冻结作用对青藏红黏土及兰州粉土微观结构的影响分析

冻土微观孔隙特征是决定冻土体一系列物理、力学性质的基本参数,冻土中存在的冰晶体其体积受温度影响发生变化会影响到冻土的土体微观结构及孔隙特质发生变化。利用可用于负温冻土观测的新型扫描电镜,通过对青藏红黏土及兰州粉土不同初始条件下的土样冻结前后微观结构进行研究分析。结果表明：冻结作用发生后,冰晶生长对周围土颗粒产生挤压作用,导致周围土颗粒的移动和结构破坏,土中大孔隙的数量增多,加之周围小孔隙补给大孔隙中的冰晶进一步生长,出现局部个别大孔隙体积增大,小孔隙体积缩小的现象,表现在孔隙率上为土体在冻结后孔隙率减小;此外,对于粒径级配不同的土体而言,冻结作用对细颗粒土的土体孔隙的尺寸、形态以及排列方式等方面的影响均大于粗颗粒土;同样,初始含水率决定了冻结作用发生后参与改变土体微观结构的冰晶体生长的"量"的大小,在冻结作用对土体结构性破坏的过程中起重要作用。研究成果定量揭示了冻结作用对不同初始条件下的土体微观结构的影响,为研究冻土宏观力学特性和冻胀机制等提供了理论基础与和试验支撑。     

Microscopic and environmental controls on the spacing and thickness of segregated ice lenses

The formation of segregated ice is of fundamental importance to a broad range of permafrost and periglacial features and phenomena. Models have been developed to account for the microscopic interactions that drive water migration, and predict key macroscopic characteristics of ice lenses, such as their spacings and thicknesses. For a given set of sediment properties, the temperature difference between the growing and incipient lenses is shown here to depend primarily on the ratio between the effective stress and the temperature deviation from bulk melting at the farthest extent of pore ice. This suggests that observed spacing between ice lenses in frozen soils, or traces of lenses in soils that once contained segregated ice, might be used to constrain the combinations of effective stress and temperature gradient that were present near the time and location at which the lower lens in each pair was initiated. The thickness of each lens has the potential to contain even more information since it depends additionally on the rate of temperature change and the permeability of the sediment at the onset of freezing. However, these complicating factors make it more difficult to interpret thickness data in terms of current or former soil conditions.     

冻土弹塑性本构模型研究现状

土体的本构模型是分析计算土工结构变形规律的关键。自剑桥模型提出以来,对于土体本构模型的研究,各国学者在不同环境条件下发展研究了适用于相应试验条件下的各类模型。随着寒区经济的发展,关于冻土力学性质的研究日益增多,许多学者借鉴常规融土的研究方法建立了不同条件下的冻土弹塑性本构模型。为了进一步理清冻土变形行为的特征,完善适用于冻土弹塑性行为的本构模拟理论和方法,作者总结和分析了各类冻土弹塑性本构模型的理论基础、建模方法、参数确定方法等内容,对进一步发展可准确描述冻土复杂力学行为的本构模型具有指导意义。     

土壤的冷生构造及其对阿拉斯加土地利用的意义

Cryogenic structure (patterns made by ice inclusions) in seasonally frozen and permafrost-af-fected soils result from ice formation during freezing. Analysis of cryogenic structures in soils is essential to our understanding of the cryogenic processes in soils and to formulating land use management interpretations. When soils freeze, the freezing front moves downward and attracts water moving upward resulting in mainly horizontal lenticular ice formation. Platy and lenticular soil structures form between ice lenses in upper active layer. The reticular soil structure usually forms above the permafrost table caused by freeze-back of the permafrost. The upward freeze-back resulted in platy soil structure and the volume changes following the annual freeze-thaw cycle resulted in vertical cracks. The combined result is an ice-net formation with mineral soils embedded in the ice net. The upper permafrost layer that used to be a part of the active layer has an ice content exceeding 50% due to repeated freeze-thaw cycles over time. The mineral soils appear in blocks embedded in an ice matrix. The permafrost layer that never experienced the freeze-thaw cycle often consists of alternate layers of thin ice lens and frozen soils with extreme hard consistence and has relatively lower ice content than the ice-rich layer of the upper permafrost. Ice contents and thaw settling potentials associated with each cryogenic structure should be considered in engineering and land use interpretations.     

不同围压下冻结黄土胶结行为的离散元分析

鉴于冻土中冰的胶结作用在冻土力学性质方面的重要作用,在三维离散元法中,采用黏结发生在有限范围内的模型来考虑冰的胶结作用,对不同围压下冻结黄土的胶结行为进行了数值研究。结果表明：数值模拟的应力-应变曲线与试验数据吻和较好;颗粒接触刚度、平行黏结刚度和强度均随着围压增大而线性增大,但摩擦系数随围压增大而减小;力链、位移和孔隙率与围压的响应关系呈现出统一性。同时,也分析了冰胶结作用影响下的冻土细观变化与宏观力学行为之间的响应关系。这对于促进离散元法在冻土领域内的应用具有积极的作用。     

青藏直流输电线路冻土长期抗剪强度预测及影响因素分析

冻土是指0℃以下,含有冰的各种岩石和土壤,由于其复杂的物理力学特性,给青藏直流联网工程的施工和设计带来了很多难题。工程沿线冻土的长期抗剪强度,更是由于土质、含冰量以及密实度分布的复杂特性,影响了其在使用寿命内的安全运营和稳定性。为解决这一工程难题,室内制备重塑试样并在-2℃的温度下对3种土质类型（粉质黏土、粉砂和细砂）、3种含冰量（饱冰、富冰和多冰）的密实和松散冻土进行直剪快剪的蠕变试验,得到了不同土质、含冰量以及密实度类型的冻土剪切蠕变特性,并分析和预测了长期抗剪强度的变化规律和影响因素,结果表明:（1）短时间内冻土承受荷载的能力随含冰量的增加而增大;随着加载时间的延长,冰的流变特性表现出来,使冻土的蠕变变形加大,冻土的强度降低;（2）密实度越大、含冰量越大的冻土,初期强度越高;随着时间的增加,强度开始衰减,且含冰量越大,密实度越小的冻土衰减速度越快;（3）长期强度的变化规律不受土质的影响,说明在工程施工阶段,若单纯考虑长期强度时,只要不同土质冻土保持冻结状态,可同一对待和处理。以上结论为输电线路冻土基础设计、施工和安全运营提供了一定的理论基础,也为在青藏地区开展的其他工程活动提供了可借鉴的试验数据和资料。     

适用于冻土的广义非线性强度准则

冻土与融土的主要区别是冰,温度变化影响着孔隙冰含量,进而影响着冻土的物理力学性质．广义非线性强度准则用一个表达式描述了材料在“平面及子午面上的非线性强度特性,其在主应力空间的π平面上的破坏函数为介于SMP准则和Mises准则之间的光滑曲线,子午面上的破坏函数为幂函数曲线．在该准则的框架下,通过国内学者已取得的冻土材料的...     

冻土的力学性质及研究现状

中国具有广大的季节冻土和多年冻土区,在冻土地区进行工程建设,就必须深入研究冻土的力学特性,以确保冻土地基上工程建筑物的稳定性。本文首先,简要介绍了我国冻土的分布状况和冻土区别于融土的基本特性,广义的冻土力学可分为冻融作用和已冻土力学性质两方面,冻胀、融沉和冻融循环引起的土力学性质的变化属于冻融作用的范畴。对于冻胀的研究较为深入,人们先后提出了多个理论来解释冻胀产生的机制,有的应用于计算分析中。对融沉的研究尽管具有较长的历史,但是多数停留在经验方法上,融化固结理论目前还有较大的局限性,因此提出一方面可以用人工神经网络法提高经验方法的精度和适用范围,另一方面应当发展融化固结大变形理论;冻融循环可以改变土的力学性质,介绍了作者的最近研究进展。针对已冻土的力学特性,从3方面进行了分析。冻土的强度主要沿用融土的强度理论,很难反映高应力下的压融现象;冻土动力学特性主要针对温度对动力学参数的影响,近年来冻土层对场地动力响应的影响越来越受到重视;冻土的本构关系多集中在蠕变研究,以经验公式法为主。最后,分析了多年冻土地区工程变形所涉及的物理力学过程。     

Experimental soft‐sediment deformation caused by fluidization and intrusive ice melt in sand

Identifying the driving mechanisms of soft‐sediment deformation in the geological record is the subject of debate. Thawing of ice‐rich clayey silt above permafrost was proved experimentally to be among the processes capable of triggering deformation. However, previous work has failed so far to reproduce similar structures in sand. This study investigates fluidization and intrusive ice formation from soil models in the laboratory. Experimental conditions reproduce the growth of ice‐cored mounds caused by pore water pressure increase during freeze‐back of sand in a permafrost context. Excess pore water pressure causes hydraulic fracturing and the development of water lenses beneath the freezing front. Later freezing of the water lenses generates intrusive ice. The main structures consist of sand dykes and sills formed when the increase in pore water pressure exceeds a critical threshold, and soft‐sediment deformations induced by subsidence during ice melt. The combination of processes has resulted in diapir‐like structures. The experimental structures are similar to those described in Pleistocene sites from France. These processes constitute a credible alternative to the seismic hypothesis evoked to explain soft‐sediment deformation structures in other European regions subjected to Pleistocene cold climates.     

大型锚碇基础围护工程冻结帷幕力学性态研究

冻结围护是利用人工制冷技术,使地层中的水结冰,将天然土层变成冻土作为围护挡土止水的新技术。依据冻结基本原理,在大型锚碇深基础中采用排桩内支撑结构并结合冻结帷幕止水是一种新的基坑围护形式,含水土层冻结后形成的冻结帷幕具有良好的封水性能,冻土墙刚度和强度较原土层有很大的提高且质量易于控制。相对于常规围护工程,冻结围护结构的冻胀力学特性复杂且研究资料贫乏,因此,其力学性状的研究将进一步完善冻结围护技术理论,保障基础工程顺利安全进行。通过对锚碇基础围护工程冻结帷幕温度场-应力场耦合的三维非线性数值模拟分析研究,得到冻结围护工程中冻结帷幕的冻胀力学性状特征,结合大型锚碇基础冻结围护工程实例的现场测试成果分析,验证数值模拟分析方法结果的合理性以及冻结围护技术的可靠性,研究成果将为今后冻结围护技术的工程推广应用提供理论基础。     

环渤海海冰弯曲强度的试验测试及特性分析

在渤海冰区油气开发中,海冰物理力学性质对海洋结构设计、海冰动力学过程均有重要影响.目前,随着渤海冰区锥体海洋平台的增加,对海冰弯曲强度的研究具有重要意义.对环渤海沿岸9个测点的海冰弯曲强度进行了现场和室内测试,同时对影响海冰弯曲强度的海冰盐度、温度进行了测试;分析了莱州湾、辽东湾西岸和辽东湾东岸等不同测点海冰弯曲强度的...     

水分迁移对冻土细观结构的影响

冻结作用导致土体中产生了水分迁移,从而改变了土体密度,进而改变了土体结构性及其物理力学性质。利用CT设备,对冻融前后的土样进行CT细观试验,通过CT数变化定量分析土样的损伤程度,反映冻土结构的变化。结果表明：冻结过程中同时发生了裂纹的张开与闭合,冰透镜体位置裂纹数量在冻结后明显增加。冻结区土样在水分迁移并结晶的作用下被切割成多个多边形,造成土样孔隙增大,导致CT数减小,损伤量增大。融土区土体在冻胀力作用下产生了一定的固结,使得其密度增大,CT数增大,损伤量表现为负值。上部荷载对土体损伤有抑制作用,而冻融作用却加剧了土体损伤。     

Thermo-mechanical facies representative of fast and slow flowing ice sheets: the Weichselian ice sheet,a central west Poland case study

This study deals with an issue of thermo-mechanical facies, reflecting specific thermal and mechanical properties of the subglacial environment. The main objective of this study was to develop a model of glacitectionic deformation and its sedimentary record beneath fast and slow flowing ice sheets, based on investigations conducted in Wielkopolska (west central Poland). Sedimentary structures, mainly at the contact between subglacial tills and glacifluvial sediments, were recognized to delineate typical facies associations in a Weichselian glacigenic succession. Each association was interpreted as a record of the different depositional environments related to different subglacial conditions. Those investigations suggest the substratum was composed of frozen and dry, and wet and mobile spots, and four thermo-mechanical facies were distinguished: A – is representative of slower ice flow, dry and cold subglacial conditions, where driving stresses and normal effective pressure were high; B – is also related to slow ice flow and occurrence of cold subglacial permafrost, but with little amount of unfrozen water (however, higher than in facies A), with similar physical characteristics of the ice sheet as facies A; thermo-mechanical facies C and D represent wet and warm ice sole, with low normal effective pressure and driving stresses, thus lowering sediments’ shear strength and enabling high ice-flow velocities. We suggest that these facies have specific and non-random location, thereby revealing the relationship between subglacial thermo-mechanical conditions and ice sheet dynamics. Slow moving, cold-based ice occurred along ice sheet margins and inter-stream areas, whereas fast-moving, warm-based, well-lubricated ice, was typical of the axial parts of ice streams.     

融化作用下含冰裂隙冻岩强度特性及寒区边坡失稳研究现状

如何科学评价裂隙冻岩质边坡稳定性、如何采用有效措施保证冻岩边坡工程的安全建设和运营,已是目前岩石力学研究领域的一个重要课题.首先对青海木里地区含冰裂隙冻岩地层煤矿露采过程中的大规模边坡工程问题开展现场勘察和试验研究,分析了高寒地区冰体赋存特征、含冰地层消融特征及含冰地层融水出流特征;结合前人研究,较为全面地总结了含冰裂隙冻岩强度特性及冻岩边坡普遍性的变形失稳特点,提出寒区冻岩边坡失稳机理为冰-岩系统在热侵蚀和荷载共生作用下的热力耦合结果;对消融作用下含冰裂隙冻岩的物理力学、热力耦合特性及裂隙冻岩质边坡稳定性评价等方面的国内外研究现状进行了综述和讨论;认为开展融化作用下含冰裂隙冻岩体强度特性及边坡失稳研究将是与冻融损伤并重的一个新的研究方向.     

循环荷载下冻土变形特性研究现状及冻土开挖问题

讨论了循环荷载作用下冻土的变形特性,总结了前人对冻土变形特性的研究成果。重点阐述了影响冻土变形特性的主要因素,包括土质、含水量、含冰量、温度、围压、动应力振幅和频率对冻土变形特性的影响及其研究现状和主要结论。简要论述了冻土开挖方面的研究情况,并强调了冻土机械开挖方法的重要性。最后针对高效开挖冻土的实际需求,提出了进行冻土变形特性进一步研究的几点建议。     

高温冻土物理力学特性研究现状

高温冻土又称近相变区冻土, 通常用来描述相对较高温度的冻土. 由于其温度区间处于冻土的剧烈相变区, 冻土中冰和未冻水的比例对温度的变化极其敏感, 因此, 高温冻土的物理力学性质具有强烈的不稳定性, 极易在温度变化的影响下发生实质性改变. 基于有关高温冻土物理力学性质研究的文献, 综述了高温冻土的定义及其温度界限, 同时论述了未冻水对高温冻土物理力学性质的巨大影响, 并提出了一种在冻结状态下高温冻土中未冻水孔隙水压力的测试方法. 重点从强度特征、变形特性以及本构模型三方面对高温冻土力学特性的研究现状进行了总结和分析, 并提出要进一步探究高温冻土变形机理及本构模型, 可以为高温不稳定多年冻土区各类工程的基础变形及稳定性预报、评价提供理论基础.     

海冰韧脆转变特性的宏微观分析

冰荷载是寒区海洋工程结构物设计的控制荷载。海冰强度研究是确定冰荷载的基础。从宏微观结合的角度研究海冰强度特性,通过对海冰韧脆转变的微观机制分析,给出了微裂纹形成机制和扩同制;通过对Ｒｉｃｅ－Ｔｈｏｍｓｏｎ模型的分析,得出了韧－脆转变的判据;最后进行了韧脆转变区的强度计算。与实验结果相符。     

Sedimentological and deformational criteria for discriminating subglaciofluvial deposits from subaqueous ice‐contact fan deposits: A Pleistocene example (Ireland)

A pit located near Ballyhorsey, 28 km south of Dublin (eastern Ireland), displays subglacially deposited glaciofluvial sediments passing upwards into proglacial subaqueous ice‐contact fan deposits. The coexistence of these two different depositional environments at the same location will help with differentiation between two very similar and easily confused glacial lithofacies. The lowermost sediments show aggrading subglacial deposits indicating a constrained accommodation space, mainly controlled by the position of an overlying ice roof during ice‐bed decoupling. These sediments are characterized by vertically stacked tills with large lenses of tabular to channelized sorted sediments. The sorted sediments consist of fine‐grained laminated facies, cross‐laminated sand and channelized gravels, and are interpreted as subglaciofluvial sediments deposited within a subglacial de‐coupled space. The subglaciofluvial sequence is characterized by glaciotectonic deformation structures within discrete beds, triggered by fluid overpressure and shear stress during episodes of ice/bed recoupling (clastic dykes and folds). The upper deposits correspond to the deposition of successive hyperpycnal flows in a proximal proglacial lake, forming a thick sedimentary wedge erosively overlying the subglacial deposits. Gravel facies and large‐scale trough bedding sand are observed within this proximal wedge, while normally graded sand beds with developed bedforms are observed further downflow. The building of the prograding ice‐contact subaqueous fan implies an unrestricted accommodation space and is associated with deformation structures related to gravity destabilization during fan spreading (normal faults). This study facilitates the recognition of subglacial/submarginal depositional environments formed, in part, during localized ice/bed coupling episodes in the sedimentary record. The sedimentary sequence exposed in Ballyhorsey permits characterization of the temporal framework of meltwater production during deglaciation, the impact on the subglacial drainage system and the consequences on the Irish Sea Ice Stream flow mechanisms.     

Formation and growth of multiple,distinct ice lenses in frost heave

This paper presents a fully coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical (THM) model which simulates frost heave in fully saturated soils. The model is able to simulate the formation and growth of multiple distinct ice lenses. The basic equations of the system were derived using the continuum theory of mixtures, nonequilibrium thermodynamics, and fracture mechanics, considering skeleton deformation, water flow and heat transport. Central to this model is the coupled transport of mass due to the temperature gradient across the frozen fringe, which acts as the main driving force of the phenomenon. The model is formulated in terms of measurable physical properties and thus no ad hoc parametrization is required. In an ice-lens-free state, the system is solved as a continuum using the finite element method (FEM). It is then locally treated as a discontinuous system upon the formation of ice lens, by enriching the elements carrying the embedded ice lens(es) using the extended finite element method (X-FEM). The accuracy and efficiency of the proposed model has been verified using several laboratory tests on Devon silt samples at different overburden pressures and thermal boundary conditions. Shut-off pressures have been also estimated and compared with the experimental results.