江苏沿海高速公路低能见度浓雾的气候特征和影响因子研究

文章对2012年6月至2014年6月期间发生于江苏省沿海高速公路的浓雾过程(能见度0.5 km)进行统计分析,探讨了低能见度浓雾的气候特征、气象要素变化以及主要环流形势背景。研究结果表明:(1)低能见度浓雾月分布次数有显著差异,3-6月、12月至次年2月雾发生次数最高,春、冬季高于夏、秋季;03:00-05:00为低能见度生成的高峰时段,08:00左右为消散峰值时段。(2)能见度低于0.5 km后,如果相对湿度继续增大到97%左右、温度处于0~4℃、风速在0~2 m·s~(-1)、风向在ENE-SSE,能见度可能继续下降到0.2 km以下。(3)对150366个样本的环流背景统计分析表明,中北部路段的低能见度天气大多数是由锋前雾引起的,主要出现在中低层暖区域内,地面为冷锋前部弱气压场的环流条件下。全路段大面积低能见度天气由辐射雾和平流雾造成,辐射雾天气形势主要是高层为下沉气流,配合地面受弱高压或高压南下;平流雾出现在中低层暖性系统,地面位于入海高压后部或低压倒槽东侧,低层盛行偏东风或东南风。(4)"象鼻型"先期振荡现象适用于沿海高速公路低能见度预报过程,尤其对能见度稳定维持0.2 km以下的浓雾过程有很好的预警和监测作用。     

西安咸阳国际机场专用高速公路雾的特征及影响因子

利用西安咸阳国际机场专用高速公路(以下简称西咸机场高速公路)段交通气象站及其10km范围内区(县)气象站的观测资料,以及MICAPS高空和地面资料,研究了西咸机场高速公路雾的变化特征、典型环流形势和气象影响因子。结果表明:雾主要发生在夜间至清晨,能见度越小的雾生成的时间越集中,2月、4月和10—12月出现的雾可持续较长的时间;典型雾日,500hPa陕西关中地区为一致的西北或偏西气流,850hPa陕西关中及其以南地区受弱暖脊控制且处于反气旋环流的底部,西咸机场高速公路及其周边地区近地面层有逆温形成,且风速小,湿度大;有利于雾发生的气象条件包括相对湿度≥80%、地面风速≤3m/s和地表温度与气温之差≥-3℃等,14时相对湿度、14时气温与未来时刻气温的差都与相应时刻能见度密切相关。     

长江江苏段江面雾的特征和预报着眼点

利用2010—2013年长江江苏段沿线布设的36套自动气象站每分钟1次的能见度、相对湿度、温度、风向和风速等实况监测资料,对江面雾的时空分布特征和气象要素进行了统计分析,结果显示:江面雾主要发生于6、11和1月;主要形成于19时至次日07时,其中02—04时最多,结束于06—12时,持续时间以3～9h为主。成雾时相对湿度基本在85%以上;主要的温度区间为春季5～19℃、夏季18～26℃、秋季7～23℃、冬季0～11℃;春、夏、秋三季风速都在5m·s~(-1)以下,冬季风稍大些,甚至在6m·s~(-1)左右的风速下仍然会生成雾,春季以1～2m·s~(-1)的NNE—E为主;夏季以0.3～1m·s~(-1)的NNE—ESE为主;秋季以0.3～2m·s~(-1)的NNE—NE和E—ESE为主;冬季以1～2m·s~(-1)的NNE—NE和WNW为主。此外,对出雾时首站的能见度变化进行分析,发现稳定的江面雾形成之前也会形成明显的"象鼻形"先期振荡特征,这一特征给江面雾的预警预报提供了依据。     

天津市东丽区一次持续性雾霾天气过程的特征及影响要素分析

基于常规气象观测资料和PM_2.5浓度资料,分析了2019年1月10—14日天津市东丽区出现的一次持续性雾霾天气特征及其成因。结果表明：此次雾霾天气具有明显的阶段性特征,高空平直西风环流、中层暖脊和地面弱气压场为此次雾霾天气出现提供了有利的天气形势。轻雾和霾阶段,能见度变化更易受到相对湿度的影响;而雾阶段,能见度变化更易受到风速的影响。PM_2.5浓度与地面气象因子关系密切,与能见度、风速负相关,与相对湿度正相关。当其他气象条件稳定,且周边地区污染物浓度较高时,近地面风向转变,对本地区雾霾的出现起到关键性作用。     

开封市空气重污染典型天气背景分析与潜势预报模型研究

利用2014-2016年高空、地面气象资料和大气环境监测资料,对开封市空气重污染日持续时间和发生月份特征、 500 hPa高空环流和地面气压场形势、污染物浓度与气象要素的相关性和分布特征进行了统计分析。结果表明:开封市重污染日主要发生在11月至次年1月,重污染日的首要污染物为PM_(2.5)和PM_(10),出现频率分别为97%和3%;秋冬季重污染常具有连续性,连续1～2天的重污染累计频率为44%,连续3～6天的累计频率达到56%。发生重污染时500 hPa形势主要分为平直纬向环流型、低槽型和西北气流型,出现频率分别为47%、43%和10%;地面气压场形势主要分为高压前部型、均压场型、低压南部型、倒槽型和东高西低型,其中高压前部型出现频率最高,达63.4%,其次均压场型占18.3%,其他3种类型出现频率都在5%～7%。重污染日逆温层高度主要分布在925-1000 hPa,但当逆温层高度达到850 hPa时,其发生重污染的概率达到40%;重污染日850-925 hPa风速多在10m·s~(-1)以下,1000 hPa风速多在5 m·s~(-1)以下,地面早晚间风速多为1～3 m·s~(-1);地面早晚间相对湿度主要分布在60%～90%。根据统计结果,选取低层风速、逆温、地面风速、地面相对湿度、云量等作为预报因子,应用"配料"法,建立6个空气重污染潜势预报模型。经检验评估,24-72 h模型预测准确率达到85%以上。     

济南市10月份大雾天气特征分析

利用2001—2009年10月份济南6个大监站大雾实况资料、高空和地面资料以及T213相对湿度产品,从高空环流形势、地面气压场、水汽条件和层结稳定条件等方面分析了济南市10月份大雾时空分布特征和产生大雾的天气形势。结果表明：10月份,济南大雾以辐射雾为主,最近几年大雾呈＂减—增—减＂的变化趋势;从空间分布来看,位于鲁西北的济阳、商河出雾的几率最大;从时间分布来看,夜间到早晨前后容易出雾,早晨是高发时段,中午之前消散;出现大雾天气时,地面风速较小,风向不固定,气压场一般较弱,地面弱风场和稳定的层结是大雾产生和维持的条件;近地面逆温层的强度与大雾的持续时间呈正相关;近地面相对湿度大于80%和地面温度露点差小于3℃是大雾形成的必要条件;当T213预报1000hPa未来12小时内相对湿度大于90%,地面温度露点差小于等于2℃时,容易出现大雾。     

一次北部湾海雾天气过程的大气边界层特征分析

利用常规地面和高空气象观测资料、风廓线雷达和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,分析了2016年2月11～13日导致北海-涠洲岛航线停航的典型平流型海雾天气过程的环流形势、边界层特征。结果表明:此次海雾天气过程,近地面层风速较小约3～5 m·s~(-1),为东南风;850hPa附近,有12～15 m·s~(-1)的西南风急流;500m以下,具有一定的垂直风切变,水平风切变越小,海雾天气越严重。海雾期间的大气层结为中性状态,混合层厚度低于500m,且混合层厚度越低,能见度也越低,海雾天气越严重。此外,925hPa附近存在逆温层、地面的相对湿度较大(约95%)和温度露点差较小(1～2℃)均是该次海雾天气的明显特征。以上这些大气边界层特征可作为北部湾平流型海雾天气预报的参考依据。     

太原雾天能见度预报

利用中尺度数值预报模式MM5对山西省2009年发生的几场典型雾个例进行数值模拟。结果表明：模拟2 m温度比观测值偏低约2 ℃,相对湿度模拟结果比观测值偏大约15 %,10 m的模拟风速比观测的偏大0-2 m·s^-1。山西省雾的预报指标为20 m液态水含量大于等于0.13 g·kg^-1而小于0.60g·kg^-1、20-1500 m高度大气层存在逆温层、地面风速小于4 m·s^-1。利用太原测站日平均能见度、日平均相对湿度以及空气污染指数进行拟合建立太原能见度预报模型,并利用实测资料订正MM5、CAPPS模式预报误差,给出订正后的能见度预报方程并以两次实例对区域及太原雾天能见度预报表明该能见度预报模型有一定的适用性。     

雾日期间边界层特性分析

利用常规观测资料、微波辐射仪和风廓线仪等资料对2007年10月25～27日期间雾天气过程进行分析。结果表明:(1)此次雾天气过程是在大的天气背景下形成的,高低空和地面形势均有利于雾形成和维持;(2)微波辐射仪反演产品可以清楚地看出高低空湿度的配置以及雾维持的机理;(3)进一步分析温湿特点可以看出,地面温度、2 000 m高度下的逆温厚度和最大强度变化与能见度、雾、浓雾、强浓雾之间的转换关系密切;雾出现对应地面降温幅度最大,雾期间有逆温(特别是贴地逆温);雾期间地面相对湿度均在83%以上,浓雾在90%以上,强浓雾在97%以上;雾刚生成并没有液态水,1 h后出现液态水,在天气系统接近前均是100 m高度上液态水含量最大;(4)雾期间边界层内600～700 m高度以下,水平风速比较小,在600 m高度上下水平风速切变很明显;(5)雾过程期间边界层维持微弱的上升和下沉运动。     

2013年1月江苏雾霾天气持续和增强机制分析

利用江苏省能见度监测资料、自动站气象要素资料、探空资料、NCEP(1°×1°)和CFSV2(0.5°×0.5°)再分析资料,对2013年1月江苏雾霾持续性和13—14日大雾形成机制展开分析,结果表明:(1)中高纬平直的纬向环流,江苏位于地面高压底部偏东气流中,冷高压主体偏北,是1月发生持续雾霾天气的大背景。较弱的偏北经向风导致冷空气势力较弱,为1月江苏雾霾天气持续发生提供了近地层有利的稳定形势。(2)近地面相对湿度85%以上,风速小于3 m·s~(-1),风向以偏东风为主,凌晨与夜间温度露点差小于3℃。这些条件的稳定为持续雾霾发生提供了良好的气象因子。(3)地面辐射降温和弱冷平流共同作用引起的温度快速下降以及日出后潮湿地面蒸发增强对雾的加强起到一定的触发作用。近地面冷平流和混合层以上暖平流为本次雾增强提供了稳定的大气层结条件。近地面弱上升运动、中高层弱的下沉运动是14日凌晨雾快速加强的动力机制。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.