浙江省静止卫星白天大雾识别方法研究与检验

根据大雾在可见光、长波红外波段的反射及辐射特征差异,基于高时空分辨率的FY2E静止卫星开展白天大雾识别方法研究。统计分析白天大雾的卫星特征并提取多通道动态阈值,并与自动站观测数据相结合,利用阈值叠加可以实现大雾的自动识别。研究发现,白天大雾的反射率一般介于20%~50%,红外亮温一般集中在270~285 K的范围,通过双通道阈值的结合,基本可以滤除海洋、地表和厚云,达到粗判识大雾的目的。另外,由于地表温度和长波红外亮温的正相关,分季节设定阈值可以适当提高识别准确率,并且同一时刻的大雾反射率和亮温存在像元的均一性特征,因此,实时动态提取双通道阈值,缩小阈值区间,有利于降低虚报率;大雾的细判识需要结合相对湿度的观测数据,滤除低湿区,可以使TS评分增加20%以上。通过对16天大雾样本的检验表明,探测率达到92%,漏报率为8%,但虚报率较高,达到32%,TS评分达到62。可见,卫星双通道和自动站数据的结合应用,在大雾的自动识别中可以达到较高的准确率,但是低云覆盖下的大雾识别存在高虚报的情况,精细分离低云、轻雾和大雾仍然存在困难。     

GMS实时资料识别冰雹研究

利用１９９７￣１９９８年３￣４月ＧＭＳ－５的红外亮温和水汽亮温资料,根据云南春季冰雹和非冰雹的红外、水汽亮温值二维概率分布,建立数学判别式、结果表明,我必 非冰雹的识别率为９４％,冰雹判虽准确率为３０．８％。     

EOS—MODIS卫星资料在北疆大雾监测中的应用分析

根据雾与云、积雪、裸地等地表物在可见光、长波红外和中红外波段的反射及辐射特性差异,利用MODIS卫星多通道多光谱探测数据,采用最佳波段组合法和量化判识指标法,对2006年3月8日到10日北疆大雾天气进行判识检验试验和动态监测分析。结果:发现较利于雾与背景(地物、云、雪)分离的最佳波段是可见光B0.65μm和近红外B0.85μm、短红外B1.64μm、中红外B3.7μm、热红外B11μm,综合判识就可以将云、雾、雪、裸地有效的区分;雾在夜间的有效温度在中红外波段比热红外波段低,可采用中红外和热红外波段的组合方法,根据两通道的亮温差进行雾的监测。     

利用TRMM卫星分裂窗通道对东亚地区夏季降水判识方法的探索

利用2005年9月东亚中低纬地区的63个时次的TRMM卫星资料,分析了降水云和非降水云的红外辐射特征。结果显示:10.8μm通道大部分非降水像元的亮温大于280 K,晴空像元的亮温更高;大部分降水像元的亮温小于280 K,降水越强亮温越低,强降水的亮温在260 K以下。非降水像元的分裂窗通道亮温差(BTD45)总的来说都高于1.5 K;降水像元的BTD45总的来说都小于3.0 K,强降水像元BTD45较低,一般在2.0 K以下。在此基础上,分析了中低纬度夏季6次的不同类型的大尺度短时强降水数据,得到了中低纬度夏季强降水过程中非降水云和降水云对应的红外辐射特征,并以此为依据,提出BTD45为3.0 K和10.8μm通道亮温260 K为降水识别阈值,二者结合,可以得到较好的降水判识结果。     

基于多种底图的云检测

利用静止卫星红外和短波红外通道资料的特点,生成了红外亮温底图与红外减短波红外差异底图,并充分利用这几种底图的特性,结合时空相似性检测来进行云检测的校正,实现了用动态阈值技术进行云检测.分析表明,红外亮温底图对于中高云系的检测效果较好,差异底图对于中低云系的检测效果较好,通过时空不同性测试可以将误检为云的晴空重新识别出来.算法取得了较好的检测效果.     

基于MODIS遥感资料监测南海白天雾

根据现有雾遥感监测理论,采用多通道阈值判识法,基于MODIS资料进行南海白天雾监测。该方法利用MODIS的1、2、18、20、31通道数据,分离云、雾、海表的相关信息。满足RB1<20%、RB2<20%、RB1>RB2的象元判识为海表;满足RB1>55%、RB2>55%、TB31<273 K的象元判识为中高云;海雾和低云的分离指标IFC>20的象元判识为海雾。利用2011年1—4月广东沿海海雾实地观测结果对该方法进行验证,在13个样本数据中,有9个样本的卫星监测结果与地面观测结果一致,有3个样本地面观测有雾但卫星监测为低云,1个样本地面观测有雾但卫星监测为晴空洋面。主要是因为MODIS资料本身对云雾不具备穿透性,算法设计时只能假设单一视场中只有一层云雾,对于无云覆盖的雾区较易识别,但对于被云覆盖的雾区则只能将其判识为云区,但总体来说,该监测模型是有效的、可行的。      

基于FY-2C卫星资料估算四川地面降水方法研究

应用2006年6月6日00时(北京时)至7日06时四川地区的自动站降水资料和FY-2C静止卫星红外亮温资料,共3854对样本,分析发现1小时内的最低红外亮温和红外亮温增量两因子能很好地表征地面1小时累计降水量,且能有效地进行四川地面1小时降水估算,并由此建立了估算降水方法.通过对2006年8月27日13-19时,2006年8月28日04-16时两个时段估算降水结果的初步检验来看,其均方根差都小于2.0mm,随着最低亮温的增加,其均方根差也越小.由此可见,基于FY-2C静止卫星1小时内最低红外亮温和亮温增量来估算四川地面1小时降水是可行的,且效果较好.     

基于气象卫星资料的天气雷达非降水回波消除方法

在分析天气雷达回波与卫星云图的基础上,利用"点对块"的匹配方式对雷达、卫星资料空间一致性进行处理,提出了基于气象卫星(Himawari-8)高时空分辨率资料的天气雷达非降水回波消除方法,并选取晴空非降水回波分布较广的华北、华中和长江中下游地区为研究范围,以地面气象观测的降水资料为标准,对降水和非降水条件下卫星资料红外亮温(TBB)特性值进行统计分析,得到TBB的概率分布,采用红外亮温阈值法进行天气雷达非降水回波的消除。选取2016年7月1—30日地面气象观测资料对该方法消除效果进行检验评估,该方法的正确识别率达88.5%。个例效果检验表明:该方法能够有效地识别消除大部分非降水回波,在基于现有天气雷达资料质量控制方法的基础上可进一步提高雷达数据质量;该方法对无云条件的非降水识别率较高,对降水回波误判率较低,但对有云条件下的非降水回波识别率较低。     

CLDAS陆面融合实况数据对天津雾和霾判识的准确性分析

雾和霾是危害人类健康和影响社会经济发展的灾害天气，精细化的实况资料能够在雾和霾的防治中发挥重要作用。利用2017年12月1日至2020年11月30日天津及其周边地区国家气象观测站资料、Himawari-8卫星L1级全圆盘观测数据和L3级气溶胶光学厚度产品，分析了中国气象局陆面数据同化系统（CMA Land Data Assimilation System,CLDAS）能见度和相对湿度融合实况分析产品判识天津地区雾、轻雾和霾的准确性。结果表明：与台站资料相比，CLDAS产品对轻雾、雾和霾的平均检出率分别为90.4%、84.2%和78.8%;CLDAS产品对轻雾的逐月检出率为81.1%～96.4%，雾和霾出现较多的月份，其检出率均在80.0%左右。个例分析表明CLDAS产品判识的雾、轻雾和霾与台站观测结果以及Himawari-8卫星反演检测结果基本一致。CLDAS产品未正确判识雾、轻雾和霾的情况主要表现为雾误判为轻雾（各站为3.8%～21.4%）和霾漏判（各站为8.6%～25.0%）。当台站水平能见度在区间[0,0.75 km）时，CLDAS能见度的误差主要导致雾误判为轻雾；在区间[0.7...     

用双通道动态阈值对GMS-5图像进行自动云检测

该文用双通道动态阈值法对GMS-5图像进行自动的云检测。在红外通道和可见光通道，分别对每32×32个像元组成的像元阵进行直方图统计，求出区别云和地物值域的阈值，然后对每个像元阵内的逐个像元进行云判识。讨论了在进行直方图分析以求取阈值的过程中，像元阵大小的选取和动态平滑间距的选取对云检测结果的影响。分析结果表明:像元阵大小取32×32时，像元阵所占的地域空间尺度足够小，像元阵内的观测像元样本数足够多，保证了在直方图聚类分析时，每一类含有足够多的样本；GMS-5观测图像的红外通道对原始直方图进行二次平滑时小平滑间距取1.6 K，可见光通道小平滑间距取1.2%，使得确定动态阈值时步长相对小，保证了分析的精度。用目视图像对分析结果进行真实性检验，在中低纬度地区，可见光和红外两个通道都有资料时，该算法的云判识精度较好。在高纬度地区，由于地表温度低，积雪覆盖多，太阳光照角低，该算法的云判识精度较差。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

<正>The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth’s climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.