卸荷状态下岩爆分析综述及展望

岩爆是在高地应力区地下洞室开挖卸荷过程中发生的,岩爆特征与岩石卸荷破坏特征密切相关。在回顾用卸荷岩石力学研究岩爆历史的基础上分别从试验研究、理论研究方面提出了当前卸荷状态下岩爆研究中存在的问题,并对今后的发展提出了一些看法。     

北京大台井深部岩巷岩爆发生条件及影响因素

大台井岩爆类型为巷道围岩表部岩石破碎爆裂弹射的混合应力型。随采深增加,岩爆的烈度等级加大。岩爆的发生存在一个临界深度。影响岩爆的因素极为复杂。主要有地应力、岩石的结构与性质、开挖(开采)的深度、硐室开挖的形状及尺寸、地质构造与地形地貌、人工爆破等。岩石质地坚硬,结构完整是影响大台井岩爆的基本因素。埋深较大,造成铅垂地应力较高。煤层急倾斜,地质构造特殊,水平地应力较高。构造应力参与是其重要因素。     

地下工程围岩潜在岩爆问题评估方法

潜在岩爆评估是工程前期或可研阶段预估工程施工风险、建设成本和规划工程布置中的重要课题,现有单独采用岩爆倾向性或应力与强度之比的评价方法存在不足。文中建议了一种地下工程潜在岩爆问题评估方法,综合考虑了岩石力学特性、围岩质量和地应力三方面的内外在因素,归纳了岩爆对应的地质条件,总结认为岩爆主要发生在II、I类围岩。以体积应变反弯点为卸载控制点,改进了岩爆倾向性指数的试验方法。综合考虑岩石弹性能指数、应力强度比和主应力比3个因素,提出了潜在岩爆指数新指标,并给出了相应界限值,可为工程可研阶段岩爆风险预估提供了一种操作简单、逻辑科学的评估方法。     

西南地区某隧道围岩岩爆预测研究

岩爆预测一直是地下工程领域中的世界性难题。本文以西南某隧道工程为例,从岩爆形成的3个条件：岩石岩爆倾向性、岩体完整性和高地应力环境3个方面着手,应用最大储存弹性应变能指标Es和岩石脆性系数B,对深埋隧道区段内可能发生岩爆的石英砂岩、灰岩岩体进行岩爆倾向性分析预测; 基于地应力测量数据资料,采用地质过程动态模拟的有限元分析方法,反演分析隧道工程区岩体地应力场,对隧道高应力区段作出判断; 根据现场所取样品试验结果综合分析隧道围岩的物理力学性质、岩石单轴抗压强度等。在分析和总结前人岩爆预测预报方法的基础上,以工程地质分析为基础,详细阐明隧道岩爆发生的条件,并以岩体力学和非线性科学理论为指导,采用地质综合分析、应力强度比法对隧道可能发生岩爆的部位及其强度进行综合预测。     

岩爆破坏过程能量释放的数值模拟

岩爆是地下岩石开挖中的一种工程灾害现象,是岩体结构发生破坏时,由于内部储存的弹性能释放并转换为动能而造成动力形式的破坏。岩爆破坏过程中的能量释放与岩体在应力峰值前后的应力-应变特性紧密相关。另外,施工中开挖速度引起的加载速率的变化也会对岩爆的产生有明显影响。以岩体全过程应力-应变曲线试验为基础分析岩爆破坏过程。分析中采用的模型考虑了岩石峰值后应力-应变特性及加载速率的影响。运用数值方法对岩石洞室的开挖过程进行了模拟,在模拟中对岩体破坏的发生及弹性能释放过程进行了分析。数值分析结果显示,岩体洞室开挖过程中岩石破坏由岩体表面向岩体内部发展,岩石的弹性能释放率也随着破坏的发展而不断增加。分析结果还显示,岩体破坏时的弹性能释放速率会随着开挖速率的提高而明显增加。     

隧道地应力测试及岩爆预测研究

高地应力以及由此诱发的地质灾害（如岩爆等）是目前隧道施工中经常遇到的工程地质问题,地应力测试则是进行隧道岩爆及其其他灾害预测预报的重要内容,利用岩石声发射Kaiser效应测试地应力应用较为广泛,作者采用岩石声发射Kaiser效应法对隧道岩体初始地应力场进行了测试,结果表明,笔架山隧道应力总体状态为稳定型,岩体应力量级普遍较低。利用所测得的地应力场数据,结合国内外相关岩爆判据判定和理论分析,进一步得出笔架山隧道不会发生岩爆的结论。通过2D-σ有限元数值模拟,对笔架山隧道开挖中是否会产生岩爆等施工地质灾害做出了最终的判定,这种综合预测方法的准确性和可靠性较以前单一的岩爆预测方法大大提高,在岩爆预测理论和工程应用方面具有很好的参考价值。     

基于组合赋权和未确知测度的深埋隧道岩爆危险性评价——以川藏交通廊道桑珠岭隧道为例

针对复杂山区深埋隧道岩爆危险性评价中的诸多不确定性因素问题,通过归纳分析典型高地应力条件下深埋隧道岩爆破坏特征及关键影响因子,从客观反映高地应力环境、岩石力学性能和围岩性质3个层面确定5项岩爆评价指标,利用未确知测度理论建立隧道岩爆危险性评价模型.为了充分考虑岩爆危险性评价的主观因素和客观因素,通过引入距离函数,采用熵权法和层次分析法相结合构建组合赋权法,综合确定各指标的权重系数.基于未确知测度理论及计算规则,结合岩爆危险性分级标准,构建直线型单指标测度函数,计算单指标测度评价矩阵和多指标测度向量,依照置信度准则进行岩爆危险性评价.将构建的岩爆危险性评价未确知测度模型应用于川藏交通廊道桑珠岭隧道,并与强度应力比法、Russenes判据、岩石脆性系数、岩体完整性系数、岩石弹性能指数等单指标判据评价结果及实际岩爆结果进行对比.研究结果表明:该模型评价结果的准确率达到94.4%,比单指标岩爆判据的准确率高16.7%~66.7%.      

岩爆形成机制与判据研究

根据岩爆实例调研，详细地描述了岩爆破坏的几何形态特征，并通过岩爆岩石断口扫描电镜分析和岩爆岩石力学测试等研究，总结出岩爆形成的力学机制主要有压致拉裂，压致剪切拉裂，弯曲鼓折（溃屈）等3种基本类型。现场测试结果则表明，岩爆发生时，其判据σθ／Rb至少应大于0．3。     

关于岩爆岩石能量冲击性指标的商榷

本文对前人判断煤(岩)产生矿山冲击或岩爆的能量冲击性指标进行了商讨。同时根据大量的室内岩爆岩石力学弹射试验,提出了岩石岩爆临界弹射能这一新概念,并探讨了岩爆岩石储存能量的性能与有效弹射能之间的关系,为地下工程岩爆灾害预测提供了室内确定岩石岩爆性能的弹性能指数判据。     

浙江苍岭隧道岩爆工程地质特征分析与防治措施研究

根据在浙江苍岭隧道施工中发生的岩爆,通过现场地质观测资料,具体地分析了其形成的规模、位置、诱发因素以及地质条件,从地质工程的角度,对岩爆发生地段隧道的岩石组成、地质构造、地应力特征以及地下水情况进行了探讨,发现在苍岭隧道施工中发生岩爆的岩石具有岩体结构面发育适中、弹性模量大、P波波速高、地质构造简单、现代水平构造应力强且主压应力轴σ1大角度相交于隧道中轴线和地下水不发育的特征,并在此基础上,提出了掌子面喷水、布设释放地应力锚杆、减少隧道壁聚能结构等有效的岩爆防治措施。     

Stress deformation properties of rock and rock discontinuities

The results of an extensive literature survey on the stress deformation properties of rock materials and rock discontinuities are summarized. The results show that: (1) for rock tested under uniaxial conditions, the range of modulus is from about 1 to 100 GN/m², and the Poisson's ratio range is from 0.02 to 0.73 (0.46 if dilatant values are excluded) with an average value of 0.20; (2) for rock tested under triaxial conditions, the effects of nonlinearity and stress-dependency of the rock modulus are minor with hard, crystalline or homogeneous rock of low porosity, but are significant in porous, clastic or closely jointed rock; (3) anisotropy of the rock modulus is demonstrated mainly by variations in the modulus number or initial stiffness, while the nonlinearity and stress-dependency parameters are fairly constant with sample orientation; (4) nonlinearity and stress-dependency of the rock Poisson's ratio may be significant depending upon the magnitude of stress changes imposed, with the nonlinearity being more significant; and (5) limited data on rock discontinuities indicate that nonlinearity and stress-dependency effects may be quite large.     

大望海寨岩体岩石化学特征及岩石类型划分

大望海寨岩体位于营口—宽甸台拱与下辽河断陷连接带的东侧,侵位于燕山旋回晚期,其岩石地球化学特征与钙碱性花岗岩十分相似,通过花岗岩类自然矿物岩石化学换算法证明其应归于二长花岗岩类,其主要岩石类型应为斑状含黑云二长花岗岩和淡色二长花岗岩。其成岩物质主要由上地幔衍生出的岩浆与下地壳部分熔融所产生的岩浆同熔而成。成因类型属I型同熔花岗岩类。     

岩石风化与岩石化学成分的变化研究

研究岩石风化过程中岩石化学成分的变化规律,对于进一步研究岩石的风化机理以及岩石的物理力学性质变化过程有着十分重要的意义.本文通过对湘西地区陡山沱组黑色岩石不同风化程度的化学成分分析研究表明,岩石中的化学成分将随风化的进行而不断发生变化,在一定程度上反映了陡山沱组黑色岩石风化过程中其化学成分的变化趋势.     

岩体基本参数对岩质边坡变形的影响

文章利用有限差分程序FLAC,定量化讨论了边坡岩体(软岩)的变形模量、泊松比、密度、粘聚力、内摩擦角、边坡高度等参数对软岩边坡变形的影响。研究表明,边坡位移随变形模量E的增大而减小;泊松比μ的增加,则会引起x方向的位移的增加,y方向的位移减小;而岩体密度对岩石边坡位移的影响甚弱。边坡岩体的粘聚力c对边坡变形的影响程度与岩体的其他参数间存在很大关系。内摩擦角对边坡位移的影响大小,则取决于粘聚力c的取值。此外,随着边坡高度的增加边坡变形则会随之增加。其中x方向位移变化对边坡高度的变化更为敏感;同样,在边坡岩体其他参数不变的情况下,边坡倾角越大,边坡变形也越大。     

Evolution of sedimentary rock formation of a rock association level

The evolution of sedimentary rock formation of a highly organized level (paragenetic rock associations) is more complex than that of a poorly organized level (rocks). Subjacent rock associations are established for the entire geological evolution of the Earth: they varied in time and were obsolescent or, in contrast, nascent and momentary. A certain cyclicity of evolution is identified along with directed changes.     

岩石（体）渗透性测试的体变量法研究

渗透性测试试验一般采用直接测渗流量的方法,难以对低渗透岩有效测定流量。利用新开发的高压渗透仪,采用“体变量法”进行渗透性测试,该法是通过精确计量渗透出水端水体积的变化量（最小有效测试精度可达0.03 mL）度量岩石（体）渗流量的大小。保持渗透水压差不变,当出水端水体积变化与时间呈线性关系时,即该时段渗透速度保持不变,则该时段试样渗透特性符合达西定律,可利用达西公式对试样渗透性指标进行分析计算。采用这种方式,即使是针对超低渗透性岩石（渗透系数小于10-9 cm/s）,在整个渗透端面形成以后,某一条件下渗透性测试仅需十几分钟甚至几分钟,大大缩短了测试时间,提高了测试精度。试验证明该方法是一种有效的测试方法。     

Soft rock pillars

Summary Soft rock pillars can be designed by several methods available in the mining literature. All of these methods include the effect of shape, or geometry, on the average strength of specimens and pillars. All of the pillar design methods include some measurement of the strength of specimens of the pillar rock. The most common rock specimen strength property measured is the unconfined compressive strength. However, the average strength of triaxially confined rock specimens is much greater than the unconfined specimen strength, which can be more important to pillar strength. The estimation of the strength of a pillar is complicated by the decrease in rock specimen strength with increase in specimen size.Editor's note: In common with North American engineering practise, the paper uses English units throughout, where feasible conversions are included in the text. Where not, the following factors may be used: 1 inch=25.4 mm; 1 ft=0.3048 m; 1 lbf/in.^–2=6.895 kn/m^–2; 1Tonf.=8.896 kN.     

Numerical model for rock bolts with consideration of rock joint movements

Summary The stability of any underground structure during and after excavation is the most important question for designers, because any kind of collapse may destroy large parts of a finished tunnel, causing major repairs and time loss. Preliminary calculations are therefore of great importance. A calculation is only useful, however, when the underlying numerical model correctly describes natural behaviour. The rock bolts used in tunnel excavations are mostly untensioned grouted bolts, and this type of bolt is the main focus of this work. From the model of the grouted bolt, other types of rock bolts can also be modelled by the theory presented herein. Bolt behaviour in intact rock mass is so different from behaviour when a bolt intersects a joint, that a model with two different elements is suggested for a numerical calculation; one element for the bolt in the rock mass and one as a bolt intersecting with a joint.The model for both elements is verified by the experimental results. The numerical results correspond favourably with the experimental work. A variation of the parameters important for the behaviour of the bolt in intersection with the joint is shown. As an implementation of the bolt model, the numerical simulation of excavation and stabilisation of one road tunnel is presented.     

PDC破岩条件下的岩石研磨性评价

岩石的研磨性是钻井过程中钻头的磨损预测及优化的重要因素。为了预测钻遇地层岩石的研磨性,建立了钻井过程中PDC复合片的磨损计算模型,从而得到了岩石研磨性的预测方法。首先,通过复合片与地层之间的受力分析并结合岩石的破碎条件,建立了不同钻压条件下地层对复合片的作用力计算模型。根据石英含量的概率密度分布情况,获得了岩石中参与磨损的颗粒与复合片底部的真实作用力。然后,根据PDC复合片磨损的几何原理,建立了地层对钻头复合片的磨损计算模型。通过室内实验对模型进行修正,分析了岩石各种属性对复合片磨损的影响规律,揭示了各参数影响复合片磨损的主次顺序依次为：弹性模量>石英含量>内摩擦角>表面粗糙度>泊松比>内聚力。基于该磨损模型建立了岩石研磨性评价指标,对制定了岩石研磨性的分级标准具有一定的借鉴意义。     

Sound level produced during rock drilling vis-à-vis rock properties

The process of drilling, in general, always produces sound. Though sound is used as a diagnostic tool in mechanical industry, its application in predicting rock property is not much explored. In this study, an attempt has been made to estimate rock properties such as uniaxial compressive strength, Schmidt rebound number and Young's modulus using sound level produced during rotary drilling. For this purpose, a computer numerical controlled vertical milling centre was used for drilling holes with drill bit diameters ranging from 6 to 20 mm with a shank length of 40 mm. Fourteen different rock types were tested. The study was carried out to develop the empirical relations using multiple regression analysis between sound level produced during drilling and rock properties considering the effects of drill bit diameter, drill bit speed and drill bit penetration rate. The F-test was used to check the validity of the developed models. The measured rock property values and the values calculated from the developed regression model are fairly close, indicating that the developed models could be efficiently used with acceptable accuracy in prediction of rock properties.