Application of a library based method to time domain electromagnetic data for the identification of unexploded ordnance

A simple library based algorithm for the identification of unexploded ordnance is tested on time domain electromagnetic data. A library of polarization tensors is generated from data acquired on a test stand over a collection of different UXO. The objective of the algorithm is to determine which target of the library is most likely to have produced an observed data anomaly. For each target in our library a non-linear inverse problem is solved for the position and orientation that minimizes the least-squares difference between the observed data anomaly and the data predicted from each target. This technique avoids direct inversion for polarization tensor, making it feasible for cases where sensor data quality may not be sufficient to support confident estimation of model parameters. For cases where the background soil response is significant, we also invert for the t⁻¹ decay characteristic of viscous remnant magnetic soil. We present results of preliminary tests of the library technique to Geonics EM63 time domain electromagnetic data collected on a test plot seeded with UXO. These tests demonstrate an excellent ability to accurately identify isolated targets. Misidentification of single targets occur when data anomalies have low signal to noise ratios or when targets within the library have similar polarization tensors.     

Deep exploration using long-offset transient electromagnetics: interpretation of field data in time and frequency domain

In the framework of the Deep Electromagnetic Soundings for Mineral Exploration project, we conducted ground-based long-offset transient-electromagnetic measurements in a former mining area in eastern Thuringia, Germany. The large-scale survey resulted in an extensive dataset acquired with multiple high-power transmitters and a high number of electric and magnetic field receivers. The recorded data exhibit a high data quality over several decades of time and orders of magnitude. Although the obtained subsurface models indicate a strong multi-dimensional subsurface with variations in resistivity over three orders of magnitude, the electrical field step-on transients are well fitted using a conventional one-dimensional inversion. Due to superimposed induced polarization effects, the transient step-off data are not interpretable with conventional electromagnetic inversion. For further interpretation in one and two dimensions, a new approach to evaluate the long-offset transient-electromagnetic data in frequency domain is realized. We present a detailed workflow for data processing in both domains and give an overview of technical obstructions that can occur in one domain or the other. The derived one-dimensional inversion models of frequency-domain data show strong multi-dimensional effects and are well comparable with the conventional time domain inversion results. To adequately interpret the data, a 2.5D frequency-domain inversion using the open source algorithm MARE2DEM (Modeling with Adaptively Refined Elements for 2-D EM) is carried out. The inversion leads to a consistent subsurface model with shallow and deep conductive structures, which are confirmed by geology and additional geophysical surveys.     

基于神经网络的时间域直升机电磁数据电导率深度成像

采用G-S变换以及高斯数值积分法,形成了时间域直升机的航空电磁响应正演样本集,分析了飞机测量过程中吊舱高度变化对电磁响应的影响,并将吊舱高度的变化等效成电导率为零的假层厚度的变化,以去除高度计等的影响.以假层半空间模型为基础,研究了基于人工神经网络的电导率深度成像算法,通过分析两个三层模型的电导率深度成像结果得出,神经网络方法计算时间域航空电磁探测的视电导率精度较高,特别是对高阻层的视电导率计算.     

时间域航空电磁2.5维非线性共轭梯度反演

对于时间域航空电磁法二维和三维反演来说,最大的困难在于有效的算法和大的计算量需求.本文利用非线性共轭梯度法实现了时间域航空电磁法2.5维反演方法,着重解决了迭代反演过程中灵敏度矩阵计算、最佳迭代步长计算、初始模型选取等问题.在正演计算中,我们采用有限元法求解拉式傅氏域中的电磁场偏微分方程,再通过逆拉氏和逆傅氏变换高精度数值算法得到时间域电磁响应.在灵敏度矩阵计算中,采用了基于拉式傅氏双变换的伴随方程法,时间消耗只需计算两次正演,从而节约了大量计算时间.对于最佳步长计算,二次插值向后追踪法能够保证反演迭代的稳定性.设计两个理论模型,检验反演算法的有效性,并讨论了选择不同初始模型对反演结果的影响.模型算例表明：非线性共轭梯度方法应用于时间域航空电磁2.5维反演中稳定可靠,反演结果能够有效地反映地下真实电性结构.当选择的初始模型电阻率值与真实背景电阻率值接近时,能得到较好的反演结果,当初始模型电阻率远大于或远小于真实背景电阻率值时反演效果就会变差.     

Singular value decomposition as a denoising tool for airborne time domain electromagnetic data

Airborne time domain electromagnetic (TDEM) surveys are increasingly carried out in anthropized areas as part of environmental studies. In such areas, noise arises mainly from either natural sources, such as spherics, or cultural sources, such as couplings with man-made installations. This results in various distortions on the measured decays, which make the EM noise spectrum complex and may lead to erroneous inversion and subsequent misinterpretations. Thresholding and stacking standard techniques, commonly used to filter TDEM data, are less efficient in such environment, requiring a time-consuming and subjective manual editing. The aim of this study was therefore to propose an alternative fast and efficient user-assisted filtering approach. This was achieved using the singular value decomposition (SVD). The SVD method uses the principal component analysis to extract into components the dominant shapes from a series of raw input curves. EM decays can then be reconstructed with particular components only. To do so, we had to adapt and implement the SVD, firstly, to separate clearly and so identify easily the components containing the geological signal, and then to denoise properly TDEM data.The reconstructed decays were used to detect noisy gates on their corresponding measured decays. This denoising step allowed rejecting efficiently mainly spikes and oscillations. Then, we focused on couplings with man-made installations, which may result in artifacts on the inverted models. An analysis of the map of weights of the selected “noisy components” highlighted high correlations with man-made installations localized by the flight video. We had therefore a tool to cull most likely decays biased by capacitive coupling noises. Finally, rejection of decays affected by galvanic coupling noises was also possible locating them through the analysis of specific SVD components. This SVD procedure was applied on airborne TDEM data surveyed by SkyTEM Aps. over an anthropized area, on behalf of the French geological survey (BRGM), near Courtenay in Région Centre, France. The established denoising procedure provides accurate denoising tools and makes, at least, the manual cleaning less time consuming and less subjective.     

基于核主成分分析的时间域航空电磁去噪方法

时间域航空电磁数据往往在测量过程中受到天然和人文噪声的干扰.如果不能很好滤除这些电磁噪声,那么将会降低资料质量、影响反演的精度,甚至获得错误的解释结果.本文提出了一种基于核主成分分析的去噪方法,通过核主成分分析提取叠加后衰减曲线的主成分,然后使用能量占比方法分离反映地下介质的有效信号和噪声,最后使用反映地下介质的特定成分进行重构.本文所推荐的去噪方法不仅能剔除天然噪声,例如天电产生的尖脉冲或者振荡,而且能有效地抑制人文噪声.分别使用基于核主成分分析的去噪方法,以及AeroTEM软件的处理方法对同样的吊舱式时间域直升机航空电磁勘查系统实测数据进行处理,并比较其结果.处理结果表明：所推荐的去噪方法要优于AeroTEM软件.     

Intelligent data fusion for wide-area assessment of UXO contamination

The remediation of sites contaminated with unexploded ordnance (UXO) remains an area of intense focus for the Department of Defense. Under the sponsorship of SERDP, data fusion techniques are being developed for use in enhancing wide-area assessment UXO remediation efforts and a data fusion framework is being created to provide a cohesive data management and decision-making utility to allow for more efficient expenditure of time, labor and resources. An important first step in this work is the development of feature extraction utilities and feature probability density maps for eventual input to data fusion algorithms, making data fusion of estimates of data quality, UXO-related features, non-UXO backgrounds, and correlations among independent data streams possible. Utilizing data acquired during ESTCP’s Wide-Area Assessment Pilot Program, the results presented here successfully demonstrate the feasibility of automated feature extraction from light detection and ranging, orthophotography, and helicopter magnetometry wide-area assessment survey data acquired at the Pueblo Precision Bombing Range #2. These data were imported and registered to a common survey map grid and UXO-related features were extracted and utilized to construct survey site-wide probability density maps that are well-suited for input to higher level data fusion algorithms. Preliminary combination of feature maps from the various data sources yielded maps for the Pueblo site that offered a more accurate UXO assessment than any one data source alone.

Effects of the sea floor topography on the 1D inversion of time‐domain marine controlled source electromagnetic data

Time‐domain marine controlled source electromagnetic methods have been used successfully for the detection of resistive targets such as hydrocarbons, gas hydrate, or marine groundwater aquifers. As the application of time‐domain marine controlled source electromagnetic methods increases, surveys in areas with a strong seabed topography are inevitable. In these cases, an important question is whether bathymetry information should be included in the interpretation of the measured electromagnetic field or not. Since multi‐dimensional inversion is still not common in time‐domain marine controlled source electromagnetic methods, bathymetry effects on the 1D inversion of single‐offset and multi‐offset joint inversions of time‐domain controlled source electromagnetic methods data are investigated. We firstly used an adaptive finite element algorithm to calculate the time‐domain controlled source electromagnetic methods responses of 2D resistivity models with seafloor topography. Then, 1D inversions are applied on the synthetic data derived from marine resistivity models, including the topography in order to study the possible topography effects on the 1D interpretation. To evaluate the effects of topography with various steepness, the slope angle of the seabed topography is varied in the synthetic modelling studies for deep water (air interaction is absent or very weak) and shallow water (air interaction is dominant), respectively. Several different patterns of measuring configurations are considered, such as the systems adopting nodal receivers and the bottom‐towed system. According to the modelling results for deep water when air interaction is absent, the 2D topography can distort the measured electric field. The distortion of the data increases gradually with the enlarging of the topography's slope angle. In our test, depending on the configuration, the seabed topography does not affect the 1D interpretation significantly if the slope angle is less or around 10°. However, if the slope angle increases to 30° or more, it is possible that significant artificial layers occur in inversion results and lead to a wrong interpretation. In a shallow water environment with seabed topography, where the air interaction dominates, it is possible to uncover the true subsurface resistivity structure if the water depth for the 1D inversion is properly chosen. In our synthetic modelling, this scheme can always present a satisfactory data fit in the 1D inversion if only one offset is used in the inversion process. However, the determination of the optimal water depth for a multi‐offset joint inversion is challenging due to the various air interaction for different offsets.     

Approximating constant‐Q seismic propagation in the time domain

In this study, we investigate the accuracy of approximating constant‐Q wave propagation by series of Zener or standard linear solid (SLS) mechanisms. Modelling in viscoacoustic and viscoelastic media is implemented in the time domain using the finite‐difference (FD) method. The accuracy of numerical solutions is evaluated by comparison with the analytical solution in homogeneous media. We found that the FD solutions using three SLS relaxation mechanisms as well as a single SLS mechanism, with properly chosen relaxation times, are quite accurate for both weak and strong attenuation. Although the RMS errors of FD simulations using a single relaxation mechanism increase with increasing offset, especially for strong attenuation (Q = 20), the results are still acceptable for practical applications. The synthetic data of the Marmousi‐II model further illustrate that the single SLS mechanism, to model constant Q, is efficient and sufficiently accurate. Moreover, it benefits from less computational costs in computer time and memory.     

桩基无损质量检测中瞬态锤击法时域曲线的分析与研究

瞬态锤击法在桩基无损质量检测中是一种简便有效的方法。文中探讨了这种方法的基本原理,对时域曲线判读中的一些基本规律和影响因素进行了相应的讨论,并列举了工程实例。     

2D共炮时间域高斯波束偏移

针对传统射线方法在奇异区成像精度不高,而2D频率域高斯波束叠前深度偏移需要计算成像点处每个频率的格林函数,影响计算效率的问题,本文通过使用复走时代替实走时,改变频率域下成像公式的积分顺序,给出了在时间域下进行高斯波束偏移的方法和计算公式.本文使用复杂数值模型验证了2D时间域高斯波束叠前偏移方法的正确性,并同传统射线偏移成像结果做了对比.对比结果表明时间域高斯波束偏移在成像精度上优于传统射线偏移.     

Tensor time domain electromagnetic resistivity measurements at Ngatamariki geothermal field, New Zealand

Experimental measurements in the Ngatamariki geothermal field, North Island, New Zealand were made to test the applicability of the time domain electromagnetic method for detailed investigation of the resistivity structure within a geothermal field. Low-frequency square wave signals were transmitted through three grounded bipole current sources sited about 8 km from the measurement lines. Despite high levels of electrical noise, transient electric field vectors could be determined reliably for times between 0.02 and 3.3 s after each step in the source current. Instantaneous apparent resistivity tensors were then calculated. Apparent resistivity pseudosections along the two measurement lines show smooth variations of resistivity from site to site. Over most of the field the images consistently show a three-layer resistivity structure with a conductive middle layer (3–10 Ωm) representing the conductive upper part of the thermal reservoir. A deep-seated region of low resistivity in the northwest of the field may indicate a conductive structure at about 1 km associated with a deeper diorite intrusion. Measurements sited closer than about 100 m to drillholes appear to have been disturbed by metallic casing in the holes. A change in resistivity structure in the east of the field may indicate a major geological or hydrothermal boundary.     

利用相关域小波变换进行SWD资料预处理

随钻地震(SWD)的波场十分复杂,对钻头有效信号和地表机械干扰成分的分析是SWD重要的资料预处理步骤.本文利用有效信号和噪声带有周期性或时延差异等时间结构特征,引入相关域小波变换进行SWD信号检测和分析.有效信号在钻柱内往复多次传播,因而带有严格的周期性,泥浆泵等机械发出的噪声也是周期性的,这些成分在自相关域内可以得到很好的凸显.SWD波场的各种成分,由于到达各个接收道的时延不同,在互相关域的特定时延处也能够得到凸显.利用小波变换对这些在相关域内得到凸显的成分进行多分辨分析,能够获得优势频率范围、周期、衰减等主要特征.根据这些信息,设计出合理的SWD处理方法,初步得到了有效信号的直达波.数据试处理结果表明,相关域小波变换是随钻地震的一个有效的预处理方法.     

OBC与拖缆数据的子波域匹配滤波方法研究

海底电缆（OBC）采集方式的出现,导致OBC采集与拖缆采集数据进行拼接成为三维连片地震资料处理中的一个重要环节.由于采集方式不同,数据在振幅、频率、相位等方面均存在较大差异.为了消除和减小这些差异,为后续的地质解释和油气预测提供便利,本文提出了一种在子波域的1范数匹配滤波方法来计算匹配滤波因子,以用来提高OBC数据和拖缆数据的匹配精度,改善连片处理的数据品质,为后续的地质解释和油气预测提供便利.通过实际资料检验,子波域匹配滤波方法在OBC与拖缆数据拼接应用中取得了较好的效果.     

吊舱式直升机频率域电磁系统性能及应用效果

IMPULSE系统是2003年2月从加拿大Scintrex公司引进的吊舱式直升机频率域电磁、磁综合系统.该系统采用新型的宽带技术,数字化程度较高,系统较为灵活,尤其适合于地形较为复杂地区的矿产和水工环勘查工作.目前该系统已经完成了飞行试验和4个测区的试生产测量工作,并在地下煤火勘查、矿产勘查等方面取得了明显的效果,实践证明该系统在地质和水工环勘查中具有良好的应用前景.     

海洋电磁低时钟漂移及自动增益采集技术研究

作为地震探测的有效补充,电磁法在海洋油气资源勘探中发挥着越来越重要的作用.本文针对海洋电磁法中极低时钟误差、大动态范围采集等要求,提出使用GPS和高精度原子钟解决低时钟漂移问题;采集电路中设计增益可调的放大电路,MCU通过对采集到的信号进行实时分析,实现增益动态调整,解决海洋电磁信号大动态范围采集问题;研制的海洋电磁信号数据记录单元每天时间误差小于0.3 ms、电场通道动态范围可以达到160 dB、磁场通道动态范围可以达到134 dB.通过在室内指标测试、室外试验,表明设计的数据记录单元能够稳定可靠工作.为证明数据纪录单元的有效性,将数据记录单元和国外商用MT仪器进行野外一致性对比实验,数据记录单元与商用仪器结果基本一致;在水深100 m海域进行了海底MT信号采集,得到了有效的结果.该研究为海洋电磁信号低时钟漂移、大动态范围采集提供了一种有效解决方案.     

基于非正交网格的带地形三维瞬变电磁场模拟

本文采用非正交网格时间域有限差分（FDTD）算法开展带地形瞬变电磁场的正演研究,并提出了一种采用非等权投影的改进非正交网格算法,提高了带地形瞬变电磁场三维正演算法的精度.对不同地形模型的数值模拟结果表明,地形的深度、宽度以及地形与源的相对位置等都可能对瞬变电磁场产生影响.     

Appraisal of a new 1D weighted joint inversion of ground based and helicopter‐borne electromagnetic data

In order to couple spatial data from frequency‐domain helicopter‐borne electromagnetics with electromagnetic measurements from ground geophysics (transient electromagnetics and radiomagnetotellurics), a common 1D weighted joint inversion algorithm for helicopter‐borne electromagnetics, transient electromagnetics and radiomagnetotellurics data has been developed. The depth of investigation of helicopter‐borne electromagnetics data is rather limited compared to time‐domain electromagnetics sounding methods on the ground. In order to improve the accuracy of model parameters of shallow depth as well as of greater depth, the helicopter‐borne electromagnetics, transient electromagnetics, and radiomagnetotellurics measurements can be combined by using a joint inversion methodology. The 1D joint inversion algorithm is tested for synthetic data of helicopter‐borne electromagnetics, transient electromagnetics and radiomagnetotellurics. The proposed concept of the joint inversion takes advantage of each method, thus providing the capability to resolve near surface (radiomagnetotellurics) and deeper electrical conductivity structures (transient electromagnetics) in combination with valuable spatial information (helicopter‐borne electromagnetics). Furthermore, the joint inversion has been applied on the field data (helicopter‐borne electromagnetics and transient electromagnetics) measured in the Cuxhaven area, Germany. In order to avoid the lessening of the resolution capacities of one data type, and thus balancing the use of inherent and ideally complementary information content, a parameter reweighting scheme that is based on the exploration depth ranges of the specific methods is proposed. A comparison of the conventional joint inversion algorithm, proposed by Jupp and Vozoff ( 1975 ), and of the newly developed algorithm is presented. The new algorithm employs the weighting on different model parameters differently. It is inferred from the synthetic and field data examples that the weighted joint inversion is more successful in explaining the subsurface than the classical joint inversion approach. In addition to this, the data fittings in weighted joint inversion are also improved.     

Investigating evidential reasoning for the interpretation of microbial water quality in a distribution network

Total coliforms are used as indicators for evaluating microbial water quality in distribution networks. However, total coliform provides only a weak “evidence” of possible fecal contamination because pathogens are subset of total coliform and therefore their presence in drinking water is not necessarily associated with fecal contamination. Heterotrophic plate counts are also commonly used to evaluate microbial water quality in the distribution networks, but they cover even a wider range of organisms. As a result, both of these indicators can provide incomplete and highly uncertain bodies of evidence when used individually. In this paper, it is shown that combing these two sources of information by an appropriate data fusion technique can provide improved insight into microbial water quality within distribution networks. Approximate reasoning methods like fuzzy logic and probabilistic reasoning are commonly used for data fusion where knowledge is uncertain (i.e., ambiguous, incomplete, and/or vague). Traditional probabilistic frameworks like Bayesian analysis, reasons through conditioning based on prior probabilities (which are hardly ever available). The Dempster–Shafer (DS) theory generalizes the Bayesian analysis without requiring prior probabilities. The DS theory can efficiently deal with the difficulties related to the interpretation of overall water quality where the redundancy of information is routinely observed and the credibility of available data continuously changes. In this paper, the DS rule of combination and its modifications including Yager’s modified rule, Dubois–Prade disjunctive rule and Dezert–Smarandache rule are described using an example of microbial water quality in a distribution network.     

时频域振幅相位联合的最小二乘逆时偏移

最小二乘逆时偏移方法具有复杂地质构造成像精度高、成像振幅准确等优点.但是,当地下存在强散射介质时,最小二乘逆时偏移方法很难透过上覆强散射地质体获得深部构造的高精度成像结果.本文为了提高深部精细构造的成像质量,提出时频域振幅相位联合的最小二乘逆时偏移方法.该方法主要通过构建时频域振幅相位联合目标函数,减弱振幅信息对成像结果的影响,提高深部弱散射地震信号的可成像精度.首先,对地震信号进行时频变换,构建时频域最小二乘偏移目标函数;其次,在目标函数中引入振幅权重因子,调节时频域振幅相位权重;最后,推导时频域振幅相位联合目标函数对模型参数的梯度,并利用L-BFGS局部优化算法对成像结果进行迭代.Marmousi模型和盐丘模型测试结果表明,本文方法能够很好地利用弱散射地震信号的时频域振幅相位信息,实现透过上覆强散射地质体进行深部高精度成像的目标.