用计算机选取地球化学找矿参数

前人总结的地球化学找矿参数,大多数是作者个人对该矿种地球化学特征的经验性总结,局限性较大。为了探索更有助于找矿的地球化学参数,我们以钾镁煌斑岩型金刚石矿床为例,用计算机对国内外已知含金刚石程度的17个岩体的30件样品中SiO_2、Al_2O_3、Fe_2O_3、FeO、MgO、CaO、NaO、K_2O、CO_2、MnO、P_2O_5、TiO_2共12个分析项目进行了任一组合方式的计算,然后对每一组合参数进行错判率检验,最终选出错判率小于6—10％的钾镁煌斑岩型金刚石矿床地球化学找矿参数为:MgO/MnO、CaO/TiO_2、SiO_2/(Na_2O+K_2O+CO_2)、K_2O/(CO_2+MnO),MgO/(MgO+CaO+K_2O+NO_2O)等22个     

遥感技术在南盘江地区油气烃类检测中的应用

应用陆地卫星 TM 资料对南盘江地区进行了烃类微渗漏蚀变信息检测研究。岩石土壤地球化学特征分析表明,该区不同程度地存在着“褪红”、“粘土矿化”、“碳酸盐矿化”等烃类蚀变异常现象。选择 FeO/Fe_2O_3作为褪红的成分因子;(K_2O+Na_2O+Al_2O_3)、(K_2O+Na_2O)/Al_2O_3、(K_2O+Na_2O+Al_2O_3)/S∶O_2和 K_2O/Na_2O 等作为粘土矿化的成分因子;CaO+MgO 和 CaO/MgO 作为碳酸盐矿化的成分因子。利用 TM1/TM3、TM1/TM4识别褪红蚀变信息,TM5/TM7、TM5/TM4用干识别粘土矿化和碳酸盐矿化蚀变信息。建立了地球化学—光谱—遥感图像三位一体的遥感找油气模式,根据油气遥感色调异常对南盘江地区进行了评价和分类。     

福建西部早古生代杂砂岩特征及其源区和构造背景

福建西部早古生代杂砂岩属富石英杂砂岩类。稳定碎屑石英的高含量和不稳定碎屑长石、岩屑的强烈贫化,表现了沉积物具再旋回特点。很高的SiO_2含量及CaO、Na_2O的贫化,并以低的Fe_2O_3+MgO、Al_2O_3/SiO_2、TiO_2和高的变化极大的K_2O/Na_2O、Al_2O_3/(CaO+Na_2O)与被动大陆边缘沉积的杂砂岩相类似。稀土元素模式及其参数特征相似于现代的和古代的被动大陆边缘环境沉积的杂砂岩。分析表明,本套杂砂岩的源岩是以沉积岩、浅变质岩为主和中—酸性火成岩混合组成,所处的大地构造背景为构造上不活动的被动大陆边缘或弧后盆地环境。     

K_2O/(Na_2O+CaO)--SiO_2/Al_2O_3:一个用于推断复理石形成时板块构造背景的判别图

沉积岩中的主要氧化物:SiO_2,Al_2O_3,K_2O,Na_2O,CaO的丰度及其SiO_2/Al_2O_3,K_2O/(Na_2O+CaO)值的变化与物源区类型和板块构造背景密切相关。因此,利用砂岩的化学成分可以判断其形成时的板块构造背景。笔者重点研究了造山带中重要且分布广泛的复理石中杂砂岩的化学成分及其与板块构造背景之间的关系,绘制了用于推断复理石形成时的板块构造背景的SiO_2/Al_2O_3——K_2O/(Na_2O+CaO)双变量判别图。经对15组不同时代复理石的180个化学成分进行投影分析,能有效地分开不同板块构造背景下的复理石。     

华北某些富磷碱性-偏碱性杂岩岩浆成分和熔体结构与含矿性关系

华北富磷碱性-偏碱性杂岩的岩浆成分和岩浆熔体结构对岩浆的含磷性和磷的富集起着控制作用。磷的富集作用发生在岩浆起源阶段和岩浆分异作用(岩浆不混溶作用、结晶分异作用)阶段。在这两个阶段的演化过程中,P_2O_5含量及其变化趋势严格受岩浆成分、熔体结构(如NBO/T,M/F)和α_(SiO_2)、μ_(K_2O)控制,表现为P_2O_5含量与SiO_2、K_2O、K_2O+Na_2O及CaO/(MgO+SiO_2)等有密切关系。     

湖南首次发现累托石

累托石发现于辰溪县西北部一个水晶矿床的泥质物中。呈白色板状或片状,镜下呈纤维状。油脂光泽,比重2.25。SiO_2和Al_2O_3的含量分别为50.78％和33.69％,F_2O_3、FeO、MgO、K_2O、Na_2O、CaO、MnO和P_2O_5的总含量为4.91％。化学式为(Na_(0.415),Fe,K_(0.025),Mg_(0.018),Ca_(0.015))_(0.519)(H_3O)~+{Al_2[Al_(0.582)Si_(3.418)O_(10)](OH)_2}·3H_2O。     

从岩石化学特点看板溪群的沉积大地构造背景

将板溪群和冷家溪群杂砂岩全岩岩石化学分析结果在SiO_2-K_2O/Na_2O图解、SiO_2/Al_2O_3-K_2O/(Na_2O+CaO)图解、Na_2O-K_2O图解以及(K_2O+Na_2O)—Al_2O_3图解上投点,发现多数板溪群杂砂岩样品点落在被动大陆边缘区,而冷家溪群杂砂岩样品点则多落入活动大陆边缘区。因此认为,板溪群沉积于被动大陆边缘,而冷家溪群沉积于活动大陆边缘,它们形成于不同的地质演化阶段。     

岩浆超钾岩

岩浆超钾岩(“钾镁煌斑岩类”)是K_2O大于Al_2O_3的基性-超基性喷出岩。含金刚石的超钾岩,是以K_2O大于Al_2O_3、Mg与ΣFe比值大于5、K/Na比值大于5、Si/Ti比值为15—20为特征的超基性喷出岩。     

岩浆碳酸岩与沉积碳酸盐岩造岩元素的鉴别特征

笔者收集了不同国家和地区众多的沉积碳酸盐岩和岩浆碳酸岩的硅酸盐全分析资料,统计结果表明:岩浆碳酸岩的Si、Al、K、Na和Ti的一般含量与沉积碳酸岩无明显不同.而P_2O_5的含量和上述元素的比值,两者却显然不同。若将上述比值两两组合,并用直角坐标图表示,发现二者分布在完全不同的区域。由此可见,P_2O_6含量:SiO_2/(K_2O+Na_2O),SiO_2/Na_2O,Al_2O_3/(Na_2O+K_2O),Al_2O_3/Na_2O比值和稳定同位素一样,可以作为鉴别岩浆碳酸岩和沉积碳酸盐岩的标志之     

绿柱石单矿物微量分析法

绿柱石是一种重要的含铍矿物,化学组成为:3BeO·Al_2O_3·6SiO_2,各成份含量的理论值为:BeO14％,Al_2O_319％,SiO_267％,其中部分铍常被钾、钠、锂、钙、铁等金属元素置换。 一般分析项目有:SiO_2、BeO、Al_2O_3、TiO_2、Fe_2O_3、CaO、MgO、Li_2O、K_2O、Na_2O、Rb_2O、Cs_2O、H_2O~±,有时还分析Nb_2O_5、Ta_2O_5。     

我国金伯利岩型金刚石矿床的若干地质特征及其找矿标志

金伯利岩型金刚石矿床是世界上重要的金刚石矿床类型:也是我国迄今所发现的唯一的金刚石原生矿床类型。本文阐述了我国金伯利岩分布的构造部位、时代、产状、与暗色岩类的关系、围岩及其蚀变特征、岩管的岩相特征、岩石类型及岩石化学特征,并指出了该类矿床的找矿标志。     

青海沱沱河地区赛多浦岗日二长花岗岩中黑云母化学成分特征及地质意义

电子探针分析结果表明,沱沱河地区赛多浦岗日二长花岗岩中黑云母具有富MgO、SiO_2、(Na_2O+K_2O),相对贫Al_2O_3、FeO~t的特征;镁质率(M=0.60~0.65)高,∑Al值(1.30~1.39)偏低,中等Fe/(Mg+Fe)(0.42~0.44)比值,为镁质黑云母;估算其结晶温度为580℃~645℃,且岩浆体系具有较高的氧逸度。黑云母的成分特征显示其寄主岩体为造山背景下形成的钙碱性花岗岩,其源区具有壳-幔混源的特征。     

华北地块南缘老牛山杂岩体时代、成因及地质意义——锆石年龄、Hf同位素和地球化学新证据

老牛山杂岩体位于华北地块南缘。野外侵入关系和锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年显示,其由晚三叠世(印支期)和晚侏罗(燕山期)花岗质岩石组成。印支期岩石类型为石英二长岩、石英闪长岩和粗粒黑云母二长花岗岩,年龄分别为223±1Ma、222±1Ma和214±1Ma; 燕山期为中粒-中粗粒黑云母二长花岗岩和细粒-中细粒黑云母二长花岗岩,年龄分别为152±1Ma和146±1Ma。印支期石英闪长岩、石英二长岩的SiO₂相对含量低、富碱、高铝,为钾玄系列,准铝质Ⅰ型花岗岩;印支期粗粒黑云母二长花岗岩具富硅、碱、高铝、低镁的特点,属于高钾钙碱性系列,为准铝质-过铝质Ⅰ型花岗岩;燕山期黑云母二长花岗岩具高硅和铝、富碱,低镁的特点,为高钾钙碱性系列,准铝质Ⅰ型花岗岩。组成老牛山杂岩体的花岗岩从早到晚SiO₂含量由低变高,MgO、CaO和Na₂O由高变低。各期次岩石均表现出稀土元素总量较高,轻稀土元素明显富集,轻、重稀土元素分馏明显,具有较弱的铕异常。两期花岗质岩石均富集大离子亲石元素(K、Rb、Ba、Sr),而相对亏损高场强元素(Nb、Ta、P)。印支期花岗质岩石的全岩ε_Nd(t)为-11.3~-14.87,t_DM为1.7~1.9Ga,锆石的ε_Hf(t)为-9.57~-25.11,t_DM2为1863~2841Ma;燕山期花岗岩的全岩ε_Nd(t)为-13.32~-16.83,t_DM为 1.7~1.9Ga,锆石的ε_Hf(t)为-18.28~-24.79,t_DM2 为2360~2767Ma,表明该杂岩体的源区物质以壳源物质为主,可能与太古宙太华群相似,印支期有年轻地幔物质贡献。     

Geochemistry of approximately 1.9 Ga sedimentary rocks from northeastern Labrador, Canada

Fifty-eight rock chips from fifteen samples of sedimentary rocks from the Ramah Group (approximately 1.9 Ga) in northeastern Labrador, Canada, were analyzed for major and minor elements, including C and S, to elucidate weathering processes on the Earth's surface about 1.9 Ga ago. The samples come from the Rowsell Harbour, Reddick Bight, and Nullataktok Formations. Two rock series, graywackes-gray shales of the Rowsell Harbour, Reddick Bight and Nullataktok Formations, and black shales of the Nullataktok Formation, are distinguishable on the basis of lithology, mineralogy, and major and trace element chemistry. The black shales show lower concentrations than the graywackes-gray shales in TiO2 (0.3-0.7 wt% vs. 0.7-1.8 wt%), Al2O3 (9.5-20.1 wt% vs. 13.0-25.0 wt%), and sigma Fe (<1 wt% vs. 3.8-13.9 wt% as FeO). Contents of Zr, Th, U, Nb, Ce, Y, Rb, Y, Co, and Ni are also lower in the black shales. The source rocks for the Ramah Group sediments were probably Archean gneisses with compositions similar to those in Labrador and western Greenland. The major element chemistry of source rocks for the Ramah Group sedimentary rocks was estimated from the Al2O3/TiO2 ratios of the sedimentary rocks and the relationship between the major element contents (e.g., SiO2 wt%) and Al2O3/TiO2 ratios of the Archean gneisses. This approach is justified, because the Al/Ti ratios of shales generally retain their source rock values; however, the Zr/Al, Zr/Ti, and Cr/Ni ratios fractionate during the transport of sediments. The measured SiO2 contents of shales in the Ramah Group are generally higher than the estimated SiO2 contents of source rocks by approximately 5 wt%. This correction may also have to be applied when estimating average crustal compositions from shales. Two provenances were recognized for the Ramah Group sediments. Provenance I was comprised mostly of rocks of bimodal compositions, one with SiO2 contents approximately 45 wt% and the other approximately 65 wt%, and was the source for most sedimentary rocks of the Ramah Group, except for black shales of the Nullataktok Formation. The black shales were apparently derived from Provenance II that was comprised mostly of felsic rocks with SiO2 contents approximately 65 wt%. Comparing the compositions of the Ramah Group sedimentary rocks and their source rocks, we have recognized that several major elements, especially Ca and Mg, were lost almost entirely from the source rocks during weathering and sedimentation. Sodium and potassium were also leached almost entirely during the weathering of the source rocks. However, significant amounts of Na were added to the black shales and K to all the rock types during diagenesis and/or regional metamorphism. The intensity of weathering of source rocks for the Ramah Group sediments was much higher than that of typical Phanerozoic sediments, possibly because of a higher PCO2 in the Proterozoic atmosphere. Compared to the source rock values, the Fe3+/Ti ratios of many of the graywackes and gray shales of the Ramah Group are higher, the Fe2+/Ti ratios are lower, and the sigma Fe/Ti ratios are the same. Such characteristics of the Fe geochemistry indicate that these sedimentary rocks are comprised of soils formed by weathering of source rocks under an oxygen-rich atmosphere. The atmosphere about 1.9 Ga was, therefore, oxygen rich. Typical black shales of Phanerozoic age exhibit positive correlations between the organic C contents and the concentrations of S, U, and Mo, because these elements are enriched in oxygenated seawater and are removed from seawater by organic matter in sediments. However, such correlations are not found in the Ramah Group sediments. Black shales of the Ramah Group contain 1.7-2.8 wt% organic C, but are extremely depleted in sigma Fe (<1 wt% as FeO), S (<0.3 wt%), U (approximately l ppm), Mo (<5 ppm), Ni (<2 ppm), and Co (approximately 0 ppm). This lack of correlation, however, does not imply that the approximately 1.9 Ga atmosphere-ocean system was anoxic. Depletion of these elements from the Ramah Group sediments may have occurred during diagenesis.     

南天山北缘白土塘蛇绿混杂岩构造环境

新疆南天山北缘白土塘出露一部分蛇绿混杂岩,为了解其中超基性一基性岩的形成环境,笔者主要利用地球化学的研究方法对该区的9个样品进行了测试。通过地球化学研究分析,认为本区的蛇纹岩以低SiO2、TiO2、CaO、K2O、Na2O,高MgO、Al2O3为特征,富集相容元素Cr、Co、Ni,贫不相容元素,同时大离子亲石元素含量较低,整体特征类似于大洋二辉橄榄岩,具有地幔残留物的特征。对玄武岩的地球化学研究表明,其以富TiO2、MgO,贫Al2O3、K2O,且Na2O〉K2O为特征;与MORB相比较,明显亏损Nb、Ta;与原始地幔相比较,具有类似于N-MORB的亏损地慢特征;主、微量元素的地球化学特征显示岩石应形成于类似洋中脊的构造环境,岩浆源于亏损地幔区。     

Potassic primary melts of vulsini (Roman Province): evidence from mineralogy and melt inclusions

The origin and the relationships between the high potassic (HKS) and potassic (KS) suites of the Roman Comagmatic Province and the nature of their primary magmas have been intensively debated over the past 35 years. We have addressed these problems by a study of mineralogy (olivine Fo_92-87, Cr-spinel and diopside) and melt inclusions in olivine phenocrysts from a scoria sample of Montefiascone (Vulsini area). This rock is considered as one of the most primitive (MgO=13.5 wt%, NiO=340 ppm; Cr=1275 ppm) in the northern part of the Roman Comagmatic Province. The compositions of both the olivine and their melt inclusions are controlled by two main processes. In the case of the olivine Fo<90.5, fractional crystallization (olivine + diopside + minor spinel) was the principal mechanism of the magma evolution. The olivine (Fo_92-90.5) and the Cr-spinel (Cr#=100. Cr/(Cr+Al)=63-73) represent a near-primary liquidus assemblage and indicate the mantle origin of their parental magmas. The compositions of melt inclusions in these olivine phenocrysts correspond to those of poorly fractionated H₂O-rich ( 1 wt%) primary melts (MgO=8.4-9.7 wt%,FeO^total=6-7.5 wt%). They evidence a wide compositional range (in wt%: SiO₂=46.5-50, K₂O=5.3-2.8, P₂O₅=0.4-0.2, S=0.26-0.12; Cl=0.05-0.03, and CaO/Al₂O₃= 0.8-1.15), with negative correlations between SiO₂ and K₂O, Al₂O₃ and CaO, as well as positive correlations between K₂O, and P₂O₅, S, Cl, with nearly constant ratios between these elements. These results are discussed in terms of segregation of various mantle-derived melts. The high and constant Mg# [100.Mg/(Mg+Fe²⁺)] 73-75 of studied melts and their variable Si, K, P, Ca, Al, S contents could be explained by the melting of a refractory lithospheric mantle source, heterogeneously enriched in phlogopite and clinopyroxene (veined mantle source).     

150ka B.P.以来萨拉乌苏河流域主元素变动旋回

萨拉乌苏河流域米浪沟湾剖面150kaB.P.以来存在27个由风成砂与河湖相和古土壤构成的沉积旋回。通常后两者的Al2O3、TFe、Mn、TiO2、K2O、MgO、CaO和Na2O含量明显高于前者,而SiO2则相反,构成了与沉积旋回相应的150kaB.P.以来27个元素变化旋回。结合各元素的化学迁移特性、研究区所在的鄂尔多斯高原东南部洼地地貌特征以及季风沙区位置,论证了风成砂中SiO2含量增高,Al2O3、TFe、Mn、TiO2、K2O、MgO、CaO和Na2O相对降低,与干寒多风气候及其影响下石英的大量迁入有关,而河湖相和古土壤中SiO2相对迁移、Al2O3等呈聚集的势态,与暖湿气候作用下稳定性元素Al2O3、TFe、Mn、TiO2和非稳定性元素K2O、MgO、CaO、Na2O都能够从四周地表汇集于本区这种特殊的比较封闭的低地有关。研究表明,萨拉乌苏河流域150kaB.P.以来27个元素变化旋回与该时期北半球冰期-间冰期气候波动诱发的亚洲冬夏季风在毛乌素沙漠的多次更迭具有成因上的联系。     

赣西南下寒武统杂砂岩地球化学特征和沉积环境

赣西南地区早寒武世发育巨厚的砂泥质复理石沉积,砂岩杂基含量普遍大于15%,以杂砂岩为主。赣州市、井冈山市和萍乡市3个地区杂砂岩的主量、微量、稀土元素含量和组合特征表明,赣西南下寒武统杂砂岩具有较高的SiO2含量,高的Al2O3/(CaO+Na2O)和K2O/Na2O比值,较低的Al2O3/SiO2、Fe2O3/MgO比值和CaO含量;微量元素含量接近中国东部上地壳值,富集大离子亲石元素;稀土元素具有LREE富集、Eu亏损明显的特征。综合分析推测,物源剥蚀区为华夏陆块,其北缘显示为被动大陆边缘的地球化学特征,赣西南地区海水较深,且自南向北略微加深。     

阿尔金清水泉斜长角闪岩同位素定年及其地球化学特征

阿尔金南缘清水泉地区与超基性岩及斜长花岗岩伴生的斜长角闪岩岩石地球化学组成显示:SiO_2和Al_2O_3含量较高,分别为47.63%~55.26%和16.42%~18.97%,Na_2O+K_2O含量低为4.91%~5.60%,MgO和Mg~#值较低为4.41%~5.72%和44.9~57.9,具有负Eu异常,其Mg#与Ti O2、Fe OT及Cr与Rb呈明显的相关性,表明岩石为地幔岩浆经分异演化形成。岩石富集大离子亲石元素Rb、Ba、Sr及Sm和Th,亏损高场强元素Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf、Yb、Y、Lu及Ti,且Th/Ta为2.61~18.121,Nb/La为0.21~0.661,指示岩石在演化过程中受到了陆壳的混染,推断岩石形成于裂谷环境。利用LA-ICP-MS微区原位定年获得斜长角闪岩中锆石206Pb/238U加权平均年龄为461±4 Ma,指示阿尔金南缘在中奥陶世早期处于伸展的构造动力学背景之下,为研究阿尔金构造带的形成及演化提供了新的证据。     

新疆可支塔格蛇绿混杂岩的特征及其成因

新疆可支塔格蛇绿混杂岩位于青藏高原北缘东昆仑西段,属于木孜塔格-鲸鱼湖大断裂的西延部分。主要由辉橄岩、辉长岩、闪长岩、斜长花岗岩、辉绿岩、玄武岩及硅质岩等组成,形成时代为早石炭世。其中辉橄岩具有高Mg,贫Al,Ca,低硅、低碱的特点,富集相容元素Cr,Ni,Co。稀土总量低,接近于球粒陨石稀土元素总量,以LREE略富集为特征。闪长岩SiO2,K2O含量较低,MsO,CaO,Na2O较高,稀土总量高,∑REE为90．95×10^-6,LREE富集。斜长花岗岩SiO2 69．8％,Na2O〉K2O,K2O／Na2O为0．78,A／CNK为1．68,具有大洋斜长花岗岩的岩石化学特征。闪长岩、斜长花岗岩的微量元素特征相似,表现为大离子亲石元素K,Sr,Rb,Ba相对富集,高场强元素Nb,Ta,Zr,Hf相对亏损。研究表明,辉橄岩来源于亏损的地幔岩,接近于强烈亏损的方辉橄榄岩,而明显不同于结晶分异作用成因的超镁铁质岩石。闪长岩、斜长花岗岩为蛇绿混杂岩的浅色岩组分,是地幔岩浆结晶分异的产物,但可能受到了围岩的混染和后期热液交代影响。