Kharaelakh intrusions), the moving magma entrained single portions of sulfide magma, which were emplaced as individual subphases. The experimental study of the peridotite-basalt-fluid system shows that mantle reservoirs with protoliths of subducted oceanic crustal material could serve as sources of relatively low-temperature (1250–1350°C) high-Ti magnesian magmas of the rifting stage from an olivine-free source.     

Sources and formation conditions of sulfide-silicate magmas in the Noril’sk district

Geology, tectonomagmatic reactivation of the Noril??sk district, as well as stratigraphy and geochemistry of the volcanic sequence are considered. Sources and formation mechanism of ore-bearing magma and the scope of ore formation are discussed. The Permian-Triassic flood-basalt magmatism of the Noril??sk district developed in part of the Siberian Platform with Archean-Paleoproterozoic basement broken into blocks and overlapped by a sedimentary cover up to 13 km thick and a volcanic sequence reaching 3.7 km in thickness. The geophysical data show that remnants of the subducted ancient oceanic crust exist in the mantle and fragments of transitional magma chambers and conduits are retained at different levels of the Earth??s crust. The cyclic tectonomagmatic evolution of the territory was characterized by alternation of extension with intense volcanic activity and compression accompanied by waning of volcanic eruptions. The early rifting, transitional stage, and late dispersed spreading are distinguished. The associations of volcanic (lavas and tuffs) and intrusive rocks were formed during each stage. The volcanic sequence is subdivided into 11 formations. The intrusions of the Talnakh and Noril??sk ore fields are distinguished by two-level structure with the Upper Noril??sk ore-bearing intrusions above and the Lower Noril??sk barren intrusions below. Two types of primary magmas differ in geochemistry of lavas and intrusions: (1) OIB-type high-Ti magma (iv, sv, gd formations of the first stage from bottom to top) and (2) low-Ti magma (hk, tk, nd formations of the second stage and mr-mk formations of the third stage). The nd formation depleted in ore elements and the ore-bearing cumulus composed of silicate and sulfide melts in combination with early silicate minerals and chromite are products of the fractionation of the primary low-Ti magma. As follows from geochemical parameters, intrusions of the Lower Noril??sk type are comagmatic to the evolved lavas of the nd₃ subformation, whereas intrusions of the Upper Noril??sk type are comagmatic to the lavas of the mr-mk formations. Geochemical similarity with volcanic rocks provides evidence for the composition of the initial magma and the time of intrusion emplacement. The ore-bearing intrusions of the Upper Noril??sk type were formed at the onset of the third stage, when the primitive low-Ti magma similar to the lavas of mr-mk formations in composition was emplaced. When intruding, this melt captured and transported ore-bearing cumulus (drops of sulfide melt, early olivine and chromite grains) into the magma chamber. Separate portions of sulfide liquid were involved into movement as a self-dependent intrusive subphase during formation of the Talnakh and Kharaelakh intrusions. An extremal effect of pressure on sulfur concentration in fluid-bearing and sulfide-saturated mafic magmas has been established in experiments to be P = 1?2 GPa. In this interval of pressure, the S concentration in sulfide-saturated magmas increases in the following sequence: dry magma ??(H₂O + CO₂)-bearing magma <H₂O-bearing magma. In the regions of low (<0.3 GPa) and high (>2.5 GPa) pressures, the S contents (0.1?C0.2 wt %) are commensurable. The extremal baric relationship of S concentration in fluid-bearing and sulfide-saturated mafic magmas may be important for the formation of ore-bearing magmas. The calculation results show that the amount of sulfides in the known deposits does not exceed 2% of geological resources of the sulfides separated from the flood basalts. Therefore, the chance of discovery of new deposits remains rather high. Proceeding from the conditions of ore-bearing magma formation and geological setting of the known deposits, criteria for recognition of potentially ore-bearing areas are proposed and such areas are outlined.     

橄榄石成分对东昆仑夏日哈木超大型镍钴矿床岩浆过程的约束

橄榄石是与镁铁-超镁铁质岩浆有关的铜镍硫化物矿床中最主要的造岩矿物之一，其成分记录了丰富的镍成矿信息，并可反映母岩浆成分组成、结晶分异过程及后期物质交换等。东昆仑夏日哈木镍钴矿床是全球铜镍硫化物矿床勘查20余年来最为重要的找矿发现之一，将逐步成为中国重要的镍钴资源基地。本文在大量镜下岩相学观察的基础上，对夏日哈木矿床橄榄石进行系统电子探针分析。分析数据表明，夏日哈木橄榄石Fo值为83.01~90.12；Ni含量为676×10-6 ~2845×10-6，Mn、Ca含量均较低，最大值分别为2457×10-6和650×10-6。“巨型”斜方辉石包裹的橄榄石成分自核心到边部Fo值和NiO含量均增高，表明含矿岩相形成时存在新鲜岩浆的补充，至少存在2次岩浆活动。橄榄石最高Fo值为90.12，反映夏日哈木镍钴矿床的母岩浆是Mg#值为0.73的高镁玄武质岩浆。硫饱和始于深部岩浆房母岩浆中少量橄榄石的结晶分异，早期熔离量较小，估算的橄榄石与硫化物熔体质量比大致为20：1。本次研究利用橄榄石成分约束了夏日哈木矿床岩浆的多期次活动，限定了母岩浆的成分性质与硫化物的熔离时机，可为矿床成因研究提供借鉴。     

甘肃黑山铜镍硫化物含矿岩体的地质特征及橄榄石成因探讨

黑山铜镍硫化物含矿岩体位于中亚造山带南缘北山褶皱带东部,对该岩体的研究有助于正确理解造山带型铜镍硫化物的成矿作用。详细的野外基础地质特征表明黑山矿区仅出露单一的新元古代青白口系地层,无寒武纪地层出露。黑山含矿岩体由早期的方辉橄榄岩、二辉橄榄岩和橄榄辉长苏长岩,以及稍晚期的辉长岩脉组成。黑山岩体位于黑山背斜南翼,其初始产状应为一水平或近水平的岩床状岩体,因后期褶皱作用,岩体发生了倾斜形成现今的产状。黑山岩体中橄榄石Fo值为80.5~87.0,其Ni含量为1070×10^-6~3461×10^-6。借助"MELTS"软件,我们进一步厘定了黑山母岩浆为高镁玄武岩浆 (12.81% MgO, 10.84% FeO, 430×10^-6 Ni)。研究表明,黑山橄榄石的主要控制因素为:1)母岩浆的成分;2)后续新鲜岩浆的补充混合作用;3)硫化物熔离作用;4)晶间硅酸盐熔浆作用;5)橄榄石与硫化物之间发生的Fe-Ni交换。模拟计算表明,硫化物熔离与橄榄石结晶几乎同时发生,橄榄石与硫化物的最小质量比约为20:1。1号矿体及矿化体的橄榄石比4号矿体更富Mg和Ni,并且还呈现非常好的负相关关系,表明这些橄榄石与硫化物发生了不同程度的Fe-Ni交换,而与其发生Fe-Ni交换的硫化物更富Ni以及共生的岩浆更为原始。这很可能是因为黑山岩体形成于开放的岩浆通道系统,早期融离的硫化物与后续的新鲜的硫不饱和岩浆发生反应,使得该类硫化物含量减少但硫化物中的金属元素含量增高从而形成1号矿体及矿化体。     

甘肃金川铜镍(铂)硫化物矿床中高镁辉绿岩脉的发现及其意义

位于华北板块西缘赋存于超镁铁质岩中的金川矿床,是目前世界第三大镍硫化物矿床.金川铜镍硫化物矿床的原生岩浆问题一直存在着较大的争议,前人通过研究金川铜镍硫化物矿体中的堆晶橄榄岩中橄榄石的成分,从而推导原生岩浆的成分.而作者通过对金川铜镍硫化物矿体内部的基性岩脉深入研究,从另一个角度探究金川铜镍硫化物矿床的原生岩浆成分.通过对岩脉岩相学、主量元素的研究表明金川铜镍硫化物矿体中的岩脉主要是辉绿岩,因其MgO的含量的不同可以划分为高镁辉绿岩和低镁辉绿岩.辉绿岩脉的主量元素和微量元素显示这两类岩脉发生过分离结晶作用.PGE元素特征显示辉绿岩脉和金川矿床是同一期次产物,Pmelts的模拟演化得出本文中辉绿岩脉的液相线矿物橄榄石的牌号为Fo86,与金川矿床发现最高牌号Fo86一致.同时Ol-CATS-Q相图表明JC100925-5样品形成的源区在3GPa以上.多种因素显示这种高镁的岩浆是金川矿区的原生岩浆.     

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987111000429

The three most crucial factors for the formation of large and super-large magmatic sulfide deposits are: (1) a large volume of mantle-derived mafic-ultramafic magmas that participated in the formation of the deposits; (2) fractional crystallization and crustal contamination, particularly the input of sulfur from crustal rocks, resulting in sulfide immiscibility and segregation; and (3) the timing of sulfide concentration in the intrusion. The super-large magmatic Ni-Cu sulfide deposits around the world have been found in small mafic-ultramafic intrusions, except for the Sudbury deposit. Studies in the past decade indicated that the intrusions hosting large and super-large magmatic sulfide deposits occur in magma conduits, such as those in China, including Jinchuan (Gansu), Yangliuping (Sichuan), Kalatongke (Xinjiang), and Hongqiling (Jilin). Magma conduits as open magma systems provide a perfect environment for extensive concentration of immiscible sulfide melts, which have been found to occur along deep regional faults. The origin of many mantle-derived magmas is closely associated with mantle plumes, intracontinental rifts, or post-collisional extension. Although it has been confirmed that sulfide immiscibility results from crustal contamination, grades of sulfide ores are also related to the nature of the parental magmas, the ratio between silicate magma and immiscible sulfide melt, the reaction between the sulfide melts and newly injected silicate magmas, and fractionation of the sulfide melt. The field relationships of the ore-bearing intrusion and the sulfide ore body are controlled by the geological features of the wall rocks. In this paper, we attempt to demonstrate the general characteristics, formation mechanism,tectonic settings, and indicators of magmatic sulfide deposits occurring in magmatic conduits which would provide guidelines for further exploration.