辽东湾河口底质重金属环境地球化学

对辽东湾诸河口底质样进行了 Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd等含量分析.辽东湾底质重金属污染物主要是 Cd、Zn、Pb,尤其是 Cd平均含量为 1.16 mg/kg,超过土壤环境质量三级标准; Zn平均含量为 105.28 mg/kg,超过土壤环境质量一级标准.运用地累积指数法对其污染程度评价,认为辽东湾西北及北部河口底质污染严重,葫芦岛市五里河桥下> 大凌河口北> 辽河口> 双台子河口等处.与历史资料的对比表明,4种重金属的平均含量均有所提高.     

Speciation of some heavy metals in bottom sediments of the Ob and Yenisei estuarine zones

The speciation of Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Co, Ni, Cr, Pb, and Cd was studied in 52 samples of bottom sediments collected during Cruise 49 of the R/V Dmitrii Mendeleev in estuaries of the Ob and Yenisei rivers in the southwestern Kara Sea. Immediately after sampling, the samples were subjected to on-board consecutive extraction to separate metal species according to their modes of occurrence in the sediments: (1) adsorbed, (2) amorphous Fe-Mn hydroxides and related metals, (3) organic + sulfide, and (4) residual, or lithogenic. The atomic absorption spectroscopy of the extracts was carried out at a stationary laboratory. The distribution of Fe, Zn, Cu, Co, Ni, Cr, Pb, and Cd species is characterized by the predominance of lithogenic or geochemically inert modes (70–95% of the bulk content), in which the metals are bound in terrigenous and clastic mineral particles and organic detritus. About half of the total Mn amount and 15–30% Zn and Cu is contained in geochemically mobile modes. The spatiotemporal variations in the proportions of metal species in the surface layer of sediments along the nearly meridional sections and through the vertical sections of bottom sediments cores testify that Mn and, to a lesser extent, Cu are the most sensitive to changes in the sedimentation environment. The role of their geochemically mobile species notably increases under reducing conditions.     

Noble metals in the bottom sediments of the Chukchi Sea

Abundance of noble metals (NM) and bulk chemical composition have been studied in bottom sediments of the Chukchi Sea. Distribution of NM and their correlation with major and trace elements in the sediments have been analyzed using multicomponent statistics. It was established that the average contents of NM in the bottom sediments of the Chukchi Sea significantly exceed those both in shelf terrigenous sediments and stratisphere. Osmium and iridium enrich mixed and pelitic sediments relative to shallow-water areas and their influx is presumably determined by erosion of coastal and bottom loose deposits. High Ag, Ru, Au, and Pt contents were identified in the clayey sediments enriched in biogenic elements in the individual areas of the Southern Chukchi plain (Chukchi sea) confined to the intersection zones of submeridional and sublatitudinal structures of the graben-rift system, which was formed in the Mesozoic and activated in the late Cenozoic time.     

湖泊沉积物中重金属的环境地球化学

概要地回顾了近年来国内外湖泊沉积物中重金属环境污染方面的研究成果,介绍了湖相沉积物重金属研究的主要内容、方法和可能的发展方向.认为就重金属成因方面应加强区分其主要来源是岩石和矿物风化的碎屑产物、大气降尘、人类活动等的研究;重金属污染方面更应重视污染物质的生物有效性、迁移转化机理和重金属"二次污染"的研究;研究手段上,注重运用同位素示踪与定年技术来研究重金属的来源和污染历史,应用高分辨率沉积物钻心研究环境的变迁.最后提出加强多学科的综合研究,建立中国湖泊基准数据库,为探讨湖泊湿地的可持续发展提供依据.     

重金属随泥沙迁移过程的数学模型

为更加准确地模拟重金属随泥沙迁移的过程,避免传统模型在描述重金属的吸附解吸时只能片面地考虑简单物理过程的不足,在水沙输移模拟的基础上,同时考虑了重金属随泥沙迁移的物理和化学过程,建立了完整的水动力-泥沙-重金属迁移数学模型。模型利用泥沙颗粒表面复杂形貌与电荷的关系来修正表面络合模型并以此分析了水体中的重金属与泥沙颗粒表面基团间的化学成键作用,同时根据化学反应的不同条件,并结合床面冲淤,将床面泥沙分为有氧层和无氧层分别考虑重金属的沉积与再释放。模型模拟了水槽试验中重金属Ni随泥沙迁移的情况,计算结果与实测数据的对比表明了建立的模型可以合理地反映重金属随泥沙的迁移过程。     

Classification of Japanese rivers by heavy metals in bottom mud

Bottom mud was collected from the upper and lower reaches of 92 rivers in Japan to determine the distribution of 0.5N-HCI-soluble heavy metals. The average concentrations of Cu, Zn, Pb, and Cd in the mud from the lower reaches were from two to three times higher than those in the upper reaches. Japanese rivers were classified according to the degree of heavy metal pollution by using the values of 0.5N-HCI-soluble metals in the lower reaches of rivers. The content of 0.5N-HCI-soluble heavy metals in the mud of the upper reaches was used as the standard value. The classification of rivers was made by a cluster analysis according to Euclidian distance. As a result, rivers in Japan could be classified into three groups based on the degree of metal pollution, and the classification was in agreement with the pollution index.     

Analysis of labile form of aluminum and heavy metals in bottom sediments from Kongsfjord, Isfjord, Hornsund fjords

The paper presents study results obtained for the bottom sediment samples of fjords Kongsfjord, Isfjord, Hornsund in the form of surface samples and their core profiles. The concentrations of labile form of aluminum and heavy metals were determined using the single-stage extraction with 3 mol L^?1 HCl. The obtained results allowed defining the occurrence of variability of labile aluminum form in the samples of bottom sediments of the studied fjords depending on the point and depth of sample collection. The conducted chemometric analysis allowed for the study of spatial variability of aluminum occurrence in the area of the investigated fjords. Based on the analysis, the correlations between aluminum and heavy metals were determined.     

Partitioning of heavy metals in surface Black Sea sediments

Bulk heavy metal (Fe, Mn, Co, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn and Pb) distributions and their chemical partitioning, together with TOC and carbonate data, were studied in oxic to anoxic surface sediments (0–2 cm) obtained at 18 stations throughout the Black Sea. TOC and carbonate contents, and available hydrographic data, indicate biogenic organic matter produced in shallower waters is transported and buried in the deeper waters of the Black Sea. Bulk metal concentrations measured in the sediments can be related to their geochemical cycles and the geology of the surrounding Black Sea region. Somewhat high Cr and Ni contents in the sediments are interpreted to reflect, in part, the weathering of basic-ultrabasic rocks on the Turkish mainland. Maximum carbonate-free levels of Mn (4347 ppm), Ni (355 ppm) and Co (64 ppm) obtained for sediment from the shallow-water station (102 m) probably result from redox cycling at the socalled ‘Mn pump zone’ where scavenging-precipitation processes of Mn prevail. Chemical partitioning of the heavy metals revealed that Cu, Cr and Fe seem to be significantly bound to the detrital phases whereas carbonate phases tend to hold considerable amounts of Mn and Pb. The sequential extraction procedures used in this study also show that the metals Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn and Pb associated with the ‘oxidizable phases’ are in far greater concentrations than the occurrences of these metals with detrital and carbonate phases. These results are in good agreement with the recent studies on suspended matter and thermodynamic calculations which have revealed that organic compounds and sulfides are the major metal carriers in the anoxic Black Sea basin, whereas Fe-Mn oxyhydroxides can also be important phases of other metals, especially at oxic sites. This study shows that, if used with a suitable combination of the various sequential extraction techniques, metal partitioning can provide important information on the varying geological sources and modes of occurrence and distribution of heavy metals in sediments, as well as, on the physical and chemical conditions prevailing in an anoxic marine environment.     

洞庭湖沉积物重金属环境地球化学

对洞庭湖沉积物样进行了Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr、Ni、As和Hg等8种元素含量分析.结果显示,洞庭湖沉积物中重金属污染物主要是Cd和Hg,其次是Pb、Zn、As和Cu;Cd平均含量达到2.7mg/kg,是国家土壤环境质量三级标准(1.0mg/kg)的近3倍;Cu、Pb、Zn、As和Hg平均含量分别为51.3mg/kg、52.8mg/kg、140mg/kg、22.5mg/kg和0.22mg/kg,均超过国家土壤环境质量一级标准.运用地累积指数法对其污染程度进行了评价,认为重金属污染最严重的湖区是东洞庭湖的鹿角至城陵矶湖区(段),污染物可能主要来源于湘江流域;各子湖区(段)重金属综合污染状况评价结果是:东洞庭湖＞大通湖＞横岭湖＞万子湖＞西洞庭湖＞采桑湖.入湖各河口区沉积物重金属含量与历史资料的对比表明,8种重金属含量均有较高程度的富集,反映近年来洞庭湖流域内重金属污染有增加的趋势.     

Origin and chemical partitioning of heavy metals in riverbed sediments

In the present investigation, bulk and chemical partitioning of elements in the Shefa-Rud riverbed sediments are studies. Higher concentrations of elemental concentrations have been observed in estuarine zone when compared with riverine sediments (except for AI, Fe, Pb and Mn). Manganese is mobilized under anoxic conditions prevailing in the Caspian Sea. Lithogenous materials are greatly diluted in the estuarine zone by various pollutants present in the Caspian Sea. Organic metallic bonds are not significantly present in the area of study. Geological units of the area of study have resulted in the lower concentrations of elemental concentrations of riverbed sediments when compared with published values for mean crust and world sediments ones. Though, cluster analysis has clearly shown the importance of alumina-silicates in controlling the distribution of Fe and Mn in riverbed sediments but it could not depict controlling mechanism for other studied elements. Geochemical Index (Igeo) and Enrichment Factor (EF) values are indicative of a clean environment throughout the river course. These values are in a well agreement with results of chemical partitioning data. Quantification of EF values is not logically possible and therefore Igeo values can be used more effectively.     

Accumulation and partitioning of heavy metals in mangrove rhizosphere sediments

A field study was conducted to clarify the effect of rhizosphere processes on the accumulation and partitioning of heavy metals (Pb, Zn, Cu, Cr, Cd and Ni) in mangrove sediments. Metals were fractionated by a sequential extraction procedure into three chemically distinct fractions: water soluble, exchangeable and carbonate bound (B1), Fe–Mn oxide bound (B2), and organic and sulfide bound (B3). Results indicate that rhizosphere processes tend to increase the metal concentrations in the rhizosphere sediments. However, plant uptake may result in the decrease of the metal concentrations in the rhizosphere sediments when the metal concentrations are relatively low in the bulk sediments. Compared with the bulk sediments, the rhizosphere sediments have low concentrations of heavy metals in the B1 and B2 fractions and high concentrations in the B3 fraction. Either an increase or decrease in the residual fraction of heavy metals in the rhizosphere sediments may appear, depending on whether the formation of the refractory metal-organic compounds or the activation of the residual fractions dominates. Results also indicate that mangrove plants absorb and store non-essential metals in the perennial tissues, thus reducing the export of non-essential metals via leaf litter transport. Mangrove plants are excellent candidates for phytostabilization of heavy metals in intertidal substrates.     

太湖MS岩芯重金属元素地球化学形态研究

采用BCR三步提取法对太湖MS岩芯沉积物中Cu、Fe、Mn、Ni、Pb和Zn等6种重金属元素的化学形态进行了研究.结果表明,有效结合态的Cu、Ni和Pb主要以有机物及硫化物结合态、Fe-Mn氧化物结合态存在,Fe和Zn主要以Fe-Mn氧化物结合态存在,Mn主要以可交换态及碳酸盐结合态存在;Fe-Mn氧化物结合态的Ni、Pb和Zn与可还原态的Mn有较好的正相关关系,有机物及硫化物结合态的Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb和Zn与有机碳含量有较好的正相关关系;重金属形态分布体现了重金属元素地球化学性质的差异,以及重金属形态含量与沉积物理化性质的关系.沉积岩芯重金属元素形态垂向变化规律及次生相富集系数表明,Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb和Zn在沉积岩芯13～4 cm有效结合态含量较稳定,为自然沉积;4～0 cm有效结合态含量明显升高,存在一定程度的人为污染.根据137Cs测年结果判断,沉积岩芯Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb和Zn等重金属污染开始于20世纪70年代末期,主要污染元素及污染历史与太湖流域污染工业类型及经济发展阶段相吻合.     

Influence of humic acid on bioavailability of heavy metals in sediments

The mimetic ocean environment and chemical method were used to research the bioavailability effect of humic acid on five heavy metals in sediment, including Cd, Cu, Zn, Pb and Ni. The sediment was separated into four containers with artificial seawater, and each of them had different concentrations of humic acid. The values of concentrations covered the whole range found in natural sediment （0.1%-10%）. According to the 48 hours LC50 of clam and distribution coefficient, metals were added in artificial seawater, and their speciation was determined at first and then after two days＇ incubation. It was found the bioavailability of heavy metals was reduced in the presence of humic acid. The obvious negative effect on Zn was observed, but the influence on Cd was not remarkable. In addition, the contents of Pb and Ni increased obviously in organic phase, and they are correlative with the concentrations of humic acid.     

Source of pollution as a factor controlling distribution of heavy metals in bottom sediments of Chechło River (south Poland)

 The influence of sources of effluents on pollution of bottom sediments of the small Chechło River (23 km long, mean discharge 1.5 m³ s^–1) in southern Poland was examined through analysis of heavy metals distribution in transverse and longitudinal cross sections. Underground waters from a Pb–Zn mine cause very high concentrations of Zn, Cd, and Pb in both fractions investigated (<1 mm and <0.063 mm) of sediments in the active channel zone, whereas sedimentation of huge amounts of suspended matter discharged from oil refinery cause concentrations of heavy metals in fine fractions rather uniform in cross sections. In the lowest reach, with relatively reduced contamination, the highest concentration both in fine and coarse fractions occurs close to the river banks and in the deepest points of the channel. The lowest concentrations have been found at the points of strongest reworking and accumulation of sandy material in the riverbed. Received: 25 April 1995 · Accepted: 11 September 1995     

Heavy metals in bottom sediments of great slave lake (Canada): A reconnaissance

Near the shores of Great Slave Lake, natural sources of heavy metals include gold and base metal deposits, mineralized greenstone belts and sedimentary bedrock, and uraniferous granites. Potential anthropogenic sources of heavy metals (As, Zn, Pb) include large gold and base metal extraction -processing facilities on the shores of the lake. Six sediment cores were collected on a traverse of the lake. Heavy metal concentrations and distributions are related to the regional bedrock geochemistry in the drainage basin. Higher uranium concentrations in the northernmost core are attributed to extensive uraniferous areas north of the lake. More subtle variations of concentration are related to sedimentologic characteristics and processes in the lake. The west basin is a natural sink for most of the heavy metals determined. Two centrally located west basin cores had mean zinc concentrations of 145 ppm, whereas cores closer to the north and south shores had mean concentrations of 80–110 ppm. Mn, Ni, and Pb were enriched in some of the cores from the area of shallower water near the MacKenzie River outlet, rather than in the central west basin. The enrichment is related to Mn-, Ni-, and Pb-rich amorphous coatings on quartz grains. Elevated zinc or lead levels from anthropogenic activities were not detected but elevated levels are suspected for arsenic. In the two cores from the center of the west basin, surface sediment contains up to 12 ppm arsenic, not high in comparison with noncontaminated freshwater lakes elsewhere in Canada but considerably elevated relative to concentrations of 1 ppm found deeper in the same cores. Contribution from the National Water Research Institute, Western and Northern Region. Presented at the 10th International Sedimentological Congress, Jerusalem, Israel, 1978.     

陕西潼关金矿区太峪河底泥重金属元素的含量及污染评价

通过对潼关金矿区太峪河和太峪水库底泥中重金属元素总量的调查,探讨了金矿开发活动中重金属元素对河流底泥的污染程度。研究结果表明,除As外,河流底泥中重金属元素的含量与尾矿渣中重金属元素的含量变化一致,表明其主要来源于尾矿渣,但又明显高于尾矿渣。在同一地点河流底泥中重金属元素的含量平均高出河水中的1048.61～666030.08倍,呈显著富集。以邻近地区不受工矿活动影响的河流底泥重金属元素的含量均值作为评价参比值,太峪河底泥受到了Hg、Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn元素的极度污染,单项污染超标倍数及综合污染指数法评价结果表明,Hg、Pb、Cd平均污染超标倍数达366.90、217.42和149.97,是底泥中最主要的污染元素。河流底泥重金属元素的综合污染指数高达278.97,表明河流的复合污染亦呈极度状态。太峪河底泥受重金属元素极度污染的现实提示,矿区的环境防治工作已刻不容缓。     

Occurrence forms of trace metals in recent bottom sediments from the White and Barents Seas

For the first time based on determination of the geochemical occurrence forms of trace metals the main processes that control the accumulation of elements (Al, Mn, Fe, Mo, Cr, Ni, Co, Cu, Pb, Cd, and As) in the recent sediment cores from the White Sea and Barents Sea were quantified. A high-resolution study of the bottom sediment cores allowed us to estimate the short-term variations (periodicity of 10–15 years) in the accumulation of metals to reveal the periods of maximum Fe and Mn contents in the amorphous hydroxides fraction, which serve as effective adsorbents of the trace elements majority, including heavy metals. The Mn/Fe ratio in the amorphous hydroxides phase can be considered as geochemical indicators of early diagenesis.     

金沙江(攀枝花段)水系沉积物中重金属的形态特征

采用连续提取法,并用原子吸收光谱法进行分析研究了金沙江攀枝花段水系沉积物中重金属的形态及分布特征。研究发现:①各重金属的形态以残渣态为主,离子交换态含量很少;②各元素的形态有自己的特点。铜在有机硫化物结合态中的含量较高,钴在碳酸盐结合态中的含量较高,铅锌钴的铁锰氧化物结合态均较高;③有效态对水环境质量具有潜在的危害。     

Distribution of heavy metals in the core sediments of a tropical wetland system

Five sediment cores from the fresh water region of the Vembanad wetland system were studied for the trace element contents The average concentration of iron, manganese, nickel, copper, zinc, cadmium, lead, mercury and chromium were determined. The core samples were collected using gravity type corer, digested with a mixture of nitric acid and perchloric acid and analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Heavy metals such as iron, copper, nickel and zinc reported enrichment towards the surface of the core sediment sample collected from the centre of the lake. Lead, cadmium and mercury showed uniform distribution through out the core. Quality of the sediments were evaluated based on sediment quality guidelines, pollution load index, sum of toxic units and with effect range low/effect range median and threshold effect level/probable effect level values of Environmental Protection Agency guidelines. The degree of contamination for each station was determined. The concentration of different heavy metals has been compared with the world average concentration of shale values. Results of the analysis showed that Vembanad lake is facing serious metal pollution with increased rate of deposition.     

Speciation and phytoavailability of heavy metals in sediments in Nanjing section of Changjiang River

Heavy metal pollution and their fractionations in the sediments of Changjiang River in Nanjing Reach was monitored for cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), chromium (Cr), and copper (Cu). Moreover, the biological enrichment of metals by riverine plants was studied. The results demonstrated there were highly significant variations among different sampling stations for the concentrations of tested metals. The highest range was for Cu (38.8–120.4 mg kg⁻¹), followed by Cr (74.4–120.0 mg kg⁻¹), Zn (80.9–121.1 mg kg⁻¹), Ni (26.0–55.5 mg kg⁻¹), Pb (15.8–46.7 mg kg⁻¹) and Cd (0.28–0.48 mg kg⁻¹). Cd was the element with highest biological enrichment factor (BEF). The highest BEF of Cd in Erigeron bonariensis reached 3.0, indicating a significant Cd enrichment in this aquatic plant. In addition, 60% of Cd was found in reducible fraction and exchangeable and acid-soluble fraction, which was consistent with its high mobility. The consistency of Cd fraction in sediment and suspended particle indicated they came from the same source. Accumulated Cd concentration calculated according to the release curve showed significant relativity with the total Cd concentration in the sediment.