三套再分析资料的中国夏季降水日变化特征

利用台站观测降水,评估分析了三套再分析(NCEP,ERA40和JRA25)降水资料对中国夏季降水日变化的再现能力.结果表明,三套再分析资料呈现的中国夏季降水日变化特征较观测存在明显偏差.对比台站观测的白天(08-20,北京时)和夜间(20-08时)降水比例.再分析降水在大部分区域都表现为白天较夜间偏多,NCEP和ERA...     

3种再分析资料的高空温度与中国探空温度资料的对比:年平均特征

利用中国105站的探空资料以及NCEP/NCAR、ERA和JRA 3种再分析资料,采用线性趋势、标准差、相关系数、EOF分析等多种统计分析方法,对再分析资料年平均的高空温度在中国区域的可信度进行了分析.研究表明:在数值上,3种再分析资料的高空温度均小于探空资料的高空温度,NCEP/NCAR资料在对流层上层更接近于探空资料,ERA和JRA资料则在对流层中下层与探空资料更为接近;在描述年际变化和长期变化趋势方面,ERA资料在我国北方的对流层上层的再现能力较好,NCEP/NCAR资料在我国南方的对流层上层的再现能力较好,而3种再分析资料在对流层中下层的再现能力相当;在时空变化特征方面,NCEP/NCAR和ERA资料能较好地表现高空温度的年代际变化特征,而ERA和JRA资料则能较好地表现年际变化特征.     

青藏高原东部三种再分析资料与地面气温观测资料的对比分析

为了检验再分析资料在青藏高原(下称高原)的适用性,以地面观测资料为标准,综合比较了1989-2009年间NCEP/DOE(简称NCEP)、ERA-interim(ERA)和JRA-25(JRA)三种再分析资料在高原东部地区的月平均地面气温的分布和变化规律。从平均季节变化来看,夏季再分析资料与观测资料的一致性总体好于冬季,其中NCEP资料整体偏低于观测资料,JRA则相反。从线性趋势来看,ERA和JRA资料与观测资料较一致,均表现出高原东部区域整体增暖趋势,而NCEP资料则表现出略微的下降趋势。从年际尺度变化来看,ERA和JRA资料所反映的年际变化和变率特征要好于NCEP资料,并且JRA资料的结果要优于ERA资料。最后,比较了三种再分析资料的质量指数,发现ERA资料质量最好,NCEP资料最差,而且NCEP和JRA资料在近20年质量有变差趋势,ERA资料有变好趋势;ENSO、东亚季风和高原季风对再分析资料地面气温场的质量均有一定的影响。     

辽宁省春季透雨集合预报误差分析

利用2016—2018年4月1日至6月30日三个全球数值预报业务中心(CMA、ECMWF和NCEP)的24 h降水集合预报资料和辽宁省降水观测资料,采用TS评分、预报偏差B、Talagrand分布以及BS评分等方法对辽宁省春季透雨(4—6月)CMA、ECMWF和NCEP三套全球集合预报结果进行对比分析.结果表明:三个集...     

两套土壤湿度再分析资料在黑河流域的对比分析

利用黑河流域少量观测台站的实测降水和土壤湿度资料, 对比分析了欧洲中心ERA40及美国NCEP R-1两套常用的土壤湿度再分析资料在黑河流域的空间分布、 年际变化和季节循环特征, 结果表明:两套资料在黑河流域均能表现出“南湿北干”的分布格局, 湿度高值中心位于祁连山区东南部\.以此为中心, 土壤湿度从上游山区向中下游递减。ERA40土壤湿度在祁连山区年际变化明显, 与降水的响应关系要好于NCEP资料, 在中下游站点, NCEP 10 cm层土壤湿度对降水的响应好于ERA40。祁连站ERA40土壤湿度在6~8月接近观测值, 在额济纳站两套资料对于土壤湿度的描述都不理想。     

中国区域位势高度场探空与再分析资料的对比分析

利用中国高空探空资料和NCEP/NCAR、ERA以及JRA 3种再分析资料,采用偏差、线性趋势、EOF等统计方法,分析、讨论了再分析资料位势高度场在中国区域的适用性问题。结果表明:在年平均场上,探空资料在中国北方地区对流层中存在上升趋势,在平流层低层存在下降趋势;并且有整层变化相同的年际变化特征和对流层南北方反位相变化的年代际变化特征。再分析资料位势高度场数值上普遍小于探空资料;NCEP/NCAR资料与探空资料较为接近。在季节平均场上,探空资料在冬季对流层中存在一致的上升趋势,在春、夏和秋季的长期变化趋势与年平均场类似;探空资料与再分析资料在冬季的偏差最小。不同资料的EOF第一模态分布,在不同季节中差别较大,NCEP/NCAR资料在春季、夏季和冬季适用性较高,ERA资料在秋季适用性较高。     

三种再分析资料的高空温度与中国探空温度资料的季节平均特征对比分析

利用中国105个测站的探空资料以及NCEP/NCAR、ERA和JRA三种再分析资料,采用线性趋势和EOF分析等多种统计分析方法,对再分析资料的季节平均高空温度在中国区域的可信度进行了分析.结果表明,在数值上,春、夏、秋季的分布形势较为相似,大多表现出NCEP资料在对流层上层与探空资料更为接近,ERA和JRA资料在对流层中下层与探空资料更为接近,而冬季与其他季节差别较大;在描述长期变化趋势方面,不同季节不同资料的情况不一致,特别是夏季我国南部地区的对流层中层存在较大范围的降温趋势;在不同区域上,相比于探空资料,三种再分析资料在我国北方的描述能力比南方好,东部比西部好;在时空变化特征方面,三种再分析资料第一模态的分布在不同季节差异较大,而第二模态的分布在各季节则较为一致,大多表现出整层温度南北反位相变化的特征.     

多种再分析地面气温资料在江西省的适用性

为评估不同再分析地面气温资料的适用性和模拟精度，采用双线性内插法将JRA55、ERA Interim、ERA5和MERRA2等再分析地面气温资料降尺度至气象观测站，评估其对实测气温的平均态（平均偏差、均方根误差、相关性分析）、趋势态（年际趋势）和极端态（高温日数、低温日数）的再现能力。通过在江西省的对比分析，结果表明：①利用邻近格点气温和高度值计算的逐时气温垂直递减率具有合理的波动范围以及季节性周期，适用于复杂地形下逐时再分析资料的内插订正；②订正后JRA55地面气温资料的均方根误差最小，MERRA2其次，ERA Interim和ERA5最大；③从气温年际变化趋势来看，JRA55、ERA Interim和ERA5增温速率与实测值较为一致，且JRA55对增温中心的刻画更优；④4种再分析资料均能再现高、低温日数的年际波动，但JRA55在量级上描述最优。综上，再分析地面气温资料的适用性JRA55＞ERA Interim＞ERA5＞MERRA2，JRA55再分析资料能较好地再现气温实际观测资料。     

中国区域再分析湿度资料与均一化探空湿度资料的对比分析

利用1980—2010年中国98个探空站均一化月平均温度和温度露点差资料(OBS)和NCEP/NCAR(NCEP)、ERAInterim(ERA)、JRA-25(JRA)3种再分析月平均比湿资料,使用相似分析、趋势分析等方法对中国区域4种资料高空比湿进行了对比分析。结果表明:(1)从空间分布特征分析,JRA比湿与OBS比湿的空间分布相似系数最大。(2)3种再分析资料比湿普遍大于OBS比湿,除个别站点个别层次外,JRA和OBS比湿更加接近;再分析比湿和OBS比湿的相对偏差随高度增加而增大,且冬春季大于夏季。(3)从长期变化趋势分析,在对流层低层,JRA和0BS比湿较接近,在对流层中高层ERA和OBS比湿较接近。     

三套再分析降水资料在华南地区的适用性评估

利用1980-2017年观测站降水数据(OBS)为参照标准,对目前广泛应用的三套再分析资料,即ERAI资料、JRA-55资料和CFSR资料在华南地区降水空间分布和年际变化的再现能力进行分析与评估。结果表明,不同资料对不同季节降水的再现能力存在显著差异,三者对降水年际变化的刻画都较为优秀,但对降水空间分布描述偏差较大,且在夏季最为明显;三者之间对比,ERAI对春季和冬季降水时空变化表现能力较为优秀,但在秋季表现一般;CFSR降水与实测时空相关性较好,但都存在降水系统性高估,在夏季最为严重,偏差达到5 mm·d~(-1);JRA-55对夏季和秋季降水刻画相对最佳,但对冬季降水存在高估。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Retrieval of outgoing longwave radiation from COMS narrowband infrared imagery

Hourly outgoing longwave radiation(OLR) from the geostationary satellite Communication Oceanography Meteorological Satellite(COMS) has been retrieved since June 2010. The COMS OLR retrieval algorithms are based on regression analyses of radiative transfer simulations for spectral functions of COMS infrared channels. This study documents the accuracies of OLRs for future climate applications by making an intercomparison of four OLRs from one single-channel algorithm(OLR12.0using the 12.0 μm channel) and three multiple-channel algorithms(OLR10.8+12.0using the 10.8 and 12.0 μm channels; OLR6.7+10.8using the 6.7 and 10.8 μm channels; and OLR All using the 6.7, 10.8, and 12.0 μm channels). The COMS OLRs from these algorithms were validated with direct measurements of OLR from a broadband radiometer of the Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy System(CERES) over the full COMS field of view [roughly(50°S–50°N, 70°–170°E)] during April 2011.Validation results show that the root-mean-square errors of COMS OLRs are 5–7 W m-2, which indicates good agreement with CERES OLR over the vast domain. OLR6.7+10.8and OLR All have much smaller errors(～ 6 W m-2) than OLR12.0and OLR10.8+12.0(～ 8 W m-2). Moreover, the small errors of OLR6.7+10.8and OLR All are systematic and can be readily reduced through additional mean bias correction and/or radiance calibration. These results indicate a noteworthy role of the6.7 μm water vapor absorption channel in improving the accuracy of the OLRs. The dependence of the accuracy of COMS OLRs on various surface, atmospheric, and observational conditions is also discussed.