面向预报员的精细化数值预报产品应用培训需求研究

伴随高分辨率数值预报、集合预报和人工智能等关键技术的发展,现代气象预报业务已进入精细化、无缝隙、数字化的智能网格预报时代。为提升广大预报员对数值预报的应用水平,提高预报服务综合效果,从精细化网格预报业务发展对预报员能力素养的新要求和预报员能力现状两方面开展数值预报应用的培训需求研究。结果显示,预报员在综合运用多源资料提升精细化数值预报应用水平方面具有迫切培训需求,在培训数值预报技术进展、产品特点、应用方法的基础上,培训需求呈现出向研究型业务和针对性服务发展的趋势。从数值预报应用培训的内容来看,最大培训需求集中在数值预报新技术原理、产品精细化评估和订正、多源资料综合应用策略三个方面。对预报员分层次进行分析,显示新预报员需求较广泛,相对侧重数值预报基础应用,骨干预报员侧重预报产品评估和订正方法等实用技术,首席预报员相对侧重研究性。最后对开发面向预报员的分层分类数值预报应用培训课程提出了建议,为教学策划和课程设计提供参考。     

采用AHP方法的气象服务社会经济效益定量评估分析

评估选用社会调查资料中公众对评估指标的得票支持率初始化AHP模型准则层的底层指标权重系数,避免执行AHP方法中繁琐的多指标权重计算,然后以AHP模型为基准对气象服务产品的社会经济效益进行定量化评估.评估以"现有常规气象服务产品"及"FDP产品"为AHP方案层的备选方案,评估权重适当向体现奥运气象服务需求的指标项倾斜.评估结果表明FDP产品在满足现有用户气象服务及奥运气象服务需求上享有绝对的优势.研究得出:现有天气预报产品需要进一步提高预报结果的时间和空间分辨率;需要丰富FDP等短时临近预报产品的信息传递方式;需要提高信息传递的及时性,改进气象服务的质量.     

主客观融合定量降水预报方法及平台实现

随着天气预报业务现代化的发展,预报员面临气象数据爆发增长、服务前端需求不断提高以及客观预报技术广泛应用带来的挑战。传统以手工绘制降水落区为主的定量降水预报(QPF)技术流程已经不能帮助预报员在更高层面体现附加值。为支撑预报员在QPF流程中的核心作用,设计和开发了主客观融合QPF平台。该平台从海量预报数据选取、多源QPF集成、QPF调整和订正、格点化处理和服务产品制作五个方面帮助预报员控制数字化预报全流程。发展了多项关键技术支持平台的智能化,包括多模式QPF数据集构建技术、多模式QPF集成技术、QPF预报场调整和订正技术以及格点场后处理技术。基于MICAPS4系统,实现了主客观融合QPF平台的主要功能,发布了"QPF Master Blender 1.0"版本,并在2017年5月投入业务应用,取得良好反馈和效果。最后,对平台的未来发展进行了展望,包括发展数值模式检验评估工具支持预报员做出最优判断,研究多尺度模式信息的融合技术等。     

北京2008年奥运气象服务预报员培训总结

为了更好地为2008年北京奥运会提供气象服务，并借鉴奥运主办国先进的服务经验，在中国气象局各级领导的大力推动和澳大利亚气象局的通力合作下，“北京2008年奥运气象服务预报员培训”代表团一行10人（毕宝贵、吴洪、廖晓农、盛春岩、漆梁波、赵玉春、罗慧、涂小萍、曹彦、张迎新）于2005年11月4日前往澳大利亚进行为期4个月的奥运气象预报服务经验及精细化预报技术的培训。     

浅谈提高天气预报准确率

随着气象科技的进步以及社会经济发展对气象服务需求的不断增加,提高天气预报准确率显得日益重要,而正确应用数值预报产品是达到这一目的的有效途径。作者从正确认识"天气预报准确率"这一概念的相对性出发,探讨了合理应用数值预报产品的重要性以及预报员在其中扮演的关键角色。     

智能网络预报业务发展前景下预报员作用的思考

利用MICAPS常规数据,陕西现代气象一体化智能网格预报平台预报检验数据,以及陕西天气业务实时评估平台预报评分数据,选取2017年1—6月省级预报员综合主观预报结果与智能网格平台的多模式集成结果进行对比分析,同时选取2017年8月11—14日在西安周边发生的一次分散性强对流天气的预报服务作为个案分析,研究在智能预报发展前景下,预报员在预报业务体系中的位置与作用。研究结果表明,智能预报体系中预报员的作用是不可取代的,但是,预报员的职能将根据气象业务现代化的推进实现角色的转变,常规精细化预报产品将越来越不需要预报员的人工干预,预报员需要更加快速准确地进行灾害性天气的精细化订正,制作针对性服务产品,深入研究灾害性天气的机理,总结预报经验,改进数值预报模型的算法,为提高人工智能的效果提出建议和方法;对预报员的评价体系应该从预报准确率评分转变为灾害性天气订正技巧评分,以订正技巧来衡量一个预报员的业务水平。     

智能网格预报业务发展前景下预报员作用的思考

利用MICAPS常规数据,陕西现代气象一体化智能网格预报平台预报检验数据,以及陕西天气业务实时评估平台预报评分数据,选取2017年1—6月省级预报员综合主观预报结果与智能网格平台的多模式集成结果进行对比分析,同时选取2017年8月11—14日在西安周边发生的一次分散性强对流天气的预报服务作为个案分析,研究在智能预报发展前景下,预报员在预报业务体系中的位置与作用。研究结果表明,智能预报体系中预报员的作用是不可取代的,但是,预报员的职能将根据气象业务现代化的推进实现角色的转变,常规精细化预报产品将越来越不需要预报员的人工干预,预报员需要更加快速准确地进行灾害性天气的精细化订正,制作针对性服务产品,深入研究灾害性天气的机理,总结预报经验,改进数值预报模型的算法,为提高人工智能的效果提出建议和方法;对预报员的评价体系应该从预报准确率评分转变为灾害性天气订正技巧评分,以订正技巧来衡量一个预报员的业务水平。     

如何做好区县天气预报

从了解责任区域内影响气候的主要因素,熟悉责任区域内天气气候特点,掌握责任区域内预报服务的重点和内容,做好数值预报产品对本地降水、气温预报能力的检验分析和应用,加强历史天气个例的分析总结等方面介绍了区县天气预报一线服务人员制作责任区域内天气预报的一些经验和方法,形成适合本地预报员的工作流程,这些经验和方法为区县预报员制作本地天气预报提供了参考,从而进一步适应区县气象综合业务服务发展需求。     

2013年暖季试验概述

2013年,国家气象中心联合中国气象科学研究院、南京大学、中国科学院大气物理研究所开展暖季试验,探索业务单位与科研单位合作的新途径,以实现对业务相关研究的促进并加速有应用前景的技术向业务转化。本文介绍支持暖季试验的仿真业务环境、强天气联合会商及凝练的科学技术问题以及新技术应用测试转化结果。通过暖季试验,搭建起能对业务数据和被测试转化成果产品实时保障的仿真业务数据环境、完全仿业务定量降水预报和强对流天气预报的仿真业务分析预报交互平台以及能实时评估业务数值模式和测试模式产品的客观检验系统。定期联合会商为预报员和科学家提供了面对面的交流平台,使得科学家更加了解业务需求并通过分析研究解决部分会商中提出的科学技术问题。新技术应用测试转化试验表明： 高分辨率中尺度数值模式对提升强对流和暴雨天气的预报水平有积极意义,雷达风场反演技术、卫星天气应用平台对中尺度天气的快速分析有意义。而预报员与科技成果研发人员能否密切合作是影响科技成果业务转化的重要因素。     

亚运气象服务演练预报检验分析

通过检验2009年广州亚运气象服务演练中预报员的综合预报和SAFEGUARD精细化预报系统产品,分析预报误差,结果表明:1)温度预报,预报员对转折性降温过程的释用产品修正效果明显,而平稳天气过程则不显著;2)定量降水预报,预报员对降水出现的时间分布主要依靠模式或客观释用,对小量级降水系统性高估,而对大量级降水则明显低估;3)亚运场馆风场受周边城市环境影响大,预报难度高。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

<正>The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth’s climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.