用于极地的中尺度大气模式Polar MM5的改进和检验

介绍了一个用于极地研究的中尺度大气模式———Polar MM5,阐述了该模式区别于标准的中尺度大气模式MM5的动力学和物理特征。利用Polar MM5获得了10 d的模拟结果表明,Polar MM5能较好地模拟高纬度地区近地面气象变量特征,尤其是对近地面温度和水汽混合比可得到高精度模拟结果,证实了在高纬度地区对标准MM5所进行的物理参数化方案的改进是切实有效的。     

中尺度大气模式MM5简介

本文介绍了中尺度非静力大气模式MM5的动力框架、模式物理过程计算和参数化方法以及模式系统流程。     

海面状态参数化对海上大气边界层数值模拟的影响研究

由于海上大气边界层的下垫面是复杂多变的海面,因此海面状态的参数化对海上大气边界层数值模拟起到十分关键的作用.采用高分辨率的大气边界层模式进行敏感性试验研究,讨论了不同海面参数化方案对海上大气边界层数值模拟产生的影响.结果表明:几种海面粗糙度参数化方案在中低风速下模拟垂直结构主要的差异出现在边界层和自由大气分界面上;考虑...     

台风影响下渤海及邻域海面风场演变过程的MM5模拟分析

在装有 L inux操作系统的 PC机上运行美国大气研究中心 ( NCAR)的非静力中尺度大气模式 MM5。运用 MM5的嵌套功能 ,以 30 km水平分辨率对台风 KAI- TAK( 2 0 0 0年第 4号 )影响渤海海区的时段进行数值模拟 ,同时给出了水平分辨率为 10 km的嵌套区内逐时的渤海海面风场。通过对台风中心位置、中心气压、风速分布与雨区分布等要素的模拟结果与实况的比较 ,证实该实验对台风过程的模拟较为成功。嵌套区内渤海海面风场也明显体现出了地形影响的特征。并尝试以T10 6格点资料的三维客观分析场结合高空及地面观测为模式提供初值场 ,6h/次预报场为模式提供时变边界条件 ,对渤海海面风场进行了 2 4 h时预报     

0505号台风的数值模拟和中尺度结构分析

采用MM5中尺度数值模式,以NCEP再分析资料作为初始场和侧边界,对0505号台风“海棠”登陆过程进行数值模拟,结果表明模式能很好的模拟出台风路径和暴雨落区,并利用模式输出的高分辨率结果对台风“海棠”的中尺度结构演变特征进行了初步分析。     

南海季风试验期间海面低层大气过程的初步数值模拟试验

采用一维高分辨率大气边界层模式(OSUPBL),模拟了南海海面低层大气,得到高分辨率的海面低层大气的各种气象要素及界面通量和能量平衡关系,并将模拟结果和南海季风试验(SCSMEX)观测结果和日本气象厅(JMA)再分析资料进行对比分析.结果指出,OSUPBL模式模拟得到的海面大气边界层的风速、温、湿垂直廓线,大气边界层高度以及海表面短波辐射、长波辐射、感热、潜热通量、净辐射和海面热收支等与实际观测结果基本一致.     

海洋飞沫对热带气旋边界层结构的影响

将海洋飞沫参数化引入到一个高分辨率、非静力中尺度WRF模式中,对0908号热带气旋Morakot进行数值模拟,探讨了海洋飞沫对热带气旋Morakot边界层结构和强度的影响。模拟结果表明:采用新参数化后,对热带气旋Morakot的强度预报有改进,但对热带气旋移动路径改进不大;其次,通过对边界层过程的改进,使得眼墙区域的平均径向风速、切向风速、温度、相对湿度、垂直风速、热通量,降水等物理量均有增强,各物理量的贡献对热带气旋Morakot强度和结构变化的影响十分重要。     

利用MM5V3模式模拟大气波导产生的准确率分析

基于MM5V3中尺度天气预报模式建立了低空大气波导模拟平台,利用FNL再分析数据与GTS数据对东海海区大气波导分布进行了七个月的模拟。通过那霸、石垣和南大东岛3个站点的实测结果与模拟结果的比较,计算了波导发生的模拟准确率,统计分析了波导随时间的变化。结果表明,MM5V3模式能够较好的模拟出大气波导的产生和变化,尤其是模拟范围广、强度大的波导效果更好。     

地球模拟器及其数值预报系统

本文介绍了由日本宇宙开发事业团、日本原子能研究所和海洋科学技术中心共同研发的矢量型超级计算机-地球模拟器。该计算机上运行了高分辨率的海洋和大气数值模式,用以对全球大气和海洋环流的研究,中尺度涡的模拟,全球变暖预测以及海、气、冰相互作用模拟和预报等。本文具体阐述了地球模拟器的性能以及其上的数值产品海-冰耦合模式OIFES、大气模式AFES和海气冰耦合模式CFES。     

台风"卡努"(0515)加强过程对边界层参数化方案的敏感性试验

利用中尺度非静力MM5模式，分别选用Eta、Blackdar和MRF3种边界层参数化方案，对台风“卡努”（0515）登陆前加强过程进行数值模拟，模拟结果对比分析及其与实况的比较表明：边界层方案对台风强度有明显影响，“卡努”个例试验中Eta方案模拟的台风强度较好，Blackdar方案次之，而MRF方案较差．边界层通量分析表明这种差别主要是由水汽凝结潜热释放多寡造成的．边界层方案的差异也导致台风动力和热力结构在水平和垂直分布上都出现显著差异．     

有限区域大气-海浪耦合模式的建立及海表粗糙度参数化试验

利用LINUX操作系统下的进程通讯(IPC)技术将中尺度大气模式MM5(V3)与第三代海浪模式WW3进行双向耦合,建立考虑大气-海浪相互作用的风浪耦合模式,在耦合模式中引入3种海表粗糙度参数化方案,通过对一次热带气旋过程的模拟,研究大气-海浪相互作用对热带气旋系统的影响及耦合模式对海表粗糙度参数化方案的敏感性。结果表明:LINUX系统下的进程通讯技术可以方便有效地实现大气和海浪模式的双向耦合,模式运行稳定;耦合模式能够较好的模拟热带气旋的发展和演变过程及其影响下海浪场的分布和演变,模拟结果对海表粗糙度参数化方案较敏感;海浪的反馈作用同时影响了海气间的动力和热力作用过程,不同的海表粗糙度参数化方案下,海浪对两种作用过程不同的影响程度决定了其对气旋系统强度的影响。     

Impacts of sea spray on the boundary layer structure of Typhoon Imbudo

High winds in a typhoon over the ocean can produce substantial amounts of spray in the lower part of the atmospheric boundary layer, which can modify the transfer of momentum, heat, and moisture across the air-sea interface. However, the consequent effects on the boundary layer structure and the evolution of the typhoon are largely unknown. The focus of this paper is on the role of sea spray on the storm intensity and the structure of the atmospheric boundary layer. The case study is Typhoon Imbudo in July 2003. The results show that sea spray tends to intensify storms by increasing the sea surface heat fluxes. Moreover, the effects of sea spray are mainly felt in boundary layer. Spray evaporation causes the atmospheric boundary layer to experience cooling and moistening. Sea spray can cause significant effects on the structure of boundary layer. The boundary-layer height over the eyewall area east to the center of Typhoon Imbudo was increased with a maximum up to about 550 m due to sea spray, which is closely related with the enhancements of the heat fluxes, upward motions, and horizontal winds in this region due to sea spray.     

简单海-气边界层模式中的埃克曼流动Ⅰ——无限深海的情形

近十余年来,海洋和大气相互作用这一课题日益受到人们的关注。从海-气边界层结构以及通过海面的物理量和化学量输送机制的研究到大尺度海洋和大气相互作用的研究都取得了可喜的成果。此外,还从海洋和大气相互作用的观点探索了风暴潮预报的新的可能途径[2]。然而,由于问题的复杂性,通过海面以及海-气边界层的物理量的小尺度输送机制迄未得到澄清,企图从本质上改善大尺度海洋和大气相互作用的理论是不现实的。     

Validating and assessing the sensitivity of the climate model with an ocean general circulation model developed at the Institute of Atmospheric Physics,Russian Academy of Sciences

A new version of the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences (IAP RAS), climate model (CM) has been developed using an ocean general circulation model instead of the statistical-dynamical ocean model applied in the previous version. The spatial resolution of the new ocean model is 3° in latitude and 5° in longitude, with 25 unevenly spaced vertical levels. In the previous version of the oceanic model, as in the atmospheric model, the horizontal resolution was 4.5° in latitude and 6° in longitude, with four vertical levels (the upper quasi-homogeneous layer, seasonal thermocline, abyssal ocean, and bottom friction layer). There is no correction for the heat and momentum fluxes between the atmosphere and ocean in the new version of the IAP RAS CM. Numerical experiments with the IAP RAS CM have been performed under current initial and boundary conditions, as well as with an increasing concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide. The main simulated atmospheric and oceanic fields agree quite well with observational data. The new version’s equilibrium temperature sensitivity to atmospheric CO₂ doubling was found to be 2.9 K. This value lies in the mid-range of estimates (2–4.5 K) obtained from simulations with state-of-the-art models of different complexities.     

分层热带海洋模式中的Rossby波和Kelvin波——初始混合层深度异常与大气热力强迫激发波动

利用一个两层半的热带海洋模式,采用数值实验的方法研究了热带海洋对于初始海洋混合层深度异常和大气季节内时间尺度热力强迫激发产生的Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ波和Ｋｅｌｖｉｎ波。研究表明,初始海洋混合层深度异常和大气热力强迫,可以在两层半热带海洋模式中激发产生东向传播具有Ｋｅｌｖｉｎ波性质的波动和具有Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ波性质的波动。热力强迫激发产生海洋Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ波和Ｋｅｌｖｉｎ波所需时间长于初始海洋混合层深度异常和大气季节内动力强迫激发产生两波所需时间,与大气季节内动力强迫激发的Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ波相比,初始深度异常与大气热力强迫激发产生Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ波具有不同的热力性质。     

Study on the characteristics of the marine boundary layer in the Equatorial Pacific

ＳｔｕｄｙｏｎｔｈｅｃｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｉｓｔｉｃｓｏｆｔｈｅｍａｒｉｎｅｂｏｕｎｄａｒｙｌａｙｅｒｉｎｔｈｅＥｑｕａｔｏｒｉａｌＰａｃｉｆｉｃ￥ＺｈａｎｇＺｉｙｕａｎｄＺｈｏｕＭｉｎｇｙｕ（ＲｅｃｅｉｖｅｄＡｕｇｕｓｔ２１，１９９３；ａｃｃｅｐｔｅｄ...     

Comparison between MM5 simulations and satellite measurements during Typhoon Chanchu (2006) in the South China Sea

The fifth Pennsylvania State University and National Center for Atmospheric Research mesoscale model (MM5) is utilized to study the precipitation and wind speed during Typhoon Chanchu (2006).Five model experiments with different physical parameterizations and sea surface temperature (SST) distributions are carried out.It is found that the control experiment configured with the Blakadar boundary scheme,Resiner2 moisture,the Betts-Miller cumulus scheme and daily updated SST has the most reasonable precipitation.The MRF boundary scheme tends to simulate a dryer boundary layer and stronger vertical mixing,which can greatly reduce the intensity of tropical cyclone (TC),resulting in a smaller maximum wind speed but larger range of medium wind speed (25-30 m/s).Constant SST through the TC cycle provides more energy from ocean surface,which could cause a significant increase in TC’s intensity,thus resulting in the largest overestimation on rainfall and maximum wind speed.Longitudinally-uniform SST distribution before the rapid intensification could reduce TC’s intensity and heat fluxes,which can partially compensate for the overestimation of precipitation in the control experiment.     

Large eddy simulation of turbulence in ocean surface boundary layer at Zhangzi Island offshore

This study uses a large eddy simulation （LES） model to investigate the turbulence processes in the ocean surface boundary layer at Zhangzi Island offshore. Field measurements at Zhangzi Island （39°N, 122°E） during July 2009 are used to drive the LES model. The LES results capture a clear diurnal cycle in the oceanic turbulence boundary layer. The process of the heat penetration and heat distribution characteristics are analyzed through the heat flux results from the LES and their differences between two diurnal cycles are discussed as well. Energy balance and other dynamics are investigated which show that the tide-induced shear production is the main source of the turbulence energy that balanced dissipation. Momentum flux near the surface shows better agreement with atmospheric data computed by the eddy correlation method than those computed by bulk formula.