海南岛西部中元古代地层

<正> 石碌铁矿区及其外围地层,自华南富铁科研队在三稜山组发现古值物和瓣鳃类化石,解决了其上限的地质时代后,对其下限的地质时代仍有不同意见(表1)。南颐(1987)、张仁杰(1989)在石碌群第六层中找到Chuaria circularis Walcott,Tawuia dalensis Hofmann等宏观藻类化石之后,把石碌群划为上元古界青白口系。宜昌地矿所(1990)对石碌群第六层铁矿石测得Sm-Nd等时线年龄为840Ma,亦相当于青白口系。陈毓蔚等     

海南岛石碌群研究的新进展

<正> 1986年冬,笔者等在海南昌江县石碌群中发现了宏观藻类化石,确定它为末前寒武纪,并与青白口系大体相当,基本解决了石碌铁矿的地质时代。关于石碌群的含义,有关主要含矿层(第六层)、石灰顶组(原第七层)的含义及层序;它们之间的及其与上覆地层的接触关系等问题,多年来存在着不同看法。通过研究,获得了一些新的进展,为客观地解决上述问题提供了可靠的依据。     

石碌群的“W”型的叠加褶皱及大型组构解析

海南岛昌江县石碌是我国著名的富铁(钴、铜)矿区。我们对矿区以大比例尺的专门构造地质填图为基础,从石碌群中筛选出普遍发育的四种构造要素,两类褶皱样式群;结合大量剖面、化探及钻孔资料等的综合分析研究。认为石碌群的基本构造格架,主要是由两期褶皱变形叠加组成的“W”型叠加褶皱。本文重点论述石碌群的基本格架及大型组构解析。一、石碌群的“W”型叠加褶皱“W”型叠加褶皱是指:当先存褶皱为轴面陡倾的紧闭线性褶皱,受到后期与其轴向     

海南岛石碌群发现Chuaria-Tawuia生物群

以富产铁、铜、钴矿床而著名的海南岛石碌铁矿,赋存于石碌群之中.为了进一步寻找这一类型的矿床,70年代曾开展过大规模的富铁矿会战.其中一个重要的课题就是研究石碌群的地质时代.尽管以往有许多单位和个人到石碌地区进行过考察或研究,但是由于缺乏足够的古生物依据,这一问题始终悬而未决.有的认为石碌群属寒武纪、奥陶纪(海南地质队,1964;广东冶金地质研究所,1975;广东区调队,海南地质队,1976);有的推测其为泥盆纪(杨遵仪等,1977),或石炭纪(莫壮观、赵修祜,1981;欧阳舒、李再平,1981).     

海南石碌铁矿的Sm-Nd法年龄及其意义

本文根据最新测定的海南岛石碌铁矿 Sm-Nd 同位素年龄(841±20Ma)与石碌群第六层所含宏观藻类化石群代表的地质时代完全吻合,进一步肯定含铁矿的石碌群应归属青白口系。同位素测定结果还表明该铁矿的原始物质形成时间与成矿作用为同一时期,结合含矿层底部存在流纹质熔结凝灰岩、稀土模式及矿体产状等特征,推测该铁矿的铁质来源于近源海底火山喷发。     

海南岛石碌群层间及相邻地层的接触关系

石碌群第三层与第四层属连续沉积,并非角度不整合接触,石碌群各层之间的为连续沉积关系,石碌群同上覆石灰顶组和青天峡组之间存在角度不整合面,并分别与晋宁运动和加里东运动相对应,这些角度不整合面多因后期强烈的构造作用而破坏,戈枕韧性切带多期活动,形成抱板杂岩逆掩于石碌群之上的构造接触关系。     

海南岛石碌铁矿含矿岩系中火山岩类的新发现与究研

在石碌群主要含矿层及主矿层底部发现火山凝灰岩,经过野外工作和深入研究,提出石碌铁矿床的主要矿质来源可能是海底近源火山喷发作用的看法。     

海南岛石碌群中双峰火山岩Sm—Nd同位素特征兼论石碌铁矿成矿背景

对海南岛石碌群第６层及其相当层位中海相双峰火山岩Ｓｍ－Ｎｄ同位素，微量和稀土元素的研究表明，位于火山岩带西段军营和石碌的细碧岩具有Ｎ－ＭＯＲＢ特征，在中段和东段芙蓉田和兰洋的变拉斑玄武岩具有Ｅ－ＭＯＲＢ和ＩＲＴ（初始裂谷拉斑玄武岩）特征。石碌群的玄武岩和石碌Ｆｅ－Ｃｏ－Ｃｕ矿床分别与红海裂谷中南段的新生代玄武岩和Ａｔｈａｎｔｉｓ Ⅱ ＤｅｅＰ多金属矿床有许多相同之处。双峰火山岩的另一端元为壳源型石     

海南岛石碌地区地层的新认识

近年来我们在海南石碌地区进行金矿科研工作。1990年发现原抱板混合岩的主体是中元古代花岗岩,锆石U—Pb同位素年龄为1440.87Ma。岩体侵入到前人划分为旧村岭群的千枚岩、条带状千枚岩、千枚状板岩等一套绿片岩相的岩系中,因此,其地层时代应早于14亿年。随着研究工作的不断深入,于年底又在石碌矿区石碌群剖面发现第三层石英绢云母片层和第四层石英岩之间有一不整合面。这与过去认为石碌群第一层至第四层是连续沉积的看法不同。同时在第三层石英绢云母片岩中获得人工重砂的锆石,呈浅褐色,半透明或无色透明,细长柱状、长柱状、短柱状等,晶形完好,晶棱清晰。第四层石英岩中的锆石呈浅黄色、黄色,     

石碌钴-铜矿床流体包裹体和稳定同位素特征及成因

海南石碌钴-铜矿体赋存于石碌群第六层的下段,即介于铁矿体与石碌群第五层片岩之间的含钴-铜层位中,容矿岩石主要为白云岩、透辉石透闪石化白云岩。钴-铜矿床的形成经历了海底喷溢沉积期、石英-硫化物期(热液期)和表生期。海底喷溢沉积期石英包裹体均一温度变化于112~205℃,多集中在130~205℃;盐度w(NaCl_eq)为1.74%~6.59%;密度变化于0.88~0.95 g/cm³。温度范围与很多古代沉积喷流矿床及正在活动的海底热液成矿作用的温度相似,盐度低于曾报道的多数沉积喷流矿床的流体包裹体盐度值, 但与那些同为低密度成矿流体的喷流沉积矿床极为相近。海底喷溢沉积期形成的硬石膏δ³⁴S值为+21.4‰~+21.8‰,平均值为+21.6‰,强烈富集重硫,硬石膏δ³⁴S值代表着新元古代石碌群沉积时海水的δ³⁴S值。石英-硫化物期石英、白云石和方解石均一温度多集中在170~270℃;盐度w(NaCl_eq)为1%~7%;密度变化于0.88~0.95 g/cm³。成矿流体属于中温低盐度流体。石英-硫化物期成矿流体δD值为-63‰~-83‰,成矿流体δ¹⁸O_水值变化于1.3‰~6.8‰之间,指示成矿流体来源于岩浆,成矿后期有大气降水的加入。石英-硫化物期硫化物δ³⁴S值为+8.1‰~+21.2‰,硫源来源于石碌群中蒸发岩的溶解作用。石碌钴-铜矿床属中温热液充填交代矿床,与矿床周围花岗质岩浆活动有关。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Mountains,nations, parks,and conservation

Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km² and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

NEW SET OF LOW CONCENTRATION STANDARDS FOR LA, CE, SM, YB, LU, Y, SC, V, NB AND TA IN SILICATES

We have developed a set of four synthetic standards for the rare earth and high field strength elements designed for use in the determination of those elements in silicates. The base material is a glass nominally at the eutectic of the MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ ternary system. The nominal doping level was 2 wt% of the elements as oxides. To avoid problems associated with peak interference, the elements were doped in four separate glasses.