基于MODIS遥感数据的武汉市植被覆盖变化监测分析

植被覆盖变化遥感监测是区域生态监测的一个重要部分,可为区域生态建设和可持续发展提供科学依据.利用2003-2008年(每年8月)的MODIS遥感数据,基于归一化植被指数的像元二分模型原理,对武汉市近6 a来植被覆盖的变化情况进行遥感监测,并分析了2003年8月和2008年8月2个时期不同等级植被覆盖度的空间分布特征以及面积变化情况.结果表明:近6 a来,武汉市植被覆盖总体呈上升趋势,植被覆盖度由2003年的59.5%上升到2008年的65.1%,其中高植被覆盖度的面积明显增加,增幅高达68.26%,反映出武汉市生态环境建设成效显著.但局部地区的植被覆盖度却出现了不同程度的下降,说明人类活动是城市植被覆盖变化的重要原因.     

辽宁省植被覆盖度时空演变及其对气候因子的响应

基于MODIS-NDVI数据及像元二分模型,对辽宁省植被覆盖度进行估算,并在此基础上探讨了辽宁植被覆盖度时空演变特征及其对气候因子的响应,结果表明：2000-2018年辽宁省植被覆盖度整体呈波动增加趋势,年平均增长速率为0.38%,呈增加趋势的面积占总面积的92.3%;2000年以来,裸地及低覆盖区域占比逐年减小,中低覆盖、中覆盖及高覆盖区域占比分别增加11.35%、11.00%和9.22%;辽宁省植被覆盖度与气候因子的关系表现出明显的空间差异性,其中,西部易旱地区覆盖度与气温呈显著负相关,与降水呈正相关,东部地区覆盖度与气温呈正相关,与降水呈负相关;辽宁植被覆盖度对降水的响应存在一个月的滞后期,对气温的响应无滞后效应。     

退耕还林工程背景下延安植被覆盖时空变化及其对气候的响应

1999年以来,延安实施了大规模的退耕还林、封山禁牧等生态建设和保护工程,使植被覆盖得到迅速恢复和增加。基于2000—2020年MOD13Q1数据和气象数据,利用像元二分法估算了延安市21 a间的植被覆盖度,通过空间插值方法、统计学方法对其时空变化特征和对气候变化的响应进行了分析。结果表明：2000—2020年延安市植被覆盖度呈波动式增加趋势,其中在2002年、2013年出现了明显跳跃式增长,2017年前后达到最高值后在高位波动;植被覆盖度的空间分布上总体呈现从南到北递减的趋势,高值区位于延安南部林区,低值区位于延安北部接近榆林边界地带;近21 a来,延安北部植被覆盖度提升幅度在30%以上,中南部0~30%,变化最大的区域是吴起南部、志丹北部、安塞中部、宝塔区北部、延川中部和子长大部地区,增加50%以上;降水量的年际变化会对植被覆盖度产生较大影响,尤其是6—8月的降水量是影响植被覆盖度的主要原因。     

黑河流域植被覆盖度计算及其影响的中尺度模拟

运用基于遥感的中国西北土地覆盖动态监测系统(NOAA AVHRR Processing Chain,NOAA-Chain)预处理系统对改进的甚高分辨率扫描辐射仪(AVHRR)影像资料进行处理得到的归一化植被指数(NDVI),基于像元二分原理得到2002年黑河流域植被覆盖度分布,将其与Gutman 1998年所作全球植被覆盖度数据在黑河流域范围进行了对比分析,发现2002年黑河流域中上游植被整体呈退化趋势,主要绿洲区植被覆盖度增大。分别将这两套植被覆盖度数据引入中尺度大气模式MM5中进行黑河流域中上游气候模拟。通过与气温观测值的比较,发现用黑河流域植被覆盖度数据模拟的气温偏差小于用全球植被覆盖度的模拟结果;植被分布与潜热通量分布的空间相关性最好;植被覆盖度变化对局地温度场变化影响很大。     

陕西省植被指数动态变化特征研究

选用1982—2003年GIMMSNDVI数据集和陕西气温、降水、相对湿度资料,分析全省植被指数变化特征及其与气候因子相关性,揭示陕西植被对全球变暖的响应。结果表明:1982—2003年陕西植被覆盖总体缓慢增加,幅度为0.002/10 a,春季明显上升。陕北长城沿线及延安北部植被覆盖显著增加;关中部分地区植被由低覆盖度转为中覆盖度;秦岭东部、陕南巴山地区植被由中覆盖度转为高覆盖度;安康盆地高覆盖度植被显著增加。气温、降水和相对湿度均对植被有影响,并存在滞后效应,气温升高和相对湿度增大是植被生长期提前和延长的主要影响因素。     

三江源国家公园植被覆盖时空变化及其气候驱动因素

基于2000-2019年MODIS NDVI数据,结合气象数据,利用二分像元法、斜率分析法和偏相关分析等方法,分析三江源国家公园近20年植被覆盖时空变化特征及其与气候因子的相关性。结果表明：（1）三江源国家公园植被覆盖面积占公园面积的85.38%,平均覆盖度为42.70%,植被覆盖由西北向东南逐渐增加。西部长江源园区以中低覆盖度植被为主,东部黄河源园区以中高覆盖度植被为主,南部澜沧江源园区以高覆盖度植被为主。（2）2000-2019年三江源国家公园植被覆盖面积和覆盖度均呈增加趋势,植被覆盖面积以227.55 km2·a-1显著增加（P<0.01）,覆盖度增加幅度不明显,其中长江源园区植被覆盖面积和覆盖度均显著增加,黄河源园区植被覆盖面积基本不变,植被覆盖度显著增加,澜沧江源园区植被覆盖面积显著增加,但植被覆盖度基本保持不变。（3）近20年三江源国家公园植被覆盖空间上呈稳定增加趋势,植被覆盖保持不变的区域面积占比31.27%,增加的区域占比56.08%,减少的区域占比12.65%,长江源东部零星地区退化的高寒草甸出现轻度减少,长江源园区西北部地区、黄河源园区北部植被覆盖度增加幅度较...     

基于GEE的阿坝红原机场建设前后植被覆盖度时空变化分析

借助Google Earth Engine平台，以阿坝红原机场周边15 km缓冲区为研究区，选取30 m分辨率的Landsat系列卫星数据，并采用像元二分模型对该区域2004-2020年5-9月的遥感影像进行反演,从整体和像元尺度对机场建设前后的植被覆盖度的空间格局、结构变化及趋势进行了深入分析。研究结果表明：(1)机场通航后，其西北及东北方向的草地植被生长状况较好，且植被覆盖度随海拔增加呈下降趋势；(2)在2004-2020年期间，低植被度覆盖度和中低植被度覆盖度的面积分别减少60.04%和43.07%，而中植被覆盖度、中高植被覆盖度和高植被覆盖度的面积分别增长15.13%、50.11%和61.22%；(3)研究区植被覆盖度显著改善面积远超显著退化面积，改善区主要集中于机场的西北、东北及正南方向，显著退化区主要位于机场的正北、西南及东南方向。该研究结果能够更好地了解研究区植被覆盖度的动态变化，为机场周边生态环境的后续监测、修复和治理提供了基础数据，为生态环境保护和可持续发展提供更为科学的依据。     

2000-2022年黑龙江省森林植被生长季内生态状况分析

为研究2000-2022年黑龙江省森林生长季（5-10月）生态状况的变化特征,利用卫星遥感、气象及地理信息等资料进行分析,结果表明：2000-2022年生长季,黑龙江省森林植被覆盖度整体呈增加趋势,2012年以来,全省森林平均植被覆盖度均处于较高水平。森林生态状况整体向好,植被生态状况偏好区域面积占全省面积的比例呈显著增加趋势,且自2012年以后,偏好区域面积增加尤为明显。2022年生长季,黑龙江省大部分林区植被覆盖度高于75%。其中,黑龙江省中部、南部、东部林区及大兴安岭地区中部部分林区的植被覆盖度较高;森林生态状况整体中等偏好,偏好区域主要位于小兴安岭、长白山、完达山等林区。     

朝鲜中西部地区春季植被覆盖度与气候因子的关系

为了深入了解朝鲜中西部地区春季植被覆盖度(Fractional Vegetation,FV)的变化特征及其与气候因子的关系,利用1992年、2003年和2007年Landsat 5卫星资料及朝鲜中西部地区13个气象站的气温和降水观测资料,对朝鲜中西部地区春季植被的变化特征及其与气候异常的关系进行了分析。结果表明:1992年、2003年和2007年朝鲜中西部地区春季植被覆盖度呈明显增加的趋势,平均增加量为17.5%,平原地区比山地春季植被覆盖度偏高约20.0%。朝鲜中西部地区春季植被覆盖度与春季平均气温呈负相关关系(r=-0.47),与春季降水量呈正相关关系(r=0.43);朝鲜中西部地区春季植被覆盖度的变化量与春季平均气温的变化率呈负相关关系(r=-0.53),与同期降水量的变化率呈正相关关系(r=0.79),均通过了显著性检验(显著性水平99%以上,P0.05)。可见,朝鲜中西部地区春季植被覆盖度的变化可能主要受春季气温和春季降水的影响。     

中国北方植被覆盖度特征及其与沙尘暴关系

采用气象观测数据和遥感数据,借助数据统计分析技术,对中国北方年、季植被覆盖度变化规律、植被覆盖度变化强度、植被覆盖度变化趋势和植被覆盖度对沙尘暴灾害的影响进行了分析。结果表明,中国北方地区的植被覆盖度总体上呈波动增加的趋势,波动范围为0.395～0.487,植被覆盖度上升趋势与沙尘暴日数下降趋势有着很好地对应关系;中国北方春季和夏季植被覆盖度变化具有随季节的不同,植被覆盖度变化强度表现出不同的空间分布特征,在春季植被覆盖度变化强度与植被覆盖度的空间分布有较好的一致性。尽管中国北方地区植被覆盖状况整体呈上升趋势,但在华北和西北的干旱半干旱区土地退化严重,荒漠化在加剧。     

陕北植被变化遥感监测及对径流的影响

陕北北部是我国水土流失最为严重的地区,年输入黄河的泥沙量占全河的38%。1999年实施退耕还林草工程后,退耕还林草面积达9617.2 km2。利用1998-2004年NOAA卫星遥感资料,计算陕北北部地区归一化植被指数,发现陕北植被指数增幅在50%-200%之间,其中吴旗县增幅最大。对延安北部及榆林市1998-2004年降水量资料分析,得出植被指数增加是退耕还林草工程初见成效,不是由于降水变化引起的。利用1980-2004年吴旗县气象站观测的降水量和水文站所测径流量进行时间序列相关分析、典型年对比分析,得出该县植被变化对年径流量产生了影响,年径流量和泥沙量减少近一半,对保持水土有积极意义。     

内蒙古植被NDVI变化特征分析

对植被状况和植被覆盖的研究可以反映植被受环境条件影响产生的时空变化。文章根据GIMMS-NDVI数据集1982—2006年影像数据,分析内蒙古农田、森林、草原三种植被类型NDVI年内、年际的变化趋势以及植被覆盖变化特征的空间差异。各植被类型变化曲线都呈现4—7月NDVI激增,8—10月NDVI猛降,冬季农田、草原植被覆盖接近裸土的特点。农田夏季NDVI平均值的历年线性变化趋势通过显著性检验,森林夏季NDVI平均值呈现下降的趋势,草原夏季NDVI平均值呈现上升的趋势,但都不显著。     

The impact of climatic and non-climatic factors on land surface temperature in southwestern Romania

Land surface temperature is one of the most important parameters related to global warming. It depends mainly on soil type, discontinuous vegetation cover, or lack of precipitation. The main purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between high LST, synoptic conditions and air masses trajectories, vegetation cover, and soil type in one of the driest region in Romania. In order to calculate the land surface temperature and normalized difference vegetation index, five satellite images of LANDSAT missions 5 and 7, covering a period of 26 years (1986–2011), were selected, all of them collected in the month of June. The areas with low vegetation density were derived from normalized difference vegetation index, while soil types have been extracted from Corine Land Cover database. HYSPLIT application was employed to identify the air masses origin based on their backward trajectories for each of the five study cases. Pearson, logarithmic, and quadratic correlations were used to detect the relationships between land surface temperature and observed ground temperatures, as well as between land surface temperature and normalized difference vegetation index. The most important findings are: strong correlation between land surface temperature derived from satellite images and maximum ground temperature recorded in a weather station located in the area, as well as between areas with land surface temperature equal to or higher than 40.0 °C and those with lack of vegetation; the sandy soils are the most prone to high land surface temperature and lack of vegetation, followed by the chernozems and brown soils; extremely severe drought events may occur in the region.     

Land cover change and soil organic carbon stocks in the Republic of Ireland 1851–2000

Using both historic records and CORINE land cover maps, we assessed the impact of land cover change on the stock of soil organic carbon (SOC) in the Republic of Ireland from 1851 to 2000. We identified ten principal land cover classes: arable land, forest, grassland, heterogeneous agricultural areas/other, nonvegetated semi-natural areas, peatland, suburban, urban, water bodies, and wetland. For each land cover class, the SOC stock was estimated as the product of SOC density and land cover area. These were summed to calculate a national SOC budget for the Republic of Ireland. The Republic of Ireland’s 6.94 million hectares of land have undergone considerable change over the past 150 years. The most striking feature is the decrease in arable land from 1.44 million ha in 1851 to 0.55 million ha in 2000. Over the same time period, forested land increased by 0.53 million ha. As of 2000, agricultural lands including arable land (7.85%), grassland (54.33%), and the heterogeneous agricultural areas/other class (7.91%) account for 70.09% of Irish land cover. We estimate that the SOC stock in the Republic of Ireland, to 1 m depth, has increased from 1,391 Tg in 1851 to 1,469 Tg in 2000 despite soil loss due to urbanization. This increase is largely due to the increase of forested land with its higher SOC stocks when compared to agricultural lands. Peatlands contain a disproportionate quantity of the SOC stock. Although peatlands only occupy 17.36% of the land area, as of 2000, they represented 36% of the SOC stock (to 1 m depth).     

卫星遥感确定沙特阿拉伯吉达地区非均匀地表区域地表参数和能量通量

对临海沙漠地区非均匀地表区域地表能量通量和蒸发(蒸散)的研究,是一个十分重要但又是一个难点问题。本文提出了1个基于卫星遥感和地面观测的参数化方案,并把其应用于沙特阿拉伯吉达地区,利用1个景的陆地资源卫星Landsat-7E^TM^ 资料进行了分析研究,得到了一些有关临海沙漠地区非均匀地表区域地表特征参数、植被参数和地表能量通量的新概念。最后讨论了所提出的参数化方案的适用范围和需改进之处。     

Soil occupation and atmospheric variations over Sobradinho Lake area. Part two: a regional modeling study

Summary The impact of the changes on soil cover and land use brought about by the construction of the Sobradinho Dam in the semi-arid region of the S?o Francisco River Hydrographic Basin is analyzed by means of a numerical model RAMS. Disregarding the influence of a large scale flow, a set of factors were responsible for the creation of a rather complex circulation system that includes mountain-valley winds, lake breeze (LB) and non-conventional circulation all induced by the surface non-homogeneous aspect. Results have demonstrated that the implementation of works of such magnitude brings about environmental changes in an area that stretches far beyond the surroundings of the reservoir. The soil cover alterations due to the ever increasing development of the area with the presence of irrigated crops in a sparsely vegetated region (caatinga) does affect land surface characteristics, occasioning for that matter the splitting of the available energy into latent and sensible heat fluxes. LB behavior varies in accordance with atmospheric conditions and also in view of the type of vegetation found in the lake surrounding areas. Hydro availability in root zones, even under adverse atmospheric conditions (high temperature and low air humidity) brings up the high rates of evaporation and plant transpiration that contribute towards the increase of humidity and the fall of temperature in lower atmospheric layers.     

甘肃马衔山区陆面过程与降水的研究

采用定西的麦田微气象观测,定西、兰州的辐射观测和马衔山区34个气象、水文和雨量站的气候资料,结合NOAA-16卫星的AVHRR资料以及反演的地表植被盖度和反射率,并用SEBAL算法推导出夏季地表净辐射、感热、潜热、土壤热通量密度的区域分布特征,并分析陆面过程对降水的影响。结果表明:本区降水的空间分布与夏季植被盖度对应最好,相关系数高达0.722,其次是土壤热通量和潜热通量,相关系数分别为-0.65和0.615。这表明森林通过降低地表反射率和表面温度,不仅增加地表净辐射,而且减少其用于感热和土壤热通量的消耗。由于林区地表水分多,从而将接收较多的太阳辐射能主要用于蒸散,增加边界层中的水汽。故林区降水远大于植被稀疏的半干旱黄土梁。     

华南地区太阳能资源评估与开发潜力

利用华南地区观测站1981—2010年的总曝辐量数据及日照时数数据,对该地区太阳能资源的丰富程度和稳定程度进行评估。结果表明:华南地区总体太阳能资源价值呈现为海南最高,广东其次,广西最低。华南地区最佳倾斜面太阳总辐射年曝辐量为1291 kW·h·m-2,比水平面高3%,总体处于资源丰富等级以上。稳定度评估结果表明:华南地区大部分面积处于稳定等级以上,其中海南2/3以上的面积处于很稳定的等级。结合地形数据和土地覆盖数据,分别以90 m×90 m和1 km×1 km的分辨率对华南地区太阳能资源的开发适宜性进行区划和可利用潜力进行分析,结果显示:90 m×90 m分辨率下可开发利用的Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ类地区的面积占华南地区总面积的80%以上,但其中裸地和灌木、草地仅占总面积的13.9%,而耕地和林地所占面积比例超过60%。受数据分辨率及获取年代差异的影响,1 km×1 km分辨率下太阳能开发适宜性区划结果与90 m×90 m分辨率的结果不尽相同,从而导致开发潜力也存在较大差异,在制定太阳能开发规划时应根据实际工程规模选择合理的数据。     

Influence of snow cover changes on surface radiation and heat balance based on the WRF model

The snow cover extent in mid-high latitude areas of the Northern Hemisphere has significantly declined corresponding to the global warming, especially since the 1970s. Snow-climate feedbacks play a critical role in regulating the global radiation balance and influencing surface heat flux exchange. However, the degree to which snow cover changes affect the radiation budget and energy balance on a regional scale and the difference between snow-climate and land use/cover change (LUCC)-climate feedbacks have been rarely studied. In this paper, we selected Heilongjiang Basin, where the snow cover has changed obviously, as our study area and used the WRF model to simulate the influences of snow cover changes on the surface radiation budget and heat balance. In the scenario simulation, the localized surface parameter data improved the accuracy by 10 % compared with the control group. The spatial and temporal analysis of the surface variables showed that the net surface radiation, sensible heat flux, Bowen ratio, temperature and percentage of snow cover were negatively correlated and that the ground heat flux and latent heat flux were positively correlated with the percentage of snow cover. The spatial analysis also showed that a significant relationship existed between the surface variables and land cover types, which was not obviously as that for snow cover changes. Finally, six typical study areas were selected to quantitatively analyse the influence of land cover types beneath the snow cover on heat absorption and transfer, which showed that when the land was snow covered, the conversion of forest to farmland can dramatically influence the net radiation and other surface variables, whereas the snow-free land showed significantly reduced influence. Furthermore, compared with typical land cover changes, e.g., the conversion of forest into farmland, the influence of snow cover changes on net radiation and sensible heat flux were 60 % higher than that of land cover changes, indicating the importance of snow cover changes in the surface-atmospheric feedback system.