崇州市地质灾害特点与发育规律

经综合研究,结合GIS数据分析,对崇州市地质灾害特点和发育规律进行了分析和总结。结果表明:滑坡规模以小型为主,均为土质滑坡、新滑坡,以浅层滑坡为主;滑坡集中分布于地形坡度15°～25°、高程560～800m、半坚硬砂泥岩岩组(N、E、K_2g)、半坚硬—坚硬岩组(J_(3p)、J_(2sn)、J_(2s)、J_(1-2z))内;崩塌集中分布于45°以上的坡度、高程800～1 200m、薄层状半坚硬砂页岩岩组、中厚层中等岩溶化坚硬石灰岩岩组及厚层半坚硬砂泥岩岩组内;泥石流集中分布于地形坡度多介于10°～35°之间、高程在800～1200m之间。断层是崩塌、泥石流发育的主控因素,在0.5km范围内,崩塌达39处,密度为18.79处/100km²;泥石流达17处,密度为8.1/100km2;泥石流达17处,密度为8.1/100km²。     

西藏易贡巨型超高速远程滑坡地质灾害链特征研析

易贡巨型山体崩塌-滑坡是国内规模最大的超高速远程滑坡.该滑坡位于西藏波密县易贡乡境内的扎木弄沟源头至沟口外的易贡藏布两岸.滑坡的最大水平位移为6.7～7.0km,其堆积体前缘最大宽度约3.0km,纵向最大长度4.6km,最大厚度近80m,滑坡体表面总面积为8.69km2,体积达3.0×108m3.从山体崩塌开始到滑坡滑动直至停积就位,仅用了约3min,滑坡平均运动速度为37～39m/s.在受到巨大撞击和在高速运动中解体的崩塌岩块因其质量大而分布在滑坡体的中后部,滑坡体前缘及两侧是混有大量空气、粉尘和富水的碎屑物质形成的碎屑流堆积.因在运动中主流线与两侧的速度有差异,产生的剪切力以及主流前缘受到原堆积垅的阻挡,使两侧富含高密度气团的碎屑流运动分别出现典型的左旋及右旋的涡流特征.高速碎屑流使滑坡堆积体两侧及前缘普遍受到裹夹着砂、石与水的高密度气团冲击.从滑坡体的主堆积区向前缘和两侧清楚地呈现出密度流差异,并受原始地形影响,表现为不对称的堆积特点.滑坡在高速运动过程中具有明显的气垫效应,在坠落停积后大量气体快速逸出,并伴有喷水冒砂和局部塌陷等现象.该滑坡是受区域性强烈上升、丰富的降水以及断裂构造等因素控制,由地形条件、地层结构、岩体物理力学性质、岩石原生结构面及次生裂隙受冻融作用影响等多种因素共同制约,在 超量冰雪融水的诱发下,导致花岗岩体内空隙水压力剧增,引起山体崩塌(一次性崩塌体积达3.0×107m3 ,崩塌岩体垂直下落高度约2580m),尔后激发的具有崩塌-滑坡一体化特征的巨型超高速远程滑坡.该滑坡的不确定周期与继发性特征完全不同于一些大型的蠕动性滑坡.将这起巨型山体崩塌-滑坡及其影响的空间范围与历时时间联系起来研究,不难发现该滑坡是在一个特定的时空范围内,通过超量冰雪融水引发山体崩塌,以山体崩塌激发超高速远程滑坡,又以滑坡体堵塞易贡藏布成湖的方式,导致上游湖水淹没周边大范围农田、茶场、草场、房舍及森林而成灾,尔后通过湖水溃决方式冲毁易贡藏布、帕隆藏布、雅鲁藏布江及其两岸的所有桥梁、交通及通信设施,并使其下游沿江地区长达450km范围的居民受害.最终以洪水冲蚀河谷坡脚,造成数百km河谷地段发生不同程度的坡脚失稳,致使沿江河两岸的河谷发生崩塌、滑坡,形成浅层牵引式滑坡带等次生地质灾害而告结束.由此认定该滑坡是一个具有明显时间序列、以山体崩塌激发高速远程滑坡为主、有超常危害性的巨型滑坡地质灾害链.     

四川汶川Ms 8 级地震触发的典型滑坡的风险指标反演

2008年汶川大地震触发了数以万计的崩塌和滑坡,特别是沿发震断裂分布一系列大型的高速远程滑坡。为了探索地震诱发大型高速远程滑坡运动速度的反演方法,以汶川大地震典型高速远程滑坡为例,在野外调查和室内分析的基础上,结合前人的研究成果,对沿映秀－北川断裂展布的5个典型滑坡的速度进行了反演和计算。结果表明,5个滑坡的最大速度均大于50m/s,其中大光包滑坡速度最大,其下部滑体的最大速度约为300m/s,上部滑体凌空飞行的初速度高达165.6 m/s。同时,对上述滑坡的视摩擦系数进行了计算,4个滑坡的视摩擦系数介于0.16~0.4之间。这一研究的目的在于为类似地区地震滑坡的速度、最大位移量的预测和风险评估提供基础数据,对于类似地区的防灾减灾具有一定的参考价值。     

新疆伊宁克孜勒赛黄土滑坡堵溃型泥石流成灾模式

2017年4月2日凌晨,新疆伊宁县喀拉亚尕奇乡境内由于持续降雨,诱发黄土滑坡堵溃型泥石流灾害,造成直接经济损失50余万元。本文在查明滑坡堵溃型泥石流形成条件、成灾模式基础上,分析了克孜勒赛沟泥石流静力学和运动特征,得出如下结论:(1)此次滑坡堵溃型泥石流成灾模式为:持续降雨→黄土斜坡变形破坏→滑坡滑入沟道形成堰塞坝→堰塞坝溃决形成泥石流;(2) 3#、4#、5#、6#和7#滑坡堰塞坝溃决洪峰流量分别为5. 4 m3/s、10. 1 m3/s、49. 5 m3/s和30. 3 m3/s;(3)泥石流断面流速为1. 88～3. 50 m/s,断面流量为4. 51～41. 39 m3/s,泥石流堆积扇最大长度263. 1m,最大宽度212. 6 m。调查研究结论对克孜勒赛沟滑坡堵溃型泥石流的防治具有现实意义,并提出了针对性的防灾减灾建议。 更多还原     

川藏铁路加查—朗县段地质灾害发育特征研究

川藏铁路加查至朗县段位于青藏高原东南部雅鲁藏布江中游,地形地貌复杂、构造活动强烈,是我国地质灾害高易发区,崩塌、滑坡和泥石流等地质灾害发育密度大、危害严重。在资料收集和遥感解译的基础上,对川藏铁路加查—朗县段的地质灾害进行野外调查,在铁路线两侧各5 km约780 km2范围内发现了崩塌、滑坡和泥石流共139处,沿雅鲁藏布江断裂带新发现拉岗村高速远程滑坡和日阿莫大型滑坡,并研究了该区地质灾害的发育特征和形成机理。调查结果表明：在雅鲁藏布江断裂对区域地貌和岩体结构控制作用下,崩塌、滑坡等地质灾害沿断裂带呈带状密集分布是该区地质灾害发育分布的主要特征之一,约有53%的崩塌滑坡滑动方向垂直于断裂走向,30%的崩塌滑坡与断裂带走向近于平行;在地壳强烈隆升和河流侵蚀作用下,雅鲁藏布江宽谷段和峡谷段的地质灾害发育特征具有明显差异;断裂活动特别是断裂剧烈活动诱发地震导致该区具有高速远程滑坡发生的背景,如拉岗村高速远程滑坡;在断裂活动、降雨、人类工程活动等内外动力耦合作用下该区地质灾害形成机理更加复杂,部分滑坡稳定性差且多次发生活动,给该区重大工程规划建设和防灾减灾造成重要影响。     

德钦县城直溪河泥石流成灾模式及运动过程模拟

云南省德钦县曾多次暴发较大规模的泥石流,是云南遭受地质灾害最严重的地区之一。根据直溪河泥石流的分区、物源、流体和堆积等特征,首先确定了直溪河泥石流的5种成灾模式:崩塌-碎屑流、岩质滑坡-碎屑流、土石混合体滑坡-碎屑流、松散堆积层-基岩接触面滑坡-碎屑流和松散堆积层内滑坡-碎屑流;其次,采用FLO-2D模型对直溪河在10年、20年、50年和100年一遇暴雨周期下发生泥石流时的运动情况进行模拟,定量分析了不同降雨重现期的最大流速、最大堆积深度、冲出沟口堆积距离和体积规模。结果表明:该泥石流暴发时具有启动加速度大、流速快、破坏力强、流通区长的特点;当100年一遇的泥石流发生时,其最大流速达到了3.07 m/s;最大泥深为2.27 m;泥石流冲出方量为84419 m3;致灾面积达到91600 m2。研究结果可为直溪河泥石流灾害防治与治理提供数据参考,为德钦县防灾减灾工程设计提供依据。     

青藏高原东北缘六盘山—鄂尔多斯盆地的地壳 速度结构特征

青藏高原东北缘六盘山—鄂尔多斯盆地深地震测深剖面沿近东—西向布设长约420km,跨越鄂尔多斯盆地、六盘山和秦祁地块。本文根据沿测线爆破地震的6炮记录截面图中,6个震相的到时资料,结合地震记录中的振幅信息,确定了沿剖面的二维纵波地壳速度结构。鄂尔多斯盆地的地壳平均速度为6.38~6.40km/s,地壳厚度为41.7~48.2km。六盘山地区的地壳平均速度最高为6.40~6.42km/s,地壳厚度最大为53~54km。六盘山以西秦祁地块的地壳平均速度最低为6.32~6.40km/s,地壳厚度为50.3~53km。整个莫霍面形态东浅西深,明显向西倾斜。鄂尔多斯盆地东侧的莫霍面深度最浅为41.7km,六盘山下方莫霍面的深度最深为54km。莫霍面首波Pn在220km之后出现,速度为7.8~8.1km/s。最后讨论了本区的深部特征和盆山结构关系。     

河北省顺平县地质灾害发育特征及易发性评价

河北省顺平县位于太行山东麓,主要发育有崩塌、滑坡、泥石流、地裂缝等四种类型地质灾害。基于该县地质灾害发育特征,采用GIS技术和信息量数学评价模型,选取坡度、起伏度、坡向、工程地质岩组、归一化植被指数（NDVI）、与河流的距离6个评价因子,对顺平县地质灾害进行易发性评价。评价结果显示:高易发区面积约为125 km2,占全县总面积的17.5%,分散分布于西北部的中低山和丘陵地区,密集发育崩塌灾害,少量发育滑坡、泥石流灾害;中易发区面积约为200 km2,占全县总面积的28.0%,成片分布于西北部的中低山和丘陵地区,少量发育崩塌、滑坡、泥石流灾害;低易发区面积约为389 km2,占全县总面积的54.5%,主要分布于东南部的平原地区及西北部丘陵地区内的宽阔沟谷,沿古河道发育地裂缝灾害,个别地区发育崩塌、滑坡灾害。      

尼泊尔Ms 8.1级地震活动构造及次生地质灾害研究

2015年4月25日,尼泊尔境内发生Ms 8.1级地震,诱发了较大面积的崩塌、滑坡灾害。笔者通过遥感构造解析和野外实地调查取得以下主要认识:（1）中尼边境的喜马拉雅地区活动构造以NWW向挤压逆冲断裂最为显著,从南到北大致可分南、中、北三个带,中带由众多短小、密集的逆冲断裂构成一个网络状断裂带,是这次Ms 8 1级地震的发震断裂;（2）喜山中段NNE—SN向横张断裂将该地区分割成几个东西向块体,吉隆—樟木近南北向断裂带控制了这次强震的余震分布;（3）本次地震引发了至少445处地震崩塌、滑坡、堰塞湖以及融雪形成的泥石流灾害,这些灾害主要分布在NWW向发震断裂的北侧上盘,受发震断裂控制,其中面积超过2.4×104 m2的地震滑坡有30处;（4）中国境内的NNE—SN向深切河谷是滑坡、崩塌等地质灾害的主要发生带,而这些河谷多为公路沿线和村镇居住地,应成为重点防范区。     

标水岩沟滑坡型泥石流灾害及特征

标水岩沟位于四川省普格县,系金沙江水系则木河支流.地处横断山东缘,年降水量的67%集中在6～9月,最大日降水量157.9mm.地形、地质和暴雨等自然因素的组合,为泥石流、滑坡的发育提供了有利条件.1999年6月22日,该沟暴发了一场灾害性泥石流,形成泥石流的降雨强度为75.9mm/h.由暴雨激发的滑坡在运动过程中直接转化成泥石流,是一场典型的滑坡型泥石流.泥石流致死2人,掩埋耕牛16头,毁坏房屋8间、公路220m、电站引水渠150m,淤埋良田23hm2,造成的直接经济损失280万元.泥石流具有如下特征流体性质为粘性,重度2.12t/m3;流体中固相物质和水体的比例约为73;流速快,最大流速14.55m/s.     

汶川地震触发大光包巨型滑坡基本特征及形成机理分析

大光包红洞子沟巨型滑坡是汶川地震触发的最大规模滑坡,其体积达7.42亿m3, 堰塞坝高达690m,是我国已知的最大规模地震滑坡和最高的滑坡堰塞坝,也是目前全世界已知的为数不多的几个方量在5亿m3以上的超大规模滑坡之一,其高达690m的滑坡堰塞坝为目前世界最高的滑坡坝。滑坡位于发震断层上盘,距发震断裂映秀北川断裂不足7km。震前斜坡为三面切割的孤立型山脊,相对高差达1500m;斜坡岩层走向与坡面近于垂直,层面延展性极好,构成滑动面形成的基础。调查和分析表明,斜坡的临空条件和贯通性好的灰岩层面是滑坡产生的基础;而高强度和长持时强震地面运动是导致滑坡产生的根本因素。滑坡产生的机理和过程可分为以下4个阶段:即坡体震裂、松弛和解体阶段、高速溃滑阶段、震动堆积阶段、二次抛射和碎屑流堆积阶段。失稳高速下滑的坡体,形成了沿主滑方向长4.2km,宽2.2km的堆积体,高速流动的碎屑流越过下游侧风波岩山脊,沿红洞子沟形成了长1km的碎屑流堆积区。     

Geotechnical assessment of the 2005 Kuzulu landslide (Turkey)

In this study, a complex landslide, which occurred on 17 March 2005 near Koyulhisar town of Sivas Province of Turkey, is presented. The landslide resulted in 15 deaths and the destruction of about thirty houses at Kuzulu village. The main aims of this study are to assess the landslide in terms of engineering geology and geotechnics, to back-analyze the landslide in the source area, and to estimate its motion and destructive forces on structures. Furthermore, the effect of a future earthquake on stability condition of the mobilized but not completely failed mass adjacent to the right flank of the landslide is also investigated. Field observations, eyewitnesses, geomechanical laboratory tests, interpretations on pre-event aerial photographs and analyses using different approaches have been fundamentals of this study. Site observations indicate that the initial landslide in the source area occurred in highly weathered volcanics along a failure surface passing through the volcanics and along the interface between the volcanics and underlying limestone. Then the movement transformed into an earth flow and moved down through a V-shaped channel in the underlying limestone about 2 km until it stopped at a small settlement, which is called Kuzulu. Site observations and back-analysis of the initial slide suggest that the most likely cause should be water pressure increase as it is the season of snow melting and thawing of the groundwater. Interpretations on pre-event aerial photographs and the information obtained from eyewitnesses indicated that slope movements in the study area, where old landslide topography is evident, were continuing for many years. The simulation of the landslide with consideration of Bingham type yielding criterion together with water pressure variation suggested that the maximum velocity of the earth flow was 14.4 m/s and 13.6 m/s when it reached Kuzulu. Furthermore, this evaluation showed that the earth flow reached Kuzulu after 300 s, which is consistent with the information obtained from local people. The impact of the earth flow on the structures could be about 170 kPa against which only reinforced concrete structures may resist. Dynamic analyses suggested that a future earthquake, which may occur in the region, may result in a complete failure of the unstable mass remaining at the source area.     

The Belchatow, Poland, earthquakes of 1979 and 1980 induced by surface mining

Five seismic events occurred between August 1979 and May 1980 in the Belchatow trench area in central Poland, where large brown-coal deposits have been surface-mined since 1976. The three largest shocks had a local magnitudeM_L = 3.5 , seismic momentM_o = 1.5 · 10¹⁴ N-m and source radiusr = 350m , approximately. The tremors had maximum intensity between 5 and 6, and from the magnitude—intensity—depth relation, the focal depth was estimated to be between 1 and 5 km.

The Belchatow tremors are the manifestation of an unusual type of induced seismicity, i.e., seismicity connected with surface mining. The removal of overburden and extensive ground-water withdrawal by the mining operations seem to be direct factors responsible for stress concentration, although preexisting tectonic stress might be the most important indirect factor responsible for the origin of these events.     

Geohistorical development of the Tochiyama landslide in north-central Japan

The Tochiyama landslide is one of several complex, deep-seated and large-scale landslides occurring in the Hokuriku Province in central Japan. The landslide is about 2 km long and about 500–1100 m wide; it occupies an area of approximately 150 ha and has a maximum depth of 60 m. The slide developed on a dip-slope structure, and is divisible into three layers in ascending order: older landslide debris and avalanche deposits, younger debris-avalanche deposits, and talus. The landslide complex is still active. A triangulation point on the upper part of the landslide shifted downhill by 3.3 m from 1907 to 1983, indicating an average rate of 4.3 cm/y. In 1991, the average rate of movement on the sliding surface was also 4.3 cm/y as measured by an automatic system with inclinometers installed in borehole No. 1–2. The rate measured for borehole No. 1–3, located 380 m upslope from No. 1–2, was over twice that of No. 1–2 for the same period; it has since accelerated to about 19 cm/y. Thus current movements on the basal sliding surface are inhomogeneous; the head of the slide complex is increasing the horizontal granular pressures on the lower part of the slide block.

On the basis of dating of two tephra layers and¹⁴C dating of carbonized wood intercalated within the landslide body, two stages of slide movement have been distinguished. The earlier occurred between about 46,000 to 25,000 years ago, and the latter occurred since 1361 A.D. The following sequence of events is inferred. During the middle Pleistocene, intense tectonic movements occurred in the Hokuriku Province, and as a consequence dip-slopes were developed in the Tochiyama landslide area. Low-angle fault planes (possibly representing slump features) and fracture zones then developed within flysch deposits underlying the landslide area, causing a reduction in shear strength. The erosion base level was lowered during the Würm glacial age, and due to severe erosion and incision of stream valleys, the surface slope angle rapidly increased, and toe resistance decreased. This combination of causes led to the development of a deep-seated primary landslide. As a result of an accumulation of younger deposits, regional uplift and further local erosion, stability of parts of the region decreased and led to landslide activity of a second stage. Reactivated and locally accelerating creep movements occur today and may forewarn of a stage of reactivated, hazardous rapid sliding, such as occurred with the adjacent and analogous Maseguchi landslide in 1947.     

Exhumed lateral margins and increasing flow confinement of a submarine landslide complex

Submarine landslides, including the basal shear surfaces along which they fail, and their subsequent infill, are commonly observed in modern seabed and seismic reflection data sets; their resultant relief impacts sediment routing and storage patterns on continental margins. Here, three stacked submarine landslides are documented from the Permian Ecca Group, Laingsburg depocentre, Karoo Basin, South Africa, including two superimposed lateral margins. The stratigraphic framework includes measured sections and correlated surfaces along a 3 km long, 150 m high outcrop. Two stacked 2·0 to 4·5 km wide and 90 m and 60 m deep erosion surfaces are recognized, with lateral gradients of 8° and 4°, respectively. The aim of this study was to understand the evolution of a submarine landslide complex, including: evolution of basal shear surfaces/zones; variation of infill confinement; and location of the submarine landslides in the context of basin‐scale sedimentation and degradation rates. Three stages of formation are identified: (i) failure of submarine landslide 1, with deposition of unconfined remobilized deposits; (ii) failure of submarine landslide 2, forming basal shear surface/zone 1, with infill of remobilized deposits and weakly confined turbidites; and (iii) failure of submarine landslide 3, forming basal shear surface/zone 2, with infill of remobilized deposits and confined turbidites, transitioning stratigraphically to unconfined deposits. The expression of basal shear varies laterally, from metres thick zones in silt‐rich strata to sharp stepped surfaces in sand‐rich strata. Faulting and rotation of overlying bedding suggest that the shear surfaces/zones were dynamic. Stacking of landslides resulted from multi‐phase slope failure, increasing down‐dip topography and confinement of infilling deposits. The failure slope was probably a low supply tilted basin margin evidenced by megaclast entrainment from underlying basin‐floor successions and the lack of channel systems. This study develops a generic model of landslide infill, as a function of sedimentation and degradation rates, which can be applied globally.     

甘肃黑方台“10·5”黄土滑坡启动及运动特征分析

数十年的塬上大面积灌溉导致甘肃黑方台地下水位不断提升,迄今为止已有约200余起黄土滑坡发生,造成了大量伤亡,给当地居民生活和财产安全带来了巨大的影响。针对黑方台黄土滑坡启动迅速、运动速度快、影响范围广的特征,文中以2019年10月5日发生在黑方台党川村附近的一起黄土滑坡为研究对象,通过野外调研和无人机手段,获取该滑坡的发育特征和地形数据。基于Massflow软件再现了该滑坡运动全过程,最终得到堆积厚度及运动速度2个方面特征,得出以下结论：(1)“10·5”黄土滑坡体积约2.7×10⁴ m³,最大滑距355 m,属于小型黄土滑坡;(2)模拟结果显示,滑坡运动持续时间约45 s,最大运动速度为26 m/s,反演结果与实际情况较吻合。运动过程可分为启动加速阶段、稳定加速阶段、减速堆积阶段三个阶段;(3)对滑坡堆积厚度进行分析发现,该滑坡在主滑方向上平均厚度约0.59 m,最大堆积厚度为1.35 m,沿滑坡运动方向,堆积厚度呈现先增大后减小的趋势,堆积区最大堆积厚度为0.82 m。该研究成果可为黑方台黄土滑坡风险防控提供一定的技术支持。     

泾阳南塬典型黄土滑坡成因、堆积及运动特征分析

持续的引水灌溉导致陕西泾阳南塬黄土滑坡频繁发生,2015年5月26日庙店村附近发生一起黄土滑坡,冲毁农田数亩。本文以"5·26"滑坡作为典型的案例,通过详细的野外调查、测量、勘探等工作,分析了其诱发因素、运动过程、堆积特征。结果表明:（1）滑坡滑动距离278 m,后壁宽222 m,滑后后壁高差40 m,主滑方向45°;（2）滑坡呈现滑动多级次特点,前后滑动4次,滑体堆积面积约为6.2×104 m2,堆积体总体积约50×104 m3,堆积体平均堆积厚度约10 m;（3）滑坡的主要激发因子为持续灌溉,但是地表显式裂缝和土体深部裂隙在地表径流优势入渗中发挥了重要作用,导致地下水位持续抬升。而且滑坡区的节理控制了滑坡的后壁宽度和滑动方向。最后基于泾阳南塬滑坡发生的频率和降雨有着一定关联性,探讨了降雨对本次滑坡事件的影响和滑坡再次发生的可能性。     

Slope failures on the flanks of the western Canary Islands

Landslides have been a key process in the evolution of the western Canary Islands. The younger and more volcanically active Canary Islands, El Hierro, La Palma and Tenerife, show the clearest evidence of recent landslide activity. The evidence includes landslide scars on the island flanks, debris deposits on the lower island slopes, and volcaniclastic turbidites on the floor of the adjacent ocean basins. At least 14 large landslides have occurred on the flanks of the El Hierro, La Palma and Tenerife, the majority of these in the last 1 million years, with the youngest, on the northwest flank of El Hierro, as recent as 15 thousand years in age. Older landslides undoubtedly occurred, but are difficult to quantify because the evidence is buried beneath younger volcanic rocks and sediments. Landslides on the Canary Island flanks can be categorised as debris avalanches, slumps or debris flows. Debris avalanches are long runout catastrophic failures which typically affect only the superficial part of the island volcanic sequence, up to a maximum thickness of 1 to 2 km. They are the commonest type of landslide mapped. In contrast, slumps move short distances and are deep-rooted landslides which may affect the entire thickness of the volcanic edifice. Debris flows are defined as landslides which primarily affect the sedimentary cover of the submarine island flanks. Some landslides are complex events involving more than one of the above end-member processes.Individual debris avalanches have volumes in the range of 50–500 km³, cover several thousand km² of seafloor, and have runout distances of up to 130 km from source. Overall, debris avalanche deposits account for about 10% of the total volcanic edifices of the small, relatively young islands of El Hierro and La Palma. Some parameters, such as deposit volumes and landslide ages, are difficult to quantify. The key characteristics of debris avalanches include a relatively narrow headwall and chute above 3000 m water depth on the island flanks, broadening into a depositional lobe below 3000 m. Debris avalanche deposits have a typically blocky morphology, with individual blocks up to a kilometre or more in diameter. However, considerable variation exists between different avalanche deposits. At one extreme, the El Golfo debris avalanche on El Hierro has few large blocks scattered randomly across the avalanche surface. At the other, Icod on the north flank of Tenerife has much more numerous but smaller blocks over most of its surface, with a few very large blocks confined to the margins of the deposit. Icod also exhibits flow structures (longitudinal shears and pressure ridges) that are absent in El Golfo. The primary controls on the block structure and distribution are inferred to be related to the nature of the landslide material and to flow processes. Observations in experimental debris flows show that the differences between the El Golfo and Icod landslide deposits are probably controlled by the greater proportion of fine grained material in the Icod landslide. This, in turn, relates to the nature of the failed volcanic rocks, which are almost entirely basalt on El Hierro but include a much greater proportion of pyroclastic deposits on Tenerife.Landslide occurrence appears to be primarily controlled by the locations of volcanic rift zones on the islands, with landslides propagating perpendicular to the rift orientation. However, this does not explain the uneven distribution of landslides on some islands which seems to indicate that unstable flanks are a ‘weakness’ that can be carried forward during island development. This may occur because certain island flanks are steeper, extend to greater water depths or are less buttressed by the surrounding topography, and because volcanic production following a landslide my be concentrated in the landslide scar, thus focussing subsequent landslide potential in this area. Landslides are primarily a result of volcanic construction to a point where the mass of volcanic products fails under its own weight. Although the actual triggering factors are poorly understood, they may include or be influenced by dyke intrusion, pore pressure changes related to intrusion, seismicity or sealevel/climate changes. A possible relationship between caldera collapse and landsliding on Tenerife is not, in our interpretation, supported by the available evidence.     

老鹰岩滑坡成因机制与运动特征研究

老鹰岩滑坡是汶川地震触发的大型岩质滑坡,滑坡纵长450 m,最大展宽430 m,体积约1 500×104m3。滑坡掩埋了一座中型水电站,造成20余人死亡,巨大的滑体堆积厚达100余米的滑坡坝,形成了汶川震区库容量仅次于唐家山的第二大堰塞湖。强震触发形成老鹰岩滑坡分为三个阶段,即:①后缘震动拉裂阶段。老鹰岩滑坡后缘为一突兀山脊,地形对地震动力放大效应明显,震动拉裂沿长大结构面形成了一个陡峭、粗糙,与重力作用下呈光滑、有一定弧形的后缘拉裂面迥异的边界。②摩擦阻力降低、滑体溃滑阶段。地震动力的持续作用,地震波不断在滑面处发生反射和折射,使得滑面处摩擦阻力迅速降低,进而岩体内"锁固段"剪断,滑体顺层面高速下滑。③滑体高速流动堆积阶段。规模巨大的滑体,冲入姜巴沟,并对沟两侧的山体产生强烈的铲刮,高速碎屑流受到黄洞子沟左侧山体强力阻挡后折返,并震动堆积形成堰塞湖。     

The July 2007 rock and ice avalanches at Mount Steele, St. Elias Mountains, Yukon, Canada

A large rock and ice avalanche occurred on the north face of Mount Steele, southwest Yukon Territory, Canada, on July 24, 2007. In the days and weeks preceding the landslide, several smaller avalanches initiated from the same slope. The ice and rock debris traveled a maximum horizontal distance 5.76 km with a maximum vertical descent of 2,160 m, leaving a deposit 3.66 km² in area on Steele Glacier. The seismic magnitude estimated from long-period surface waves (M _s) is 5.2. Modeling of the waveforms suggests an estimated duration of approximately 100 s and an average velocity of between 35 and 65 m/s. This landslide is one of 18 large rock avalanches known to have occurred since 1899 on slopes adjacent to glaciers in western Canada. We describe the setting, reconstruct the event chronology and present a preliminary characterization of the Mount Steele ice and rock avalanches based on field reconnaissance, analysis of seismic records and an airborne LiDAR survey. We also present the results of a successful dynamic simulation for the July 24 event.