青海省雷暴年际变化特征分析

使用青海41个气象台站1961~2007年的年雷暴资料,对青海省年雷暴日数的时空分布及变化特征进行了分析。结果表明:雷暴空间分布青南地区最多,柴达木盆地最少;年雷暴47a来总体呈减少趋势,但各区变化特征不一致,基本上雷暴多的地区减少趋势越明显,雷暴最少的柴达木盆地变化不明显,甚至略有增加。青海省年平均雷暴日数在2000年发生明显突变,周期分析发现存在准5a周期振荡。青海省雷暴的年内分布为单峰型分布,雷暴主要发生在4~10月,占全年发生总数的99.6%,4~10月雷暴日数1961~2007年期间均呈不同程度的下降趋势,夏季减少趋势最为明显,春季(4~5月份)减少趋势较秋季(9~10月份)明显。     

阳信县雷暴日气候特征的初步分析

利用阳信县1971--2005年雷暴观测资料,统计分析了阳信县雷暴天气的气候特征,结果表明：阳信县雷暴日的年际变化大;季节性明显,主要集中在夏季（6～8月）;雷暴初日最早出现在3月中旬,终日最晚出现在10月底,雷暴期呈逐年代缩短趋势。     

近50年西宁地区雷暴日气候变化特征分析

利用西宁地区4个测站雷暴观测资料,分析了1960—2008年西宁地区初、终雷暴日及雷暴日数的气候特征及其变化趋势。结果表明：西宁地区为雷暴多发区,年平均雷暴日数为43d,近年来雷暴日呈减少趋势;初雷暴日略有推迟,终雷暴日明显提前;3-11月均有可能出现雷暴,6—8月为雷暴高发期,12月-2月未出现过雷暴;平均初雷暴日为4月25日,终雷暴日为10月3日;大通雷暴出现最早,结束的也最晚;春季、秋季平均气温稳定通过4～5℃的时间大致与初雷暴日和终雷暴日的时间相一致。     

河北廊坊雷暴大风的气候特征

利用1970~2012年廊坊地区9个气象站地面雷暴大风观测资料,采用趋势分析、滑动t检验、小波分析和最大熵谱分析等统计方法,系统分析了该地区雷暴大风天气的时空特征及变化趋势和变化周期。结果表明:廊坊地区的雷暴大风局地性强,43 a间只出现了一次全区性的雷暴大风天气过程,雷暴大风多以单站出现为主。雷暴大风的地域性特征明显,中部的廊坊市及南部的文安、大城站较易出现,而北部发生概率较低。雷暴大风的日、月及年变化特征明显。雷暴与大风主要发生在午后至前半夜,大风发生时间一般落后于雷暴,1 h内的雷暴与10 min以内的大风发生概率最高;雷暴大风3~10月都可出现,主要集中在夏季,发生概率为73.3%;近43 a来,年均雷暴大风日数整体呈现减少趋势,且中部的站点减少趋势最显著,1994年为雷暴大风的显著突变年,其显著变化周期为3.23a。雷暴大风多为"湿"型。     

澄海区近57年雷暴的气候特征分析

根据澄海国家气象观测站1959—2015年雷暴资料,采用线性回归、小波分析和突变检验等方法,分析了广东省汕头市澄海区雷暴的气候特征。结果表明:澄海区年平均雷暴日数为35.3 d,属于中雷区,近57年,雷暴日数以-0.136 d/年的速率微弱减少,减少趋势不显著;年雷暴日数有着较好的10~15年的年代际变化周期以及准5年周期;2007年为澄海区雷暴突变年;雷暴月、季变化明显,6月、夏季以及汛期为雷暴多发时期;澄海区平均初(终)雷日分别出现在3月17日(10月13日),雷暴持续期平均为210.7 d,呈缩短趋势。     

石羊河流域雷暴气候特征及防护等级区划

利用1961—2013年石羊河流域5个气象站的雷暴资料，运用统计学方法分析了石羊河流域雷暴的时空变化特征，并对雷暴防护等级进行划分。结果表明：石羊河流域年、年代雷暴日总体呈减少趋势，天祝的减少趋势尤为显著，递减率达-5.843 d/10 a，雷暴日的时间序列存在7～8 a的准周期变化。石羊河流域雷暴初日最早出现在3月下旬（永昌），其他均出现在4月上旬，终日最晚出现在10月下旬末（永昌出现在10月上旬初），平均雷暴期为100.4～171.3 d。6—8月是雷暴的高发期，雷暴日占年雷暴总日的70.7%～78.4%。雷暴的日变化明显，雷暴多发时段为12—22时，集中发生时段为13—17时，雷暴的平均持续时间为10～40 min。石羊河流域雷暴具有明显的地域特征，南部山区天祝雷暴日远大于其他各地，占总雷暴日的40.8%。随着雷暴站数的增多，区域性雷暴日迅速减少。石羊河流域雷暴防护等级划分为3级：天祝属1级防护，为高雷区；永昌和古浪属2级防护，为多雷区；民勤和凉州属3级防护，为少雷区。     

新疆阿勒泰地区雷暴时空分布特征分析

利用阿勒泰地区7个气象站1961—2010年雷暴观测资料,采用线性趋势、变异系数、Morlet小波分析等方法对该地区近50a雷暴的时空分布及变化特征进行分析,结果表明:近50年阿勒泰地区雷暴的月变化呈单峰型分布,7月为峰值,5—8月为雷暴集中发生期;该地区年雷暴由西南向东北逐渐减少,西部多于东部;雷暴大致呈减少趋势,年际波动较大;1980年代以前,雷暴以8a为显著周期,1980年代后13a周期最为显著。     

黄南地区雷暴时空分布特征分析

利用黄南地区4个气象观测站1979—2008年共30年的雷暴观测资料,对黄南地区雷暴的时空分布和变化及初终日分布等特征进行统计分析,总结出黄南地区雷暴天气在时间分布特征为:黄南地区雷暴日的年际变化大;季节性明显,主要集中在夏季(6—8月);雷暴易发生在12—20时;雷暴初日最早出现在3月份,雷暴终日最晚出现在11月初。空间分布特征为:雷暴日数依纬度自北向南呈明显的增加趋势,此分布特征也界定了州域内自北向南分为多雷区和高雷区两大板块。     

依安县近56 a雷暴日数变化特征分析

利用依安县国家一般气象站近56 a(1958-2013年)雷暴观测资料进行统计分析。分别分析了雷暴年日数、月平均日数、日变化特征、初终日。结果表明:依安县年平均雷暴日为23.5 d,年雷暴日数最多37 d(1962年),最少9 d(1976年),近56 a雷暴日数整体呈增加趋势。雷暴主要集中出现在5-9月,雷暴开始于4月上旬结束于10月中旬,10月下旬至次年3月未出现过雷暴。雷暴日数自5月逐渐增多,7月达到顶峰,9月逐渐减少。一日中,午后至傍晚雷暴出现次数明显增多,15-16时为一天中雷暴发生频率最高时次。初雷日最早出现4月7日(1985年),终雷日最晚出现在10月15日(1994年)。     

近50年青海海南地区雷暴气候特征及其变化分析

利用青海省海南地区5个气象台站1961—2010年雷暴资料,采用倾向率、绝对变率和MK检验等统计方法分析了雷暴变化趋势和突变时间。结果表明:近50年来青海海南地区雷暴总体呈极显著的减少趋势,每10年减少2.7天,但各地变化特征不一致。年雷暴日数少的地区雷暴日数的减少趋势明显,而雷暴日数多的地区减少趋势不显著。雷暴的初日有推后的趋势,雷暴终日呈显著的提前趋势;雷暴期呈显著的缩短趋势,年雷暴日数在2000年发生了由多到少的突变。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.