新一代天气雷达超级单体风暴中气旋特征分析

超级单体风暴常伴随着冰雹、雷雨大风等强对流天气,最本质的特征是有一持久深厚的几千米尺度的涡旋——中气旋。利用2003--2009年福建龙岩新一代天气雷达观测到的32次超级单体风暴,分析了超级单体风暴中气旋的时空分布、结构特征以及旋转速度大小、中气旋顶和底的高度、伸长厚度以及切变值等特征量。结果表明：90％以上的超级单体中尺度气旋是与冰雹、雷雨大风、短时强降水等强对流天气相联系的。统计8次有详细灾情的雷雨大风或冰雹天气过程发现,中气旋强度不断加强,中气旋厚度加大,最强切变中心突降时将产生大风或冰雹等强对流天气。     

江西两种典型强对流天气的雷达回波特征分析

选取江西12次典型强对流天气过程,从7个方面对冰雹、雷雨大风和短时强降水2种强对流天气的多普勒天气雷达回波特征进行对比分析。分析结果表明,江西冰雹、雷雨大风天气45～55 dBz强回波平均高度为12.6 km,≥-25℃等温层的高度,比短时强降水天气高5.7 km。弱回波区或有界弱回波区、三体散射长钉、持续高垂直积分液态水含量、中气旋、下湿上干和强风垂直切变等,都是冰雹、雷雨大风天气的典型特征;相对平均径向速度图上“S”形暖平流及表现强低空急流的“牛眼”、深厚的湿度层等,则是短时强降水天气的主要特征。     

江西冰雹、大风与短时强降水的多普勒 雷达产品的对比分析

为发挥多普勒天气雷达监测和预警冰雹、雷雨大风、短时强降水等强对流天气的作用，制作出精细化的临近和短时预报，选取了江西8次典型的强对流天气过程，从7个方面对冰雹大风和短时强降水两类强对流天气的多普勒天气雷达回波特征进行对比分析。结果表明：江西省冰雹、雷雨大风过程45～55dBz强回波平均高度为12．4km，达到或超过-25℃层的高度，比短时强降水回波高5．6km。弱回波区（wER）或有界弱回波区（BwER）、三体散射长钉、持续高垂直积分液态水含量、中气旋、下湿上干或强风垂直切变特征等都是冰雹天气的典型特征。而相对平均径向速度图上“S”型暖平流及表现强低空急流的“牛眼”、深厚的湿度层等，则是短时强降水的主要特征，这些特征可为两类强对流天气短时临近预报提供预报参考。     

新一代天气雷达中气旋产品特征值统计和个例分析

利用合肥新一代天气雷达从2001年至2005年的中气旋产品,对中气旋产生的时间、空间和各种特征值进行相关统计分析,发现持续时间在3个体扫以上的中气旋与雷雨大风和龙卷有很好的对应关系,通过对典型强风过程分析,得出了底高、顶高和最强切变高度变化、最强切变与灾害性天气发生的对应关系,为预报员及时准确预报雷雨大风、龙卷提供参考依据。     

对流风暴内中气旋特征与强烈天气

利用江苏盐城CINRAD-SA新一代天气雷达2005-2008年的资料分析盐城及周边地区对流风暴内中气旋和各种强对流天气的关系。对SA雷达中气旋探测算法识别的中气旋特征进行统计分析,发现带有中气旋的高顶高底的对流风暴易产生大冰雹;低底和带有较小直径的中气旋的对流风暴有利于龙卷的产生;后侧人流急流进入风暴有时会导致中气旋切变剧增、中气旋的底和顶降低而产生雷雨大风;低底和含有较低旋转速度的前侧中气旋容易导致短时暴雨。含有中气旋的对流风暴通常产生在对流有效位能较高和垂直风切变较大的环境条件下。     

基于探空图作岳阳强对流天气预报指标的分析

收集整理2007—2016年岳阳冰雹、雷雨大风、短时强降水3类强对流天气过程及其实况、再分析资料,基于探空图计算能量指标及不稳定指标,分析其与强对流发生的关系,寻找预报指标阈值,并进行预报试验。研究结果表明:①TT≥49℃、A≥20℃、K≥40℃时比较容易出现短时强降水天气,但在降雹与雷雨大风过程中,A10℃或K≥35℃的机率比短时强降水中的低,雷雨大风中的CAPE值明显比冰雹和短时强降水中的大。②2月下旬—4月上旬, LI20℃、Wm1.2 m·s~(-1)、△Z3 000 m(2～3个条件满足)可作为冰雹的预报指标;雷雨大风指标阈值为△θse_(700-850)≤-7℃、SI≤-1.2℃、垂直风切变(1 000～500 hPa)≥10 m·s~(-1);③每年的日能量平衡高度变化可分为两个阶段,当第一阶段中能量平衡高度高于250 hPa,且处于变化曲线中的极值时,往往对应出现强对流天气;第二阶段中能量平衡高度大部分高于250 hPa,要参考其他预报指标进行强对流天气预报。     

强对流风暴新一代雷达产品特征分析

利用濮阳、三门峡新一代天气雷达产品,结合卫星、探空、天气图、地面雨量等资料对2006年6月25日发生在河南省北部、西部和中部的强对流风暴过程进行分析发现:(1)此次强对流风暴表现为多个处于不同发展阶段的的强对流回波单体组成长80～400km、宽40km的NE-SW向中β对流回波带即飑线;(2)强对流风暴在发展旺盛期间,其前沿有雷暴出流边界;(3)低层强NW风推动对流回波带向前发展成弓型带状回波;(4)在强对流风暴前侧,紧挨雷暴出流边界内侧产生了一条弧线窄带速度线,随着雷暴出流边界远离强对流风暴主体,该弧线窄带速度线也远离大片的速度区,并逐渐消失;(5)不同性质的强对流天气,其基本反射率、回波顶高、垂直液态积分含水量时有差异.北部雷雨大风伴短时强降水的强对流天气,强中心基本反射率在53～63dBz,回波顶高9～14km,垂直液态积分含水量在38～48kg*m-1之间;而西部中部的雷雨大风伴随局部冰雹和短时强降水的强对流天气,强中心基本反射率在53～65dBz,回波顶高度11～16km,对应垂直液态积分含水量在48～63kg*m-1之间;(5)在强对流风暴发展旺盛时期一直有中气旋伴随,中气旋出现在强对流单体前侧或前侧的入流槽口处.强对流风暴的新一代雷达产品特征是强对流天气监测预警的重要参考依据.     

浙东海岛两次强对流天气对比分析

对比分析了2004年发生在舟山的两次相似的强对流天气过程,不同在于一次过程强降水特别突出,一次过程强风特别突出。通过对两次过程反射率因子、径向速度以及一些二次产品的对比分析,找出了一些相同点和不同点。组织结构性好的强回波、速度产品中的大风区、垂直风切变、较高的顶高和大的VIL值等是产生雷雨大风和短时强降水天气的共同特征。回波移速较慢的易产生强降水,回波移速快的易产生强风。强风天气的回波强度、顶高和VIL等产品都有更强的表现。低层水平风的辐合、中气旋、垂直风向切变等可以产生强降水,中高层的中气旋、垂直风切变可以产生下击暴流、冰雹等强对流天气。     

强对流天气分析与预报中的若干基本问题

使用探空观测资料、NCEP再分析资料及多普勒天气雷达产品等多种气象资料,对2015年4月3日湖南出现的一次大范围不同类型强对流天气过程进行了分析,结果表明：强对流天气过程发生前大气环流出现明显调整;低空西南急流的发展加强、中层干冷空气的卷入为大范围强对流天气提供了有利的环境条件;高层辐散、低层辐合的抽吸作用及气旋性切变、湿斜压强迫作用,是湘东北发生混合对流和极端强降水的主要原因。汉寿在逆温层之上暖湿气流抬升和强垂直风切变作用下产生的冰雹,具有高架雷暴特征。新晃具有较高热力不稳定,在冷暖空气交汇时产生冰雹。雷达产品分析表明,冰雹、雷雨大风发生时分别具有典型的三体散射与中高层较强辐散特征,而短时强降水发生时具有低质心和高效降水效率及列车效应特征。

     

一次混合强对流天气的环境条件及演变特征分析

使用探空观测资料、NCEP再分析资料及多普勒天气雷达产品等多种气象资料,对2015年4月3日湖南出现的一次大范围不同类型强对流天气过程进行了分析,结果表明:强对流天气过程发生前大气环流出现明显调整;低空西南急流的发展加强、中层干冷空气的卷入为大范围强对流天气提供了有利的环境条件;高层辐散、低层辐合的抽吸作用及气旋性切变、湿斜压强迫作用,是湘东北发生混合对流和极端强降水的主要原因。汉寿在逆温层之上暖湿气流抬升和强垂直风切变作用下产生的冰雹,具有高架雷暴特征。新晃具有较高热力不稳定,在冷暖空气交汇时产生冰雹。雷达产品分析表明,冰雹、雷雨大风发生时分别具有典型的三体散射与中高层较强辐散特征,而短时强降水发生时具有低质心和高效降水效率及列车效应特征。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

<正>The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth’s climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.