成都平原内汶川Ms8.0级地震的地表变形

2008年5月12日汶川8.0级大地震发生在青藏高原东缘龙门山推覆构造带上,除映秀—北川断裂、灌县—江油断裂上各形成240 km和72 km 长的地表破裂带外,可能在成都平原西部的什邡市师古镇附近形成一条弱地表破裂带.成都平原内的地震地表破裂带与龙门山区的2条地震破裂带构成倾向北西的叠瓦状逆断裂地震地表破裂系统.野外调查发现,师古镇南肖家院—庆云庵建筑物严重破坏带、水渠跌水、地表褶皱、喷砂和地裂缝带走向30°,延伸长度约7.5 km.探槽开挖表明,地表地震褶皱陡坎下的地层发生弯曲变形,汶川地震使断层上盘的地面和最新地层褶皱隆起0.2 m.TC2探槽中的粘土层底面褶皱隆起0.4 m,它可能记录到汶川地震之前另外一次与汶川地震大小相当的古地震事件.浅层地震勘探资料表明,平原区出现地震地表破裂的位置不仅存在晚更新世活动断裂,而且伴生有第四纪活动褶皱.     

灵武断裂晚第四纪古地震及其破裂特征

在地质地貌调查基础上 ,对灵武断裂进行了古地震槽探揭露。结果显示 ,距今 2 8ka以来 ,灵武断裂上发生过 5期地表破裂型地震事件 ,时间大约分别在距今 ( 2 7 15± 0 778) ,2 0 0 ,( 13 0 7± 0 0 6) ,( 10 586± 0 0 5)和 6 0ka。根据 5期古地震事件的综合对比分析 ,发现断裂有分段组合破裂的特征 ,由此并结合槽探揭示的古地震同震位移等估计了古地震的震级     

Paleoearthquake rupture behavior and recurrence of great earthquakes along the Haiyuan fault,northwestern China

Paleoseismological studies have shown that indi-vidual past large-magnitude earthquakes can be recog-nized in the geological record and the timing betweenevents can be measured through Quaternary datingtechniques[1—6]. Thus, through paleoseismological st-udies, it is possible to determine age of each prehis-toric event so that recurrence intervals of large earth-quakes may be evaluated which provides a means toexpand the limited view of earthquakes offered by thehistorical and instrumental re…     

福州盆地活动断裂的探槽研究

在前人对福州盆地及其周缘活动断裂 1/ 1万填图研究的基础上 ,通过室内航卫片判读、野外详细调查等方法 ,经过详细论证 ,在福州盆地及周缘 6条活动断裂上选择了 11个认为可能是断层通过的位置 ,进行了探槽开挖。大部分探槽只揭露到了基岩中的断层 ,有些探槽在开挖深度内既没有揭露到基岩 ,在第四系中也没有揭露到断层。对于没有揭露到断层的探槽 ,认为断层没有错断开挖深度内的第四纪地层 ,以探槽最底部的地层年代作为断层最新活动时代的上限。有些探槽揭露到了基岩中的断层 ,这些断层向上没有错断第四系 ,就以上覆第四系底部的时代作为断层最新活动时代的上限。只有在沿桐口 -洪山桥断裂开挖的探槽中 ,揭露出 2条断层 ,它们向上都错断了相同层位的第四纪地层 ,并被更新的第四系所覆盖。根据测年结果 ,这些断裂不是全新世活动断裂 ,其中 ,闽侯 -南屿断裂可能为晚更新世活动断裂 ,其它断裂晚更新世以来都已不活动     

汶川8.0级地震陡坎(北川以北段)探槽的记录特征

汶川8.0级地震在龙门山中央断裂(北川-映秀断裂)上形成了长度约240km的地震地表破裂带,同时在前山断裂(灌县-江油断裂)上形成了长约72km的地震地表破裂带。我们在中央断裂北段(北川以北)的地震陡坎上开挖探槽,揭露了本次地震的构造变形特征,同时通过对探槽内所揭露地层的相互关系的讨论,以及邻近区域内地貌面的对比,认为该段断裂在本次汶川8.0级地震之前可能还存在一次震级相当的地震事件,其发生时间至少早于该区域内T1阶地形成的最新年龄3000 a     

PALEOEARTHQUAKES ALONG PUXIONG FAULT OF DALIANGSHAN FAULT ZONE DURING LATE QUATERNARY

Daliangshan fault zone (DFZ) constitutes an indispensable part of Xianshuihe-Xiaojiang fault system which is one of the main large continental strong earthquake faults in China.Puxiong Fault,the east branch of middle segment of DFZ,is the longest secondary fault.Its paleoseismic activity plays an important role in evaluating regional seismic activity level and building countermeasures of preventing and reducing the earthquake damage.The active fault mapping as well as the study of paleoseismological trench in recent years illustrates that Puxiong Fault is a slightly west-dipping high-angle left-lateral strike-slip fault with strong activity since late Pleistocene.Two trenches excavated across this fault reveal 2 and 3 paleoearthquakes that ruptured the fault at 8206 BC-1172 AD,1084-1549 AD,and 17434-7557 BC,1577-959 BC and 927-1360 AD,respectively.The OxCal model combining the results from both trenches and the another one in previous study across the fault with the historical earthquake record yields the elapsed time of~0.7ka of the latest paleoearthquake event,and the interval time is~2.3ka between the last two events.In the model,the penultimate event is considered to be recorded in all trenches.As all the three trenches are located at north part of the Puxiong Fault whose strike is apparently different from the south part,the~57km long north secondary segment is supposed to be the seismogenic structure of the paleoearthquake.According to the empirical scaling laws between magnitude and rupture length,the magnitude of the surface ruptured paleoearthquake is estimated to be more than M7 with the coseismic displacement~3.5m.However,the difference between the time of the paleoearthquake events on the middle and south segments of DFZ illustrates their independence as earthquake fracture units,and furthermore,the lower connectivity and the new generation of DFZ.     

1927年古浪8级地震的破裂习性及破裂机制的数值模拟

1927年古浪8级地震是继1920年海原8．5级地震之后发生在海原一祁连山断裂带上的另一次特大地震。对这次地震的破裂习性，前人的研究结果存在较大分歧。本文在多探槽揭露和地面追踪调查基础上，结合相关的历史资料分析后，认为本次地震是由构成古浪推覆体的天桥沟一黄羊川断裂、皇城双塔断裂冬青顶断裂段以及武威一天祝隐伏断裂等共同作用的结果。对古浪推覆体平面和剖面变形机制的有限元数值模拟结果显示，其应力和应变的集中区主要分布在天桥沟一黄羊川断裂西段、皇城一双塔断裂冬青顶一带以及武威一天祝隐伏断裂和古浪一双塔断裂所在的古浪峡一带，这与地震地表破裂带的展布是一致的，同时也进一步说明了1927年古浪8级地震是该推覆体整体活动的结果。     

On lithospheric flexure seaward of the Bonin and Mariana trenches

More than 25 bathymetry profiles have been used to examine the flexure of the Pacific lithosphere seaward of the Izu-Bonin and Mariana trenches. Selected bathymetry profiles have been corrected for the effects of sediment loading and compared to simple elastic and elastic-plastic models for lithospheric flexure seaward of these trenches. Profiles of the northern Mariana trench, where the seaward wall is relatively gentle, can be explained by a simple elastic model without an applied horizontal load. Profiles of the Izu-Bonin and southern Mariana trenches, where the seaward wall is relatively steep, can be explained by an elastic-plastic model with an applied load of 4.0–6.0 kbar, depending on the uniform yield stress assumed. If it is assumed the yield stress varies with depth the horizontal load required is significantly reduced (?2.5kbar). The magnitude of the horizontal load cannot be determined with certainty, however, since it is not known how the yield stress may vary with depth. The elastic-plastic models examined all required significant differences (～1.0kbar) in the horizontal load along the Izu-Bonin and Mariana trenches. These differences, which reach a maximum between the northern Izu-Bonin and northern Mariana trenches, appear to correlate with changes in the pattern of seismicity and tectonics landward of these trenches.     

汶川Ms 8.0地震的地质科学考察数据库简介

汶川MS8.0地震科学考察数据库存储了大量的野外调查数据,主要包括野外地质观测点、地表破裂带、震区第四纪断层的展布及其活动性地质观测点、古地震探槽、断错地貌测量等数据,以及搜集来的地层数据、汶川地震及其余震、重新定位余震、历史强震等数据。文中利用ArcGis将这些野外数据进行了录入、编辑、分析和制图输出,初步构建了一个包含基础地震地质信息的汶川地震科学考察数据库,实现了数据的空间位置和属性特征的综合管理,可根据需要对相关专题的数据进行查询、分析和处理,并绘制了汶川地震构造图及地表破裂分布图,为灾后重建避让带的确定提供了依据,为进一步构建汶川地震地理信息系统奠定了数据基础     

STUDY ON PALEOEARTHQUKES ALONG THE FODONGMIAO-HONGYAZI FAULT,GANSU PROVINCE

The Fodongmiao-Hongyazi Fault is a Holocene active thrust fault, belonging to the middle segment of northern Qilianshan overthrust fault zone, located in the northeastern edge of the Tibet plateau. The Hongyapu M7(1/4) earthquake in 1609 AD occurred on it. A few paleo-seismology studies were carried out on this fault zone. It was considered that four paleoearthquakes occurred on the Fodongmiao-Hongyazi Fault between(6.3±0.6) ka BP and(7.4±0.4) ka BP, in(4.3±0.3) ka BP, in(2.1±0.1) ka BP and in 1609 AD. The occurrences of the earthquakes suggested the quasi-periodic characteristic with a quasi-periodic recurrence interval between 1 600~2 500a(Institute of Geology, State Seismological Bureau, Lanzhou Institute of Seismology, State Seismological Bureau. 1993; Liu et al., 2014). There was no direct evidence for the Hongyapu M7(1/4) earthquake in 1609 AD from trench research in the previous studies. Great uncertainty exists because of the small number of the chronology data, as a few TL and OSL measurement data and several¹⁴ C data, and it was insufficient to deduce the exact recurrence interval for the paleoearthquakes. Five trenches were excavated and cleared up respectively in the eastern segment, middle segment and western segment along the Fodongmiao-Hongyazi Fault. After detail study on the trench profiles, the sedimentary characteristics, sequence relationship of the stratigraphical units, and fault-cuts in different stratigraphical units were revealed in these five trenches. Four paleoearthquakes in Holocene were distinguished from the five trenches, and geology evidences of the Hongyapu M7(1/4) earthquake in 1609 AD were also found. More accurate constraint of the occurring time of the paleo-earthquakes since Holocene on the Fodongmiao-Hongyazi Fault is provided by the progressive constraining method(Mao and Zhang, 1995), according to amounts of ¹⁴ C measurement data and OLS measurement data of the chronology samples from different stratigraphical units in the trenches. The first paleoevent, E4 occurred 10.6ka BP. The next event, E3 occurred about 7.1ka BP. The E2 occurred about 3.4ka BP. The last event, E1 is the Hongyapu M7(1/4) earthquake in 1609 AD. Abounds of proofs for the occurrences of the events of E1, E2 and E3 were found in the trench Tc1, trench Tc2, trench Tc4 and trench Tc3, located in the eastern, middle and western segments of the Fodongmiao-Hongyazi Fault accordingly. It's considered that the events E1, E2 and E3 may cause whole segment rupturing according to the proofs for these three events found together in individual trenches. The event E4 was only found in the trench Tc5 profile in the west of the Xiaoquan village in the eastern segment of the Fodongmiao-Hongyazi Fault. The earthquake rupture characteristics of this event can't be revealed before more detailed subsequent research. The time intervals among the four paleoearthquakes are ca 3.5ka, ca 3.7ka, and ca 3.0ka. The four events are characterized by ca 3.4ka quasi-periodic recurrence interval.     

空沟、碎石填充沟和排桩隔振效果试验研究

高速铁路、地铁、轻轨等轨道交通迅速发展深入城市内部人群密集地区,对环境产生的振动影响不容忽视。空沟、碎石填充沟和排桩是三种常用的轨道交通隔振措施。通过大比例尺试验,采用加速度作为振动的评价指标,分别研究空沟、碎石填充沟和排桩的隔振效果。各组试验除隔振措施外其他条件均完全相同,使不同隔振措施的隔振效果具有较强的可比性,通过比较三种隔振措施与无隔振措施下影响区的加速度衰减率,评价其隔振效果,同时通过三种隔振措施下距离振源不同位置处的加速度比较其隔振效果。研究成果可为轨道交通隔振措施及方案的选取提供依据。     

Soil and water conservation measures improve soil carbon sequestration and soil quality under cashews

Land degradation is becoming a serious problem in the west coast region of India where one of the world's eight biodiversity hotspots,the‘Western Ghats’,is present.Poor land management practices and high rainfall have led to increasing problems associated with land degradation.A long-term(13-year)experiment was done to evaluate the impact of soil and water conservation measures on soil carbon sequestration and soil quality at three different depths under cashew nut cultivation on a 19%slope.Five soil and water conservation measures-continuous contour trenches,staggered contour trenches,halfmoon terraces,semi-elliptical trenches,and graded trenches all with vegetative barriers of Stylosanthes scabra and Vetiveria zizanoides and control were evaluated for their influence on soil properties,carbon sequestration,and soil quality under cashews.The soil and water conservation measures improved significantly the soil organic carbon,soil organic carbon stock,carbon sequestration rate and microbial activity compared to the control condition(without any measures).Among the measures tested,continuous contour trenches with vegetative barriers outperformed the others with respect to soil organic carbon stock,sequestration rate,and microbial activity.The lower metabolic quotient with the measures compared to the control indicated alleviation of environmental stress on microbes.Using principal component analysis and a correlation matrix,a minimum dataset was identified as the soil available nitrogen,bulk density,basal soil respiration,soil pH,acid phosphatase activity,and soil available boron and these were the most important soil properties controlling the soil quality.Four soil quality indices using two summation methods(additive and weighted)and two scoring methods(linear and non-linear)were developed using the minimum dataset.A linear weighted soil quality index was able to statistically differentiate the effect of soil and water conservation measures from that of the control.The highest value of the soil quality index of 0.98 was achieved with continuous contour trenches with a vegetative barrier.The results of the study indicate that soil and water conservation measures for cashews are a potential strategy to improve the soil carbon sequestration and soil quality along with improving crop productivity and reducing the erosion losses.     

Focal depth,magnitude, and frequency distribution of earthquakes along oceanic trenches

The occurrence of earthquakes in oceanic trenches can pose a tsunami threat to lives and properties in active seismic zones. Therefore, the knowledge of focal depth, magnitude, and time distribution of earthquakes along the trenches is needed to investigate the future occurrence of earthquakes in the zones. The oceanic trenches studied, were located from the seismicity map on: latitude +51° to +53°and longitude-160° to 176°(Aleutian Trench), latitude+40° to +53° and longitude +148° to +165°(Japan Trench), and latitude-75° to-64° and longitude –15° to+30°(Peru–Chile Trench). The following features of seismic events were considered: magnitude distribution, focal depth distribution, and time distribution of earthquake. The results obtained in each trench revealed that the earthquakes increased with time in all the regions. This implies that the lithospheric layer is becoming more unstable. Thus, tectonic stress accumulation is increasing with time. The rate of increase in earthquakes at the Peru–Chile Trench is higher than that of the Japan Trench and the Aleutian Trench. This implies that the convergence of lithospheric plates is higher in the Peru–Chile Trench. Deep earthquakes were observed across all the trenches. The shallow earthquakes were more prominent than intermediate and deep earthquakes in all thetrenches. The seismic events in the trenches are mostly of magnitude range 3.0–4.9. This magnitude range may indicate the genesis of mild to moderate tsunamis in the trench zone in near future once sufficient slip would occur with displacement of water column.     

山西交城断裂北端及中段3个大型探槽全新世断错现象分析

前人在山西交城断裂带上开挖过多个探槽,揭露出全新世3次古地震事件,但其研究结果尚不能确定该断裂带全新世活动段的北部边界.近期在该断裂带北端和中段又开挖了3个大型探槽,其中在阳曲县泥屯盆地西界开挖的龙王沟探槽,是一个由多个探槽组合成的大探槽,该探槽揭示的地层断错信息,将交城断裂带全新世活动的范围向北延伸了20km.另外2个大型探槽分别为交城断裂带中段瓦窑沟东侧台地前缘的瓦窑探槽与市儿口沟西侧T1阶地前缘的新民探槽.这3个大探槽均揭示出全新世中期(14C测年值为距今5 ～ 6ka)的垆土和淤泥层,以及多组平行分布的断面,所揭示的全新世3次古地震事件具有断错事件活动的同步性,可与前人探槽揭示的全新世断层活动事件相对比.3次断错活动时间分别距今3.06 ～3.53ka、5.32ka左右或6.14ka左右、8.36ka左右;3次事件的时间间隔分别为2.02 ～ 2.84ka和2.22 ～ 3.04ka.这些断错事件的同震垂直位移为1.5～4.7m,显示了7级以上地表破裂型的强震活动.最后讨论了探槽中14C测年样品的影响因素.     

Holocene activities of the Taigu fault zone, Shanxi Province, and their relations with the 1303 Hongdong M=8 earthquake

Introduction The Taigu fault is located on the eastern boundary of the Jinzhong basin in the Shanxi fault depression system, which is one of the 12 major active basin boundary faults, and is also less studied among them. The reason for this is, firstly, the Jinzhong basin has no historical earth-quakes with M 7, while the two basins linked together in the northern and southern sides, the Linfen and Xinding basins all have had historical earthquakes with M 7; secondly, because the Jiaochen…     

郯庐断裂带赤山段中晚更新世之交的史前地震遗迹

赤山地处安徽省泗县东北部,为郯庐断裂带西支断裂通过处。以往研究认为,郯庐断裂带赤山段第四纪以来有较为明显的活动。此次在垂直于赤山段开挖的多个探槽中均揭露出史前地震遗迹(多期逆断型崩积楔),具体表现为断层上盘砖红色上白垩统砂岩或黄白色中更新统砾石层向东叠置于褐黄色中、上更新统黏土之上。在楔状体根部均发现向NW陡倾的断裂,陡立的断面向上转变为缓倾的上翻垮落面。多条探槽揭示的断裂点的连线总体呈NNE走向,断裂通过处的上盘后缘大部分残留了凸起地貌,部分EW向冲沟被断裂右旋扭错。多条探槽两壁都一致显示出从西向东的推挤垮塌痕迹。其中Tc1～Tc4表现为砖红色砂岩(K₂)逆冲垮落于黄褐色含铁锰结核黏土(Q_p2-3)之上,Tc5则表现为红砂岩(K₂)和黄白色砾石层(Q_p2)逆冲垮塌于上述的黏土之上。在几个探槽的逆断型崩积楔上均揭示出此段曾有多次逆断型崩积事件发生,个别探槽揭露楔体较少,可能与其所处的位置、揭露深度和剥蚀残存的高度有关。对开挖探槽及光释光测年结果的详细分析初步得出,郯庐断裂带赤山段在中、晚更新世之交曾多次发生大规模逆断型黏滑事件,即曾多次发生史前大地震。     

Characterization of liquefaction resistance in gravelly soil: large hammer penetration test and shear wave velocity approach

Gravelly soil is generally recognized to have no liquefaction potential. However, liquefaction cases were reported in central Taiwan in the 1999 Chi-Chi Taiwan earthquake and in the 1988 Armenia earthquake. Thus, further studies on the liquefaction potential of gravelly soil are warranted. Because large particles can impede the penetration of both standard penetration test and cone penetration test, shear wave velocity-based correlations and large hammer penetration tests (LPT) are employed to evaluate the liquefaction resistance of gravelly soils. A liquefied gravelly deposit site during the Chi-Chi earthquake was selected for this research. In situ physical properties of soil deposits were collected from exploratory trenches. Instrumented LPT and shear wave velocity (V_s) measurements were performed to evaluate the liquefaction resistance. In addition, large-scale cyclic triaxial tests on remolded gravelly soil samples (15 cm in diameter, 30 cm in height) were conducted to verify and improve LPT-based and V_s-based correlations. The results show that the LPT and shear wave velocity methods are reasonably suitable for liquefaction assessment of gravelly soils.     

Practical Application of Theoretical Models to Magnetometer Surveys on Hazardous Waste Disposal Sites — A Case History

Wastes were to be exhumed and removed from a hazardous and chemical waste disposal site. The major disposal practice was shallow burial of wastes in metal drums in parallel trenches. The actual boundaries of the trenches beneath the landscaped cover were not accurately known.
Theoretical two-dimensional models were used to evaluate the application of magnetic methods to define trench boundaries on the disposal site. The models predicted that both the total field and the vertical component anomalies were diagnostic; however, the vertical component anomaly was more focused on the trench boundaries.
A survey with a vertical component fluxgate magnetometer was successful in defining trench boundaries. Observations made along traverses that trended perpendicular to the long axis of the parallel trenches indicated vertical magnetic intensity values with a cyclical pattern of large positive values over trenches and large negative values over intertrench corridors. Vertical magnetic intensity values determined with theoretical two-dimensional models compared favorably to the observed vertical magnetic values. The models were used to constrain the interpretation of the field observations to define trench boundaries; the magnetic survey defined trench boundaries with an accuracy within ± 2 feet.     

Variably saturated groundwater modelling for optimizing managed aquifer recharge using trench infiltration

Spreading‐basin methods have resulted in more than 130 million cubic metres of recharge to the unconfined Navajo Sandstone of southern Utah in the past decade, but infiltration rates have slowed in recent years because of reduced hydraulic gradients and (or) clogging. Trench infiltration is a promising alternative technique for increasing recharge and minimizing evaporation. This paper uses a variably saturated flow model to further investigate the relative importance of the following variables on rates of trench infiltration to unconfined aquifers: saturated hydraulic conductivity, trench spacing and dimensions, initial water‐table depth, alternate wet/dry periods, and number of parallel trenches. Modelling results showed (1) increased infiltration with higher hydraulic conductivity, deeper initial water tables, and larger spacing between parallel trenches, (2) deeper or wider trenches do not substantially increase infiltration, (3) alternating wet/dry periods result in less overall infiltration than keeping the trenches continuously full, and (4) larger numbers of parallel trenches within a fixed area increases infiltration but with a diminishing effect as trench spacing becomes tighter. An empirical equation for estimating expected trench infiltration rates as a function of hydraulic conductivity and initial water‐table depth was derived and can be used for evaluating feasibility of trench infiltration in other hydrogeologic settings. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Holocene activities of the Taigu fault zone,Shanxi Province,and their relations with the 1303 Hongdong <Emphasis Type="Italic">M</Emphasis>=8 earthquake

The Taigu fault zone is one of the major 12 active boundary faults of the Shanxi fault-depression system, located on the eastern boundary of the Jinzhong basin. As the latest investigation indicated, the fault zone had dislocated gully terrace of the first order, forming fault-scarp in front of the loess mesa. It has been discovered in many places in ground surface and trenches that Holocene deposits were dislocated. The latest activity was the 1303 Hongdong earthquake M=8, the fault appeared as right-lateral strike-slip with normal faulting. During that earthquake, the Taigu fault together with the Mianshan western-side fault on the Lingshi upheaval and the Huoshan pediment fault on the eastern boundary of the Linfen basin was being active, forming a surface rupture belt of 160 km in length. Moreover, the Taigu fault were active in the mid-stage of Holocene and near 7 700 aB.P. From these we learnt that, in Shanxi fault-depression system, the run-through activity of two boundary faults of depression-basins might generate great earthquake with M=8.