The Northern Carpathians plate tectonic evolutionary stages and origin of olistoliths and olistostromes

The olistostromes formed in Northern Carpathians during the different stages of the development of flysch basins, from rift trough post-rift, orogenic to postorogenic stage. They are known from the Cretaceous, Paleocene, Eocene, Oligocene and Early Miocene flysch deposits of main tectonic units. Those units are the Skole, Subsilesian, Silesian, Dukla and Magura nappes as well as the Pieniny Klippen Belt suture zone. The oldest olistoliths in the Northern Carpathians represent the Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous rifting and post-rifting stage of the Northern Carpathians and origin of the proto-Silesian basin. They are known from the Upper Jurassic as well as Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous formations. In the southern part of the Polish Northern Carpathians as well as in the adjacent part of Slovakia, the olistoliths are known in the Cretaceous- Paleocene flysch deposits of the Pieniny Klippen Belt Zlatne Unit and in Magura Nappe marking the second stage of the plate tectonic evolution - an early stage of the development of the accretionary prism. The most spectacular olistostromes have been found in the vicinity of Haligovce village in the Pieniny Klippen Belt and in Jaworki village in the border zone between the Magura Nappe and the Pieniny Klippen Belt. Olistoliths that originated during the second stage of the plate tectonic evolution occur also in the northern part of the Polish Carpathians, in the various Upper Cretaceous-Early Miocene flysch deposits within the Magura, Fore-Magura, Dukla, Silesian and Subsilesian nappes. The Fore-Magura and Silesian ridges were destroyed totally and are only interpreted from olistoliths and exotic pebbles in the Outer Carpathian flysch. Their destruction is related to the advance of the accretionary prism. This prism has obliquely overridden the ridges leading to the origin of the Menilite-Krosno basin.

In the final, postcollisional stage of the Northern Carpathian plate tectonic development, some olistoliths were deposited within the late Early Miocene molasse. These are known mainly from the subsurface sequences reached by numerous bore-holes in the western part of the Polish Carpathians as well as from outcrops in Poland and the Czech Republic.

The largest olistoliths (kilometers in size bodies of shallow-water rocks of Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous age) are known from the Moravia region. The largest olistoliths in Poland were found in the vicinity of Andrychów and are known as Andrychów Klippen. The olistostromes bear witness to the processes of the destruction of the Northern Carpathian ridges. The ridge basement rocks, their Mesozoic platform cover, Paleogene deposits of the slope as well as older Cretaceous flysch deposits partly folded and thrust within the prism slid northward toward the basin, forming the olistostromes.     

The Ligurian Units of Western Tuscany (Northern Apennines): insight on the influence of pre-existing weakness zones during ocean closure

Most of the tectonic units cropping out in Western Tuscany are fragments of the Jurassic oceanic crust, ophiolitic successions, overlaid diachronously by Upper Cretaceous-middle Eocene carbonate and siliciclastic flysch successions with their Cenomanian-lower Eocene shalycalcareous basal complexes. These units, so called Ligurian, have been emplaced during the closure of the Ligurian-Piedmont Ocean. Ophiolite bearing debris flows are common in the flysch basins and their relationship with ophiolitic tectonic slices points to a strong relation between tectonics and sedimentation from the early compressive events of the Late Cretaceous. The tectonic activity reflects in a rough morphology of the ocean floor. It progressively influences the distribution and sedimentology of the turbidites. During middle Eocene this relationship begun very important and a paleogeographic reconstruction with prominent linear ophiolitic reliefs that bounded some turbiditic basins can be done. In our reconstruction the sedimentary and structural evolution can be framed in the context of strain partitioning, developed during the ocean closure, between subduction processes and ancient weakness zones crosscutting both the ocean and the Adria continental margin and reactivated in compressive regime. These weakness zones can be interpreted as transform faults of the Ligurian-Piedmont Ocean with prolongations in the Adria passive margin.

The weakness zones crosscut the oceanic lithosphere and the Adria continental margin and interfered with the subduction processes. The activity of the weakness zones is reflected in the Ligurian Units architecture where two main structural strike trends of thrusts and folds axial planes occur. The first trend is WSW-ENE oriented and it is connected with the reactivation of the weaknesses zones. This first orientation developed progressively from Late Cretaceous to Pliocene, from oceanic to ensialic convergence (D1, D2, and D4 deformation phases). The second trend is NNE-SSW oriented and is related to the late Eocene continental collision and the subsequent translation to the NE of the oceanic units onto the Adria continental margin (D3 deformation phase).     

Geological constraints on the alpine evolution of the Mediterranean Tethys

The geological data on the Mediterranean chains and basins are used to point out the constraints that they put on the location through time of oceanic versus continental lithosphere and on the successive relations between them. Emphasis is put on the rules and conventions which enable us to interpret the geological data in terms of plate tectonics and on the major disputed points for which a solution must be chosen.In the first part, the location of oceanic versus continental lithosphere is dealt with, using the data on the present-day basins, the ophiolites and the subduction processes. A Neogene age is retained for the Western Mediterranean and the surrounding continental blocks are considered to have been previously a part of Iberia. A Cretaceous age is retained for the Eastern Mediterranean; Apulia is considered as a part of the African plate except for this period. The Black Sea is considered as a back-arc basin formed mostly during the Upper Cretaceous. The ophiolites are used to locate the Mesozoic oceans; for the double ophiolitic belts of the Dinaro-Hellenides and the Taurides, the tectonic interpretations which minimise the number of oceanic basins have been retained. For the Kirsehir block of Turkey, the chosen solution locates a Jurassic ocean to the north and makes it disappear when a Cretaceous ocean opens to the south. Data on the subduction processes added to the information on these basins and led us to consider as oceanic the unknown basements of the Carpathian flysch and the Maghrebian flysch basins.The second part deals with the organisation of basins and platforms, emphasising the chronology of their formation and subsequent crushing. It furnished step by step constraints on the tectonic history of the system which is related to plate displacement.The general pattern derived from these data shows a wedge-shaped Tethyan ocean which disappeared mostly through repeated subduction below the eastern part of its northern margin. The Jurassic stage shows westward extension of the ocean between the Eurasian and African plates and ends with the Dinaro-Hellenic obduction; the Cretaceous stage shows a complete reorganisation including individual displacement of the Iberian, Apulian and Kirsehir sub-plates; the Tertiary stage shows the general collision between the renewed Eurasian and African plates and Neogene subduction of the basins which avoided collision.     

Cretaceous–Tertiary Rhenodanubian flysch wedge (Eastern Alps): clues to sediment supply and basin configuration from zircon fission-track data

The provenance of Cenomanian to Eocene flysch deposits accreted along the northern margin of the Eastern Alps has been investigated by means of zircon fission-track (FT) geochronology and zircon morphology. The Rhenodanubian flysch and Ybbsitz klippen zone comprise several nappes representing the Main flysch and Laab basins. The Laab basin received sediments of stable European provenance, indicated by pre-Variscan, Variscan, and Permian–Triassic zircon FT ages, and was thus located in the immediate south of the European margin. The Main flysch basin was supplied mainly from the evolving Eastern Alps and was therefore situated south of the Laab basin. Zircon populations with Permian to Jurassic cooling ages in the Main flysch basin are related to increased heat fluxes during the break-up of Pangaea and are probably derived from the northwestern part of the Eastern Alps. The dominant Cretaceous zircon FT cooling ages reflect Eoalpine metamorphism in the Austroalpine realm.     

Quelques problèmes de sedimentation géosynclinale dans les chaînes alpines de la Méditerranée moyenne

In the paleogeographic development of the alpine mountain belt in the central mediterranian a geosynclinal period may be differentiated from a late geosynclinal to postgeosynclinal period. Within the geosynclinal period one may recognize three stages: the stage of individualisation; the stage of geosynclinal development and the stage of orogeny. The stage of geosynclinal development includes a preflysch period and a flysch period. In the discussion of the preflysch period a number of sedimentational problems are dealt with: the distinction of swells of the Gavrovo typ with thick neritic sediments and those of the Briançonnais type with pelagic and condensed sedimentary sequences; the distribution of breccias on the flanks of troughs; the problem of the thickness of sediments on the swells and in the troughs. Two other problems treated are the nodular limestones of the ammonitico rosso and the radiolarites. The flysch period is characterised by relative temporal independence from the proceeding period. The terrigenous facies of the flysch period is viewed in space and time on the one hand as an expression of the trapping of terrigenous sediments and on the other as products of the orogenic polarity of the geosyncline system and of the orogeny moving from the interior to the exterior. In the flysch basins one can see all transitions between the conglomeratic flysch at the foot of the rising cordillera which furnished the terrigenous material, the arythmic pelites which were deposited at the external end of the flysch basin, through transitional sandy flysch over sandy pelites to pelites. From this viewpoint the scaglia appears as a cryptoflysch. From the temporal viewpoint the migration of flysch trough is emphasised, and an early internal flysch facies — mainly eugeosynclinal — and a later external flysch facies — mainly miogeosynclinal — are distinguished. The intensity of movements changes, decreasing gradually with the progressing orogeny. In overall view the sediments of the preflysch and flysch period may alternate, and are then succeeded by the sediments of the late geosynclinal and postgeosynclinal period. The flysch-molasse problem is viewed in this sense, and the development of the molasse is devided into a lategeosynclinal and a postgeosynclinal phase.     

Structural development of the Neogene Radicondoli–Volterra and adjoining hinterland basins in Western Tuscany (Northern Apennines,Italy)

This paper presents a geological–structural study of some Neogene hinterland basins of the Northern Apennines, located on the Tyrrhenian side of the chain. These basins developed on the already delineated thrust-fold belt from middle–late Tortonian times. Their evolution has been commonly referred to an extensional tectonic regime, related to the opening of the Tyrrhenian Sea. New data have allowed us to hypothesize a different tectonic evolution for the chain, where compressive tectonics plays a major role both in the external and in the hinterland area. In this frame, the hinterland area located west of a major outcropping crustal thrust (Mid-Tuscany Metamorphic Ridge) has been the target of a geological–structural investigation. The field mapping and structural analysis has been focused on the syntectonic sediments of the Radicondoli–Volterra basin as well as on adjoining minor basins. These basins commonly display a synclinal structure and are generally located in between basement culminations, probably corresponding to thrust anticlines. Sediments of the hinterland basins have been affected by compressive deformation and regional unconformities separate stratigraphic units due to the activity of basement thrusts. In the study area, normal faulting either accommodates the thrusting processes or post-dates compressive deformation. A chronology of faulting and a six-stage evolution of this area are presented, providing further insights for the Neogene tectonic evolution of the Northern Apennines. Copyright © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The Sedimentologie-Geotectonic Evolution in the Jiangsu Zhejiang Anhui Region

Abstract The Yangtze plate, extending from east to west in southern China, was formed about 800 Ma ago. Since the Sinian, two aulacogens trending east-northeast and connected at the east ends, have been initiated in the Jiangsu-Zhejiang-Anhui region on the east margin of the plate with a sedimentary sequence up to 10,000 m in thickness. At a later stage of sedimentologic evolution, flysch and molasse were produced. The flysch was accumulated in the Late Ordovician, when the two aulacogens became bays that opened to the east; the clastic materials were derived from the Yangtze oldland on the northern and southern sides of the basins. The molasse was accumulated from the terminal Late Ordovician to the Middle Ordovician; the clastic materials came from an uplifted orogenic belt in the east. This indicates that a major change in the tectonic pattern of the basins has taken place.     

塔里木显生宙盆地演化主要阶段

塔里木显生宙盆地演化经历了震旦纪—泥盆纪、石炭纪—二叠纪和中—新生代３个一级构造旋回。这种旋回性主要与板缘的拉张裂解、俯冲消减和碰撞闭合等板块构造运动体制有关。每个一级构造旋回一般是以拉张体制下的盆地形成开始，尔后转化为挤压体制下的盆地，最终以构造反转结束。塔里木显生宙盆地演化可进一步分为６个二级演化阶段，即震旦—奥陶纪克拉通内裂陷盆地发展阶段、志留—泥盆纪克拉通内挤压盆地演化阶段、石炭—二叠纪弧后裂陷盆地形成阶段、三叠纪弧后前陆盆地发展阶段、侏罗纪—老第三纪碰撞复活前陆盆地形成阶段和新第三纪—第四纪碰撞后继盆地演化阶段，其划分标志是以盆地性质及其构造格局的重大转变为依据的。     

基于孔壁应变发展规律的压裂孔三阶段起裂特征试验研究

利用自行研制的煤岩体水力压裂试验系统,开展了配比型煤与原煤水力压裂试验,测试并分析了水力压裂过程中压裂孔孔壁应变-水压曲线,并基于孔壁应变的发展规律,分析了压裂孔的三阶段起裂特征。结果表明,在压裂孔起裂过程中,钻孔孔壁呈现拉伸与压缩应变两种类型,并呈现拉伸破裂区与压缩变形区,其中压缩型应变具有较好的可恢复性,其应变恢复比远大于拉伸型应变;钻孔起裂过程分为3个阶段,即水气作用诱导微损伤形成阶段,孔壁内形成气流通道并产生初始损伤;局部损伤带形成阶段,孔壁形成拉伸破裂区和压缩变形区;试件失稳破坏阶段,裂缝不断延伸直至试件破裂,拉伸破裂区依然保持拉伸变形并较好地保持残余变形,而压缩变形区则由于作用力转向而得到一定程度恢复。研究成果对于揭示钻孔起裂行为及能量的演化规律具有重要理论意义。     

中国北方兴蒙地区叠合盆地砂岩型铀成矿特征及勘查方法综述

中国北方兴蒙地区发育多个中大型叠合盆地,盆地内均发现大型、特大型铀矿床,且最近又有许多新的找矿突破。兴蒙地区叠合盆地在铀成矿及勘查方法等方面具有很多共性。研究发现,铀成矿作用受特定的构造样式和构造演化阶段控制,有利的沉积相主要发育于盆地发展的坳陷期,局部为断陷期,在断陷期和断坳转换期形成了盆地内铀成矿的还原介质,在挤压隆升剥蚀期,构造反转、地层掀斜剥蚀形成剥蚀窗口,有利于含矿流体的运移。盆地内铀成矿作用的类型为:①潜水、潜水-层间和层间氧化作用;②同沉积成矿;③构造热事件叠加成矿;④多种流体混合作用成矿。根据这些成矿特征,盆地内的铀矿勘查可通过以下方式进行:①铀源体可通过源-汇系统进行厘定;②成矿流场和成矿通道通过反转抬升剥蚀窗口和有利沉积相厘定;③沉积建造、油气逸散场可利用其物性特征(电性、放射性等)进行厘定。地质及物化探方法组合可有效地完成上述勘查。     

塔里木板块北缘前陆盆地的构造演化及其与油气的关系

循天山地区板块构造作用这主线,系统地讨论塔里木板块北缘前陆盆地和类前陆盆的构造演化,将前陆盆地和类前陆盆和类前陆盆地划分为两个阶段,指出前陆盆地演化具从不稳定向稳定发展的特征。早期前陆盆地以深水复理石建造为主,夹火山岩建造,晚期前陆盆地以磨拉石建造为主。前陆盆地和前陆隆起具横向和纵向上的迁移性,这种特性影响了类前陆盆地的演化和油气分布。     

云南楚雄前陆盆地晚三叠世沉积建造及盆地演化

根据沉积建造的类型、系列和体态认为楚雄盆地在晚三叠世经历了３个明显的发育阶段：第一阶段为早期聚敛碰撞阶段,发育了黑色页岩建造和碳酸盐复理石建造;第二阶段为构造相对静止期,发育了火山复理石建造和陆源复理石建造;第三阶段为盆地充填阶段,发育了海相磨拉石建造和陆相磨拉石建造。３个阶段中的沉积建造属于次稳定型和非稳定型两大类。     

Berriasian drowning of the Plassen carbonate platform at the type-locality and its bearing on the early Eoalpine orogenic dynamics in the Northern Calcareous Alps (Austria)

The Plassen carbonate platform (Kimmeridgian to Early Berriasian) developed above the Callovian to Tithonian carbonate clastic radiolaritic flysch basins of the Northern Calcareous Alps during a tectonically active period in a convergent regime. Remnants of the drowning sequence of the Plassen Formation have been discovered at Mount Plassen in the Austrian Salzkammergut. It is represented by calpionellid-radiolaria wacke- to packstones that, due to the occurrence of Calpionellopsis oblonga (Cadisch), are of Late Berriasian age (oblonga Subzone). Thus, the Plassen Formation at its type-locality shows the most complete profile presently known, documenting the carbonate platform evolution from the initial shallowing upward evolution in the Kimmeridgian until the final Berriasian drowning. The shift from neritic to pelagic sedimentation took place during Berriasian times. A siliciclastic-influenced drowning sequence sealed the highly differentiated Plassen carbonate platform. The former interpretation of a Late Jurassic carbonate platform formed under conditions of tectonic quiescence cannot be confirmed. The onset, evolution and drowning of the Plassen carbonate platform took place at an active continental margin. The tectonic evolution of the Northern Calcareous Alps during the Kimmeridgian to Berriasian time span and the reasons for the final drowning of the Plassen carbonate platform are to be seen in connection with further tectonic shortening after the closure of the Tethys Ocean.     

东昆仑造山带前陆盆地的叠加褶皱及其变形机制

在东昆仑造山带的三叠纪洪水川群复理石岩系中,发育着两组斜歪－倒转褶皱：一组轴迹方向为北西向,与造山带主体构造线近一致;另一组为新发现的北东向,与造山带主体构造线近垂直,形成叠加褶皱．每一组褶皱均是压扁、纯剪切、纯剪切＋简单剪切三种变形机制的产物．北西向褶皱轴面的南西倒和北东向褶皱轴面的北西倒,与国内外典型的前陆盆地中的褶皱形态不尽相同,反映了动力基础是板块碰撞之后的近于垂直的北东及北西方向挤压应力相继作用下形成的叠加褶皱．北东向褶皱的发现,揭示了造山带中构造应力场的转换．     

焦家式金矿构造-流体成矿作用特征——以胶西北金城金矿床为例

焦家式金矿形成于从韧性构造到脆性构造的转折期,金城金矿床乃至焦家金矿田控矿构造从早到晚经历了左行韧性逆冲、右行脆性张剪、右行脆性压剪和正断层四个活动阶段。成矿作用从早到晚可分为5个阶段,石英钾长石阶段发育于韧性变形前,与围岩玲珑花岗岩有较大时差而与主成矿阶段时间相近,为成矿初期;石英铁碳酸盐黄铁矿阶段、石英黄铜矿阶段和黄铁绢英岩阶段为主成矿阶段,发生于脆性构造环境,前二者形成于右行张剪环境,后者在各个阶段均不同程度发育,但以右行压剪阶段最重要;碳酸盐阶段为成矿末期。     

华北东部中生代构造体制转折峰期的主要地质效应和形成动力学探讨

华北中生代构造体制转折始于 15 0～ 14 0Ma ,终于 110～ 10 0Ma ,峰期是 12 0～ 110Ma ,总体上是由挤压构造体制转化为伸展构造体制 ,由EW向转变为NNE向的盆岭构造格局。但是转折过程有复杂的细节和多次挤压与伸展的转变 ,边缘与克拉通内部、北缘与南 (东 )缘之间在时间和空间上也有一定的变化。南 (东 )缘的挤压构造以 2 30～ 2 10Ma为主 ,然后在 130～ 110Ma期间达到构造转折的剧变期。北缘则似乎表现出 2 30～ 2 10Ma和 180 ( 170 )～ 16 0 ( 15 0 )Ma两期挤压构造 ,130～ 110Ma是构造转折的峰期。盆地的演化有多样性 ,燕山地区前晚侏罗世时期呈现出北东东向褶皱逆冲带与挤压挠曲盆地带相邻并存的盆山结构 ;而后晚侏罗世时期呈现出北北东向裂谷盆地与断隆相间的盆岭结构 ;晚侏罗世后时期则呈现出北东—北北东向盆地与“活动”断隆相间 ,并受北东东向褶皱逆冲带控制的盆山结构。大别山南北隆升历史完全不同。深部结构的研究表明 ,华北东部的岩石圈在古生代末期已有减薄表现 ,在中生代急剧减薄 ,地幔和下地壳发生大规模置换 ,至 130～ 110Ma到达顶峰。新生代以来又有加厚的趋势。中生代构造转折不具典型造山带特征 ,可能与周围块体夹击引发的区域性大规模地幔隆起有关     

Tectono-sedimentary evolution of the southern branch of the Western Tethys (Maghrebian Flysch Basin and Lucanian Ocean): consequences for Western Mediterranean geodynamics

The evolution of the oceanic Maghrebian Flysch Basin and its continuation in the Southern Apennines was studied by reconstructing mainly representative stratigraphic successions. In all sectors a common evolution has been identified. Rifting and drifting phases are indicated by remnants of oceanic crust, Jurassic limestones, Cretaceous–Palaeogene turbiditic and pelagic deposits. The pre-orogenic sedimentation was mainly controlled by extensional tectonics and sea-level changes. The occurrence of a generalized foredeep stage since the Early Miocene is testified by thick siliciclastic and volcaniclastic syn-orogenic flysch successions. The deformation of the oceanic areas began in the Burdigalian and the resulting nappes were stacked in the growing chains. During the Middle Miocene, piggy-back basins developed and the building of the chains was accomplished in the Late Tortonian. Areal distribution and ages of flysch deposits represent an important tool for the study of the diachronous growth of the accretionary wedges.     

南盘江盆地中三叠统复理石中的同沉积挤压构造——一类新的沉积构造的归类、命名和构造意义探讨

南盘江盆地在中三叠世时接受了厚达5000m的复理石沉积，而该复理石中保存有丰富的原生沉积构造。笔者等在这些沉积构造中识别并命名了一类新的构造——同沉积挤压构造，并用简单的实验定性地模拟了该类构造的形成机理。这些同沉积挤压构造包括：挤压皱纹、挤压岩枕、挤压裂隙和挤压皱脊，发育于复理石砂岩层的底面或泥岩层的顶面，是相关砂层或泥层沉积后到成岩前复理石盆地遭受挤压收缩的动态记录。根据这些同沉积挤压构造的方向初步判断，南盘江盆地在中三叠世接受复理石沉积的同时受到了SSW—NNE方向的挤压作用，盆地处于挤压收缩阶段。这些构造为复理石盆地的动态演化研究提供了新的证据。     

中国滇西-泰国地区侏罗纪——第四纪盆地发育及其对比研究

 侏罗纪时东南亚大陆上形成两个大盆地,西为海相盆地,东为陆相红盆。白垩纪时大盆地闭合或解体。第三纪出现裂谷盆地,其发育受燕山期构造格局控制;拉张应力自南向北变弱,裂谷发育自南向北变晚。第四纪为上叠盆地阶段。滇西与泰国各时期盆地的对比研究有助于更好地认识其演化特征,恢复东南亚大陆侏罗纪以来不断碎裂、局部解体的历史。     

中国滇西-泰国地区侏罗纪——第四纪盆地发育及其对比研究

侏罗纪时东南亚大陆上形成两个大盆地,西为海相盆地,东为陆相红盆。白垩纪时大盆地闭合或解体。第三纪出现裂谷盆地,其发育受燕山期构造格局控制;拉张应力自南向北变弱,裂谷发育自南向北变晚。第四纪为上叠盆地阶段。滇西与泰国各时期盆地的对比研究有助于更好地认识其演化特征,恢复东南亚大陆侏罗纪以来不断碎裂、局部解体的历史。