PSP总日射表灵敏度系数的热偏移订正方法

PSP总日射表在我国一直作为标准总日射表和质量优良的辐射仪器在使用,2006年以前还曾作为国家散射标准,在太阳辐射量值传递中测量标准散射辐射,通过成分和法计算标准总日射辐照度。总日射表的校准在晴天条件下进行,此时天空无云,由于热偏移为负值,导致对短波灵敏度系数被低估。2011年10月14日—11月15日在北京密云上甸子大气本底站进行了对比观测试验,通过对不同总日射表热偏移订正方法的试验与研究,进行了5种热偏移订正方法的比较。通过订正,在用于室外成分和法校准时,PSP表的灵敏度系数的准确度可提高1%,进而提高总辐射的测量准确度。     

总日射表热偏移订正方法研究进展

准确的太阳总辐射测量对于校准卫星观测数据、验证辐射传输模式以及研究气候变化、定量评估太阳能资源是非常重要的。由于大部分总日射表采用热电堆原理制成,环境热噪声不可避免地影响了总日射表的测量精度,造成"热偏移"误差。近年来随着气候变化研究的深入开展,对于地面观测辐射的精度要求越来越高,有关总日射表热偏移物理机制及其订正方法的研究引起了国内外诸多学者的关注。该文综述了国内外有关研究进展:①总日射表热偏移的提出;②总日射表热偏移特征及其物理机制;③总日射表热偏移订正方法。并对存在的问题进行适当的评述,从而为我国的国产总辐射表热偏移物理机制及其订正方法的研究工作提供一定的参考和启示。     

黄土高原典型塬区冬小麦地表辐射和能量平衡特征

利用2006年4～7月黄土高原陆气相互作用试验实际观测资料,分析了黄土高原典型塬区冬小麦生长过程中不同天气条件下的地表通量特征。发现在不同天气条件下辐射平衡和能量平衡特征有很大变化。地面向上长波辐射在晴天、阴天、降水天时依次减小,到达峰值时间约滞后总辐射峰值到达时间1 h左右。大气向下长波辐射与地表向上长波恰恰相反,晴天量值最小,基本稳定在300 W·m-2左右,阴天和降水天依次增大。潜热是能量通量的主要消耗项,在夜间也大于零,夜间感热则为负值。土壤热通量达到峰值时间滞后于净辐射峰值到达时间约1.5 h,其日平均值晴天为正,阴天约为零,降水天则为负值。日平均波文比阴天大于晴天和降水天。植被覆盖度高时,土壤植被系统截留的总辐射也高。     

FS-J1四分量净全辐射表在北极地区的性能评测

在全球变暖的背景下,全球的净全辐射监测越来越受到人们的重视,逐渐成为研究区域天气气候的重要手段。为了研究国产FS-J1型四分量净全辐射表在极地条件下的各项性能,于2017年4月10—23日在美国阿拉斯加巴罗地区(203.5°E,71.4°N)进行了为期2周的地面净全辐射量实时监测,并与极地地区应用较广的CNR4型四分量净全辐射表进行对比测试。结果表明:(1)在表面无结冰/霜条件下,国产仪器FS-J1型四分量净全辐射表在不同晴空和日夜条件下都表现出较好的精度和线性关系,各项参数与CNR4的相对误差和相关系数总体分别在5%以内和0.9以上。(2)受极地条件影响,FS-J1表面结冰/霜后,会对辐射变化的响应出现延迟,对总辐射表和地球辐射表分别能造成最大约25%和7%的相对误差。所以针对极地辐射站加设合适的通风加热装置、发展较为合理的误差订正方案仍是国产仪器以后需要改进的关键点。     

影响太阳总辐射各主要因子的分析

本文通过分析北京地区１９９０年１－１２月晴天与实际天气条件下的太阳辐射和常规气象观测资料，得到了描述晴天和实际天气条件下的太阳总辐射的一种关系式，并着重分析了影响到达地面的太阳总辐射各因子的主次作用。     

净全辐射表两种校准方法比较

该文介绍了净全辐射表的两种校准方法。使用长短波辐射表组成的净全辐射标准器组, 在不同环境条件下对现用标准净全辐射表和6台气象台站用工作级净全辐射表的灵敏度进行了测试, 通过试验了解检定环境条件下新的标准器组与现用标准器之间的关系, 分析了通过不同标准器组得到的工作级净全辐射表的测量结果, 得到了新的标准器组使用后检定结果的随机误差。通过数据对比分析, 得出使用新的标准组检定的净全辐射表, 其不确定度白天降低9.2%, 夜间降低5.2 %。     

东台西瓜大棚内外温度关系及高低温预警方法研究

根据东台大棚西瓜生产普遍模式和研究目的,建立相应的试验观测站,分别选择夜间低温样本和白天晴天条件样本,对资料序列进行分析。结果表明：夜间塑料大棚内温度与外界温度密切相关;白天晴天条件下大棚内温度与外界温度、太阳高度角、太阳光通过大气对流层的斜距等因子有着显著的相关关系。运用统计回归方法建立夜间低温条件下和白天晴天条件下大棚内外温度关系,达到较高的准确率和精度;结合冻害温度指标和发生冻害的可能性大小,确定夜间低温预警指标等级及温度范围,并对白天晴天条件下大棚内指标温度出现时间进行尝试性预测,有针对性地服务于大棚西瓜的生产过程。     

敦煌地区荒漠戈壁地表热量和辐射平衡特征的研究

利用2000年5月25日～6月17日"敦煌试验"在戈壁的微气象观测资料,分析了极端干旱地区晴天、阴天和降水等天气条件下的地表辐射平衡、热量平衡和土壤温度等微气象特征的日变化规律.发现在不同天气条件微气象特征有很大变化.但观测期间的平均微气象特征与晴天比较接近,天气过程的影响不是很大,平均的总辐射、净辐射和感热通量与晴天的比值在白天基本大于0.8.观测期间的平均Bowen比全天大于1,在白天都在10以上,最大超过100.     

南疆沙漠腹地夏季晴天与沙尘日小气候观测对比分析

利用塔克拉玛干沙漠大气环境观测试验站2006年8月13-31日近地层微气象资料以及常规地面观测资料,选取晴天与沙尘日个例,采用波文比能量平衡方法,对比分析了晴天与沙尘日沙漠腹地的小气候和地表能量平衡特征.结果表明,晴天气温、地温日变化幅度均大于沙尘日,各深度地温极值出现时间滞后于沙尘日;晴天夜间近地层存在逆温,沙尘日具有等温性;晴天夜间比湿较大,白天较小,沙尘日夜间比湿变化平缓,在沙尘暴发生时,比湿急剧增大,并有弱的逆湿现象存在;沙尘日总辐射、反射辐射、净辐射和感热通量比晴天明显偏小,向下长波辐射却大于晴天,但潜热变化差异不太明显.     

青藏高原东部冬季小气候特征及地表辐射特征分析

利用玛曲地气相互作用试验2005年11月25日至2006年1月15日梯度站的观测资料,分析研究了青藏高原东部玛曲地区冬季小气候特征和地表辐射特征。结果表明,冬季玛曲地区存在较明显的局地环流,夜间有辐射逆温和逆湿现象存在。辐射各分量均小于青藏高原北部的观测值,晴天条件下太阳短波向下辐射和地面短波向上辐射均有明显的日变化规律。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

<正>The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth’s climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.