Sidescan sonar applications in limnoarchaeology

Sidescan sonar, a well known marine geophysical exploration technique, widely utilized in maritime archaeology, has great potential as a reconnaissance tool in limnoarchaeological surveys. Its application in the identification of manmade structures on the floor of a flooded valley (Glenfarg Reservoir, Scotland) and the location of nearshore settlements (crannogs) in a natural water body (Loch Tay, Scotland) are described and discussed. It is suggested that sidescan sonar is a more efficient method of underwater archaeological reconnaissance than diver surveys.     

复杂策动力项对Duffing方程混沌系统相态的影响

对经典Duffing方程在周期激励和限带白噪同时作用下的混沌性质进行分析.首先检测出无噪声时系统的临界状态和周期状态的周期激励的幅值,然后分别固定这两个特殊幅值,改变限带白噪的幅值,利用时间历程曲线辅助分析相态图的变化;再固定限带白噪的幅值,改变周期激励的幅值,借助时间历程曲线分析相态图的变化.结果表明:系统只输入周期激励时,随着周期激励幅值的增大,系统依次呈现同宿状态、混沌状态和周期状态;系统处在临界状态时,输入限带白噪声,随着限带白噪声幅值的增大,相态图的轨线运动范围增大.     

Adaptive state estimation of groundwater contaminant boundary input flux in a 2-dimensional aquifer

In many circumstances involving heat and mass transfer issues, it is considered impractical to measure the input flux and the resulting state distribution in the domain. Therefore, the need to develop techniques to provide solutions for such problems and estimate the inverse mass flux becomes imperative. Adaptive state estimator (ASE) is increasingly becoming a popular inverse estimation technique which resolves inverse problems by incorporating the semi-Markovian concept into a Bayesian estimation technique, thereby developing an inverse input and state estimator consisting of a bank of parallel adaptively weighted Kalman filters. The ASE is particularly designed for a system that encompasses independent unknowns and /or random switching of input and measurement biases. The present study describes the scheme to estimate the groundwater input contaminant flux and its transient distribution in a conjectural two-dimensional aquifer by means of ASE, which in particular is because of its unique ability to efficiently handle the process noise giving an estimation of keeping the relative error range within 10% in 2-dimensional problems. Numerical simulation results show that the proposed estimator presents decent estimation performance for both smoothly and abruptly varying input flux scenarios. Results also show that ASE enjoys a better estimation performance than its competitor, Recursive Least Square Estimator (RLSE) due to its larger error tolerance in greater process noise regimes. ASE’s inherent deficiency of being slower than the RLSE, resulting from the complexity of algorithm, was also noticed. The chosen input scenarios are tested to calculate the effect of input area and both estimators show improved results with an increase in input flux area especially as sensors are moved closer to the assumed input location.     

Adaptive state estimation of groundwater contaminant boundary input flux in a 2-dimensional aquifer

In many circumstances involving heat and mass transfer issues,it is considered impractical to measure the input flux and the resulting state distribution in the domain.Therefore,the need to develop techniques to provide solutions for such problems and estimate the inverse mass flux becomes imperative.Adaptive state estimator(ASE)is increasingly becoming a popular inverse estimation technique which resolves inverse problems by incorporating the semi-Markovian concept into a Bayesian estimation technique,thereby developing an inverse input and state estimator consisting of a bank of parallel adaptively weighted Kalman filters.The ASE is particularly designed for a system that encompasses independent unknowns and/or random switching of input and measurement biases.The present study describes the scheme to estimate the groundwater input contaminant flux and its transient distribution in a conjectural two-dimensional aquifer by means of ASE,which in particular is because of its unique ability to efficiently handle the process noise giving an estimation of keeping the relative error range within 10%in 2-dimensional problems.Numerical simulation results show that the proposed estimator presents decent estimation performance for both smoothly and abruptly varying input flux scenarios.Results also show that ASE enjoys a better estimation performance than its competitor,Recursive Least Square Estimator(RLSE)due to its larger error tolerance in greater process noise regimes.ASE's inherent deficiency of being slower than the RLSE,resulting from the complexity of algorithm,was also noticed.The chosen input scenarios are tested to calculate the effect of input area and both estimators show improved results with an increase in input flux area especially as sensors are moved closer to the assumed input location.     

上海浦东国际机场二期航站楼工程岩土工程勘察

在深部“古河道”分布地区,桩基持力层层面起伏较大,大规模框架结构建筑,不可避免采用长短桩桩基方案。结合浦东国际机场二期航站楼工程实例,探讨此类工程勘察工作应注意的问题及解决方案。     

基于重磁数据梯度比值的深度学习技术实现场源位置反演方法

场源中心位置的计算是重磁数据反演的主要任务之一,现主要通过异常与场源位置之间的数学物理方程来估算地质体的位置.为了快速、准确获得地质体的位置信息,提出基于重磁梯度比值的深度学习技术实现场源位置的获取;其利用深度学习技术所建立的重磁梯度比值水平分布与地质体埋深、构造指数的关系,快速实现异常场源位置计算,且提出利用多个值的...     

分布式电磁探测系统在深部地下水资源勘查中的应用

可控源音频大地电磁法（CSAMT）是一种有效的地下深部资源勘探方法,但现有仪器分段分时的工作方式使得其观测精度受不同排列观测条件差异的影响。为了提高测量精度和效率,研制了一种实现整条测线多点同步观测的分布式电磁探测系统。系统由级联式大功率发射系统和分布式多通道接收系统组成,通过移动发射源位置实现CSAMT和激发极化法2种测量功能;仪器采集的多道原始数据经过干扰噪声抑制后提取出反演参数。利用该系统在吉林松江河地区开展了深部地下水资源勘查,并与同类仪器GDP32II的勘探结果进行了对比。结果表明：分布式电磁探测系统多点同步观测方式不但提高了工作效率,而且有效地克服了时变性、区域性外界噪声产生的横向异常影响。根据勘查结果在该地区成功预测了深部地下水的有利赋存位置并得到了钻井验证。     

Robustness of statistical algorithms for location of microseismic sources based on surface array data

Here, we present a statistical simulation study of several array data processing techniques used for the location of sources of elastic waves. The source location problem arises in such engineering applications as radio-communications, acoustics, sonar, meteorology, astrophysics, seismology, etcetera. Recently, this problem has become important for applied geophysics in connection with the modern technology of hydrocarbon production based on the hydraulic fracturing of the surface layers of the Earth’s environment. These techniques are required for the monitoring of hydraulic fracturing through the location of sources of numerous microearthquakes that occur during cracking of crustal rocks. We have established theoretical connections among several location algorithms. In particular, two different theoretical interpretations were proposed for the phase alignment location algorithm, recently proposed for the seismic array data processing. The robustness properties of the phase alignment location algorithm and the adaptive maximum likelihood location algorithm were demonstrated through Monte Carlo simulation in regard to variations of those noise statistical features, which are typical under monitoring of microseismicity at the hydrocarbon production sites. In the framework of the Monte Carlo modeling, we also compared the two mentioned location algorithms with the so-called emission tomography algorithm that is developed for the location of microseismic sources during the monitoring of hydraulic fracturing.     

理论模型分析卡尔曼滤波在航空全张量磁力梯度测量中的应用效果

航空全张量磁力梯度测量数据中包含非常复杂的运动噪声,在频谱图中从低频至高频均有分布,并以白噪声为主,如何有效压制运动噪声是一个较大的挑战.传统的数字滤波只能滤除指定频段的噪声,对于混叠在全张量磁力梯度有用信号中的噪声不能有效分离.鉴于卡尔曼滤波是一种快速、高效和实时的最优估计方法,笔者将其应用到航空全张量磁力梯度数据处...     

Marine inundated archaeological sites and paleofluvial systems: examples from a karst-controlled continental shelf setting in Apalachee Bay,Northeastern Gulf of Mexico

Underwater geoarchaeological research in Apalachee Bay, in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico off northwest Florida, has enabled the reconstruction of portions of the karst-controlled paleodrainage system, the discovery of several inundated prehistoric archaeological sites, and the exposure of sediments accumulated during the drowning of the continental shelf. Diagnostic artifacts discovered at the sites included chipped stone tools and debitage indicating Paleoindian, Early Archaic, and Middle Archaic occupation. A geoarchaeological model using terrestrial analogs was used to locate and investigate inundated sites. Methods employed include seismic profiling, vibracoring, diver tow surveys, diver collection transects, and induction dredge excavations. We document evidence for sea-level rise, related environmental succession and site formation processes for indundated prehistoric sites in the Apalachee Bay region from approximately 8000 to 6000 yr B.P. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

位场数据小子域滤波法处理效果对比与优选

重磁位场数据处理解释的主要任务之一是研究推断地质体的边界位置,而通过对重磁位场数据进行一定方法滤波处理后的相关图件可直观显示地质体的边界。小子域滤波法是众多滤波方法中的一种,前人利用小子域滤波法识别地质体边界位置有较多的研究,目前已有10种类型的小子域滤波法,但是鲜有对10种方法滤波效果的系统研究,给使用者带来诸多不便。因此,设计2组理论模型对比了10种方法的处理效果,并根据试验分析优选了最佳的滤波参数。理论模型与实际资料处理结果表明,滑动形子域滤波法对地质体边界增强的效果最好,且滤波窗口选择5×5数据点、迭代1次即可;对称形子域滤波法在滤除随机噪声的同时能够较好的保持原始异常场的梯度变化特征,滤波窗口选择5×5数据点、迭代2次较好。     

结合糙率校正的河网水情数据同化

为解决河网水动力模型重要参数糙率与水力状态量水位、流量的同步校正问题,以糙率和水力状态量作为河网非线性动态系统变量,采用扩展卡尔曼滤波,构建结合糙率动态校正的河网水情数据同化模型.通过算例计算,系统分析了水位动态噪声水平、糙率动态噪声水平、糙率初始值及测站个数对模型校正的影响.结果表明:模型能够有效用于水位状态量的实时校正;靠近测站的糙率校正值趋于真值,远离测站的糙率校正值趋于初始值;通过调整糙率动态噪声水平,可以有效控制糙率的修正量,防止糙率修正过大而引起计算失效问题.     

降雨型浅层黄土滑坡危险性评价与区划

黄土高原是我国地质灾害最为发育的地区之一,其中降雨诱发的浅层黄土滑坡又最为典型。以典型黄土地貌区-柳林县为例,应用SINMAP模型,探讨模型在黄土地区的适用性,分析了随着研究区内降雨量的增加,滑坡变形失稳区域的面积变化、分布位置和扩展趋势。研究表明,随着降雨量的增加,滑坡所处位置逐渐由稳定状态向失稳状态发展,位于失稳分区的滑坡数量逐渐增加,说明降雨对该研究区的斜坡稳定性影响较为明显。通过将模拟结果与实际发生的由降雨触发的滑坡灾害进行对比分析,可以得出SINMAP模型在黄土地区,对区域性降雨诱发浅层黄土滑坡稳定性的模拟预测有效,可以用于黄土地区浅层滑坡的稳定性评价研究。     

改善地震勘探记录的4项技术

为改善地震勘探记录、提高信噪比,近年来提出了基于混沌理论的混沌振子滤波技术（CVM）、基于多道最小平方原理和CVM的时空域双曲滤波技术（HTDF）、基于时频分析和Wigner-Ville分布的时频峰值滤波技术（TFPF）以及基于独立分量分析（ICA）的多次波消减技术。用CVM技术可以在强随机噪声背景中确定同相轴的时空位置;HTDF是CVM的后续处理,使湮没在噪声中的同相轴显现出来。大量仿真实验和实际资料处理表明,TFPF技术可应用于消减地震记录中的随机噪声。基于ICA的多次波消减技术可确定输出信号的振幅和次序。上述4项技术若应用于实际资料,尚需要分别解决诸如计算时间、辅助性处理、因子振幅谱补频、变时窗技术、处理流程的系统工程等问题。     

Improving the level of seismic hazard parameters in Saudi Arabia using earthquake location

Saudi Arabia is characterized as largely aseismic; however, the tectonic plate boundaries that surround it are very active. To improve characterization of seismicity and ground motion hazard, the Saudi Arabian Digital Seismic Network (SANDSN) was installed in 1998 and continues to be operated by the Saudi Geological Survey (SGS) and King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST). This article describes research performed to improve seismic hazard parameters using earthquake location and magnitude calibration of the high-quality SANDSN data. The SANDSN consists of 38 seismic stations, 27 broadband, and 11 short period. All data are telemetered in real time to a central facility at KACST in Riyadh. The SANDSN stations show low background noise levels and have good signal detection capabilities; however, some stations show cultural noise at frequencies above 1.0 Hz. We assessed the SANDSN event location capabilities by comparing KACST locations with well-determined locations derived from ground truth or global observations. While a clear location bias exists when using the global average iasp91 earth model, the locations can be improved by using regional models optimized for different tectonic source regions. The article presents detailed analysis of some events and Dead Sea explosions where we found gross errors in estimated locations. New velocity models we calculated that should improve estimated locations of regional events in three specific regions include (1) Gulf of Aqabah—Dead Sea region, (2) Arabian Shield, and (3) Arabian Platform. Recently, these models were applied to the SANDSN to improve local and teleseismic event locations and to develop an accurate magnitude scale for Saudi Arabia. The Zagros Thrust presents the most seismic hazard to eastern Saudi Arabia because of the frequent occurrence of earthquakes. Although these events are 200 km or further from the Arabian coast, wave propagation through sedimentary structure of the Gulf causes long-duration ground motions for periods between 3 and 10 s. Such ground motions could excite response in large engineered structures (e.g., tall buildings and long bridges) such as was experienced after the November 22, 2005 Qeshm Island earthquake off the southern coast of Iran.     

Dynamic estimate of seismic danger based on multifractal properties of low-frequency seismic noise

A new method of dynamic estimate of seismic danger is presented which is based on estimating multifractal properties of low-frequency seismic noise. The efficiency of the method is illustrated by the analysis of seismic noise from broadband seismic network F-net in Japan. The analysis of multifractal properties of low-frequency seismic noise from Japan seismic network F-net since the beginning of 1997 allowed a hypothesis about approaching Japan Islands to a future seismic catastrophe to be formulated at the middle of 2008. The base for such a hypothesis was statistically significant decreasing of multi-fractal singularity spectrum support width mean value. The peculiarities of correlation coefficient estimate within 1 year time window between median values of singularity spectra support width and generalized Hurst exponent allowed to make a decision that starting from July 2010, Japan come to the state of waiting strong earthquake. This prediction of Tohoku mega-earthquake, initially with estimate of lower magnitude as 8.3 only (at the middle of 2008) and further on with estimate of the time beginning of waiting earthquake (from the middle of 2010), was published in advance in a number of scientific articles and abstracts on international conferences. The analysis of seismic noise data after Tohoku mega-earthquake indicates increasing probability of the 2nd strong earthquake within the region where the north part of Philippine Sea plate is approaching island Honshu (Nankai Trough). This region is characterized by relatively low values of singularity spectrum support width which is an indicator of seismic danger. In one paper (Sobolev in Izv Phys Solid Earth 47:1034–1044, 2011), the low-frequency seismic noise at the same range of periods was investigated retrospectively using data from the stations of broadband network IRIS which are located around the epicenter of Tohoku mega-earthquake with a distance up to 1,200 km. It was shown that the variance of the noise and the number of high-amplitude asymmetric impulses were grown dramatically before the event for stations which are located within the radius up to 500 km from the epicenter.     

探地雷达在上林湖越窑遗址水下考古中的应用

结合上林湖区域水体电性参数测量结果,开展了探地雷达水下考古试验探索.在上林湖指定水域用机动木船承载雷达仪器和工作人员进行了水下情况调查,通过对比试验,分析了频率为100 MHz、200 MHz、400 MHz的雷达天线对不同深度水域及水底地层的反射特征,在此基础上,对探地雷达数据进行处理及解释.探地雷达探测结果清楚地显示了古水坝、窑炉遗址、陶瓷废墟、古河道和码头堤岸等多种不同的水下考古目标,并可对湖底地层中的局部隐伏异常实现高精度成像.经过潜水探摸,进一步核实了本次探地雷达的调查结果.     

基于波形参数的微震P波到时拾取值质量控制方法

微震事件中常常包含一些异常信号、强噪声干扰信号和弱信号,这些通道信号的P波到时自动拾取精度往往很低,甚至拾取错误。目前国内外微震监测系统进行自动定位时,并不对各个P波到时拾取值预先筛选,而需要技术人员手动剔除或修正部分无效P波到时,然后才能进行正确定位。为此,首先引入了一种Akaike信息准则（AIC）两步骤拾取算法,并基于某深埋隧道微震监测案例定量分析了P波到时拾取误差与震源定位精度之间的关系,从而引入了P波到时拾取值容许误差的概念。然后,利用AIC两步骤拾取算法拾取微震波形的P波到时,并计算各项波形参数,进行大量统计,深入研究了影响P波到时拾取精度的波形参数。以容许误差为基准,将P波到时拾取值分为有效（标签为1）和无效（标签为?1）两类,并以相应的波形参数为数据输入,采用支持向量机方法（SVM）训练数据,最终建立了P波到时拾取值质量控制模型。实际应用表明：P波到时拾取值质量控制方法能有效剔除错误拾取值,从而大幅度提高数据自动处理效率和震源定位精度。     

Non‐uniqueness of critical state line in compression and extension conditions

Experimental evidence has indicated that the critical state line determined from undrained compression tests is not identical to that determined from undrained extension tests. The purpose of this paper is to investigate a modelling method that accounts for the non‐uniqueness of critical state lines in the compression and the extension testing conditions. Conventional elastic–plastic cap models can predict only a unique critical state line for the compression and the extension tests. A new micromechanical stress–strain model is developed considering explicitly the location of critical state line. The model is then used to simulate undrained triaxial compression and extension tests performed on isotropically consolidated samples with different over‐consolidated ratios. The predictions are compared with experimental results as well as that predicted by models with kinematic hardening of yield surface. All simulations demonstrate that the proposed micromechanical approach is capable of modelling the undrained compression and the undrained extension tests. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

柔性支护黏性土基坑非极限被动土压力研究

经典的Rankine和Coulomb土压力计算理论均建立在土体达到极限平衡状态的基础上,并不适用于位移需要严格控制的基坑工程。以柔性支护的黏性土基坑边坡为研究对象,考虑边坡土拱效应、非极限状态下柔性支护结构与土体间内摩擦角以及黏聚力发挥值、土体内摩擦角以及黏聚力发挥值的影响,从黏性土应力莫尔圆出发,采用微层分析法建立静力平衡,搜索边坡土体潜在滑动面,推导柔性支护黏性土基坑的非极限被动土压力计算式。通过实例计算对比分析了本文计算理论与经典Rankine计算理论,推导公式计算得到的被动土压力小于Rankine计算值19%,合力作用位置低于Rankine计算值,作用位置距桩底距离较Rankine计算值小1.5%,计算得到的潜在滑动面为一水平倾角随深度逐渐减小的曲面,潜在滑动面范围小于Rankine极限状态滑动面。