中国矿山迹地的生态恢复（英文）

矿业开发活动产生了大量的废弃地,本文综述了我国露天煤矿排土场、采煤沉陷地和煤矸石山等矿山迹地生态恢复的理论与技术进展,并对今后研究的重点问题进行了展望。采矿迹地生态恢复涉及到很多学科,需要借鉴多学科的理论,同时介绍了采矿迹地生态恢复的实用技术和示范基地建设情况,未来应重点关注矿山迹地生态系统演替过程与机理、采矿废弃地复垦利用的结构优化和采矿迹地生态恢复新技术等问题。     

陆上风电场对局地生态气候影响研究（英文）

陆上风电场的建设和运行干扰局地植物群落的演替,对局地生态和气候的影响受到广泛关注。研究陆上风电场与局地生态、气候之间的关系,准确评估陆上风电场对局地影响,是促进绿色能源可持续发展的基础。本文对现有的现场数据监测、遥感数据反演和数值模型模拟研究方法进行归纳总结,发现陆上风电场对局地植被指数、近地表温度、风速、土壤湿度等产生了明显影响。陆上风电场降低了局地土壤含水量、增加了近地表空气温度、明显改变局地风速,并导致风电场内部局地植被指数降低、植物生长收到抑制,鸟类和蝙蝠等生物死亡率出现上升等现象,但对于风电场外部植物群落,尤其是顺风方向则呈现积极促进作用。总体而言,研究成果存在区域差异性,研究结论不具有普适性。陆上风电场对局地气候的影响,气候对局地生态的影响和陆上风电场对局地生态产生的直接影响三者之间的作用机理仍没有清晰准确的解释,还需要进一步提升观测数据的精度、准度和连续性,结合土地利用类型、局地微气候指标、植物物种等指标构建具有针对性的模型体系,并在此基础上,为宏观把握陆上风电场对气候生态影响提供支撑。     

山体效应对生态垂直格局的影响（英文）

The varied altitudinal gradient of climate and vegetation is further complicated by mass elevation effect(MEE), especially in high and extensive mountain regions. However, this effect and its implications for mountain altitudinal belts have not been well studied until recently. This paper provides an overview of the research carried out in the past 5 years. MEE is virtually the heating effect of mountain massifs and can be defined as the temperature difference on a given elevation between inside and outside of a mountain mass. It can be digitally modelled with three factors of intra-mountain base elevation(MBE), latitude and hygrometric continentality; MBE usually acts as the primary factor for the magnitude of MEE and, to a great extent, could represent MEE. MEE leads to higher treelines in the interior than in the outside of mountain masses. It makes montane forests to grow at 4800–4900 m and snowlines to develop at about 6000 m in the southern Tibetan Plateau and the central Andes, and large areas of forests to live above 3500 m in a lot of high mountains of the world. The altitudinal distribution of global treelines can be modelled with high precision when taking into account MEE and the result shows that MEE contributes the most to treeline distribution pattern. Without MEE, forests could only develop upmost to about 3500 m above sea level and the world ecological pattern would be much simpler. The quantification of MEE should be further improved with higher resolution data and its global implications are to be further revealed.     

南水北调中线工程横向生态补偿标准研究（英文）

南水北调中线工程是实现我国水资源合理配置,缓解北方广大地区水资源短缺的重大战略性基础工程。建立跨区域的横向生态补偿机制是实现水资源永续利用的关键核心,而生态补偿量的测算与分配是建立补偿机制的重要基础。本文基于统计数据和问卷调查,通过机会成本法和支付意愿法,建立了针对南水北调中线工程全线的横向生态补偿标准测算模型。在此基础上,引入分别反映水源区和受水区自然资源状况与社会经济发展情况的调整系数,共同确定水源区受偿量和受水区补偿量的分配权重系数和具体金额。结果表明:(1)贯穿南水北调中线工程全线的横向生态补偿标准的上限为25.2亿美元,下限为22.0亿美元。(2)不同受水区的支付标准和水源区的受偿标准存在较大差异。受水区支付横向生态补偿的出资比例由高到低分别为:河南省出资40.71%,河北省出资35.04%,北京市出资13.67%,天津市出资10.58%。供水区接受横向生态补偿的受偿比例由高到低分别为:陕西水源区受偿68.45%,湖北水源区受偿21.56%,河南水源区受偿9.99%。(3)影响受水区居民支付意愿的显著性因素包括居民年龄、居民受教育程度、居民收入水平、居民对南水北调工程的了解程度和对生态环境重要性的认识5项。本文基于理论分析,通过实证案例分析了南水北调中线工程横向生态补偿标准的有关问题,为我国建立行之有效的水源地横向生态补偿机制提供借鉴,并对其政策化和法制化发展起到积极地推动作用。     

不同生态恢复模式对灵武排土场边坡减流减沙及植被恢复的影响（英文）

宁东煤炭基地现有技术存在许多生态问题,如技术体系不完善、工程效果差、推广价值低、缺乏监测和评价等。本研究在筛选和整合现有技术的基础上,设计并建造了14个生态恢复地块。14个区由2组重复试验组成,每组包括6种技术模式和CK(未采取任何措施)处理组成。6种技术模式包括生态袋、生态棒、铁丝石笼、砾石沙障、活体沙障和麦草沙障模式,观测区建设在宁东羊场湾排矸场,选择累积降雨量、降雨强度、径流量、侵蚀量、丰富度、覆盖率、生物量和植被类型这8个关键监测指标进行植被生长观测和数据收集。此外,利用TOPSIS法对6种生态恢复模式的效果进行了评价。结果表明,麦草沙障模式区植被恢复效果最好,覆盖率为45%,丰富度为1.23,地上生物量为0.60 kg m^–2,其监测结果分别比对照组高45.16%、43.02%、71.43%。砾石沙障模式的径流和产沙量最小,其总侵蚀量为133.46 g m^–2,仅为对照组的26.80%,径流量为863.32 cm³ m^–2,比对照组少50.00%。TOPSIS结果显示,6种技术模式从最佳到...     

生态环境恢复目标导向的稻田生态补偿机制框架（英文）

稻田生产对生态环境的影响具有两面性,为使稻田生产提供不同组合或更高水平的环境服务,需要补偿农户因转变操作方式而损失的收益。然而目前稻田生态系统的生态功能尚未得到广泛普遍的重视,造成了稻田生态保护的激励不足和稻田环境问题的普遍发生。因此,必须尽快建立科学的以生态环境恢复为导向的稻田生态补偿机制,以调整相关利益各方生态及其经济利益的分配关系。本文在综述稻田生态补偿研究的基础上,明晰了稻田生态补偿的概念及其必要性,构建了稻田生态补偿的机制框架,分析了补偿的标准和途径。     

三江源生态保护和建设一期工程生态成效评估（英文）

The first-stage of an ecological conservation and restoration project in the Three-River Source Region(TRSR), China, has been in progress for eight years. However, because the ecological effects of this project remain unknown, decision making for future project implementation is hindered. Thus, in this study, we developed an index system to evaluate the effects of the ecological restoration project, by integrating field observations, remote sensing, and process-based models. Effects were assessed using trend analyses of ecosystem structures and services. Results showed positive trends in the TRSR since the beginning of the project, but not yet a return to the optima of the 1970 s. Specifically, while continued degradation in grassland has been initially contained, results are still far from the desired objective, ‘grassland coverage increasing by an average of 20%–40%'. In contrast, wetlands and water bodies have generally been restored, while the water conservation and water supply capacity of watersheds have increased. Indeed, the volume of water conservation achieved in the project meets the objective of a 1.32 billion m~3 increase. The effects of ecological restoration inside project regions was more significant than outside, and, in addition to climate change projects, we concluded that the implementation of ecological conservation and restoration projects has substantially contributed to vegetation restoration. Nevertheless, the degradation of grasslands has not been fundamentally reversed, and to date the project has not prevented increasing soil erosion. In sum, the effects and challenges of this first-stage project highlight the necessity of continuous and long-term ecosystem conservation efforts in this region.     

生态技术措施对无定河年输沙量影响研究（英文）

生态技术措施对河流年输沙量的影响遵从统计学原理。本文以无定河年输沙量为因变量,以无定河汛期降雨、暴雨和生态技术措施面积为自变量,采用逐步回归方法,分析研究了1956–2007年时段生态技术措施对无定河年输沙量的影响。结果表明,(1)计算建立了由"无定河7–8月降雨量"、"生态技术措施面积"和"无定河最大一日降雨量"等三个自变量组成的非线性回归方程,相关系数R2=0.857,显著性水平?=0.001。(2)调整R2=0.717,说明回归方程"解释"了52年时段无定河年输沙量71.7%的变化。(3)生态技术措施面积的标准化回归系数在三个自变量中绝对值最大,说明其对年输沙量变化的影响最大。(4)通过实施生态技术措施,到2007年治理水平年,即使是在7–8月降雨量和最大一日降雨量均为研究时段内最大值时,计算年输沙量为1.49亿t,仅为历史最大值的36%。     

埃塞俄比亚极端气候时空特征及其对作物产量的潜在影响（英文）

在全球范围内极端气候事件呈现出增加的时空态势,对人类社会和自然生态系统产生严重影响。本研究以埃塞俄比亚为例,分析了1956年至2016年的极端温度和降水,并评估了极端气候对埃塞俄比亚作物产量的潜在影响。研究结果表明极端温度指数在低温事件中呈现下降趋势,但在极端高温事件中呈现出显着上升趋势,且每年暖夜日数(warm nights)的频率比冷昼日数(cold days)增加的程度更大。年总降水量以46 mm/decade的速度显着下降,干旱天数以5.6 d/decade的速度持续增加,降水天数则以1.4 d/decade的速度下降。此外,年降水量与作物产量显著相关,并且极端降水比极端温度对作物产量的年度变化影响更大。结果表明在没有适当气候应对措施的埃塞俄比亚地区,极端的气候变化已经对农作物产量产生了显着的不利影响。     

纳入偏好异质性的石羊河流域生态服务恢复价值评估（英文）

由于可以将生态系统与人类福祉相连起来,价值评估成为生态恢复政策分析的重要工具。近些年来,已有不少针对不同类型的生态系统服务的评估研究。相对而言,针对西北地区内陆河流域生态的关注与研究较少。内陆河流域对于干旱半干旱的西北地区可持续发展具有举足轻重的作用;而且内陆河流域的上、中、下游间截然不同的生态、经济与社会条件,在价值评估中需要考虑异质性问题。本研究以石羊河为实证案例,运用流域上、中、下游选择试验调研的714份有效住户数据,通过混合logit模型回归获得了流域生态系统服务的支付意愿均值和支付意愿标准差;运用最小二乘法(OLS)测算了外生变量对各个生态服务支付意愿的影响及程度。研究证明:内陆河流域生态系统服务价值存在异质性,而且异质性同时受到个体特征和地域特征的影响。因此,相关内陆河流域生态政策中,需要纳入生态系统价值及异质性,这将有助于政策获得公众的支持。     

垫状点地梅对生长季土壤净氮矿化和酶活性的影响（英文）

垫状植物是高寒生态系统中一类独特的物种,具有厚实的多年生垫状体,可以改善局部微环境,从而对生长于其内部的其他物种起到保育作用,被称为高寒生态系统的工程师,其中对土壤养分有效性的改变是其保育作用的重要途径,但关于这一过程的研究目前还很少。本研究选择青藏高原广泛分布的垫状点地梅(Androsace tapete),在西藏当雄念青唐古拉山脉南坡4500 m和4800 m两个海拔设置样地,通过动态测定垫状点地梅覆盖下土壤和无垫状点地梅生长的对照草地土壤在生长季中的无机氮含量、净氮矿化速率以及土壤酶活性,对比分析垫状点地梅对土壤氮素有效性的影响。结果表明：(1)土壤中硝态氮和铵态氮含量在4500 m样地无显著差异,但在4800 m样地,垫状点地梅覆盖下土壤的硝态氮与无机氮含量在生长季中期有显著增加,其中硝态氮比对照草地增加了56%,无机氮则增加了74.5%;(2)垫状点地梅还改变了土壤中氮的矿化趋势和速率。在4500 m样地,垫状点地梅覆盖下土壤净氮矿化在生长季中期为负值(氮固定),速率为-0.11μg g^-1 d^-1,而对照草地土壤则为正值(氮矿化)...     

三江源地区2000-2015年土壤侵蚀变化及生态恢复潜在影响研究（英文）

土壤侵蚀对于生态环境的保护恢复以及人与自然的和谐发展产生了巨大威胁。本文采用修正的通用土壤流失方程(Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation, RUSLE模型)对三江源区2000–2015年的土壤侵蚀进行定量模拟,通过对研究区土壤侵蚀强度的时空变化特征进行分析,比较了不同生态系统土壤侵蚀的差异,探讨了气候变化对研究区土壤侵蚀的影响作用,评价了该区域生态保护和恢复工程对土壤保持的作用效果。模型模拟结果可以通过地面观测站点验证,对模拟数据和验证数据的相关分析结果显示,模型的拟合效果良好,其复相关系数达到0.62。2010–2015年的土壤侵蚀模数比2000–2005年增加了6.2%,比2005–2010年下降了1.2%。基于叠加分析,影响土壤侵蚀的主要驱动因素是气候(约64%),特别是降水的作用明显,其次是植被覆盖度(约34%)。虽然模型和数据存在一些不确定性,但本研究量化了全球气候变化下生态恢复工程的相对贡献,同时也认识到了生态恢复工程是一项复杂、艰巨、长期的任务。在未来,持续的地面观测、进一步的参数化以及获取更高质量的输入数据是减少模拟结果不确定性的必要方式。     

中国喀斯特关键带岩石风化碳汇评估及其生态服务功能（英文）

The karst critical zone is an essential component of the carbon(C) pool, constituting the global C cycle. It is referred to as one of the "residual land sink" that remains largely indeterminate. Karst area(2.2×10~7 km~2) comprises 15% of the world's land area, and karst area comprises 3.44×10~6 km~2 of area in China. Due to the complexity of karst structure and its considerable heterogeneity, C sequestration rate estimations contain large inaccuracies, especially in relation to the different methods used in calculations. Therefore, we reevaluated rock weathering-related C sink estimations in China(approximately 4.74 Tg C yr~(–1)), which we calibrated from previous studies. Additionally, we stipulated that more comprehensive research on rock-soil-biology-atmosphere continuum C migration is essential to better understand C conversion mechanisms based on uncertainty analyses of C sink estimations. Moreover, we stressed that a collective confirmation of chemical methods and simulated models through a combined research effort could at least partially eliminate such uncertainty. Furthermore, integrated C cycling research need a long-term observation of the carbon flux of multi-interfaces. The enhanced capacity of ecosystem C and soil C pools remains an effective way of increasing C sink. Karst ecosystem health and security is crucial to human social development, accordingly, it is critical that we understand thresholds or potential C sink capacities in karst critical zones now and in the future.     

气候变化对里海水位的影响（英文）

目前,关于里海的两个主要问题是水位变化及其生态条件。历史上,里海的海水入侵和衰退对该区域的生活和生产有很大影响。应用地质数据、历史数据和考古数据,以及观测数据,本文对地质历史时期里海水位的变化、年度和季度变化以及短期的波动进行了研究。文章对解释里海水位波动的两种不同的方法进行了论述,并认为里海水位变化是受地质、水文气候和水量平衡以及人类活动等因素的影响的多级过程,其中主要影响因素为水文气候的变化。     

平坦低地农业区人类活动影响下地形对森林分布的影响（英文）

Complex topography buffers forests against deforestation in mountainous regions.However,it is unknown if terrain also shapes forest distribution in lowlands where human impacts are likely to be less constrained by terrain.In such regions,if important at all,topographic effects will depend on cultural-historical factors and thus be human-driven(anthropogenic) rather than natural,except in regions where the general climate or extreme soils limit the occurrence of forests.We used spatial regression modeling to assess the extent to which topographic factors explain forest distribution(presence-absence at a 48×48 m resolution) in a lowland agricultural region(Denmark,43,075 km2) at regional and landscape scales(whole study area and 10×10 km grid cells,respectively),how landscape-scale forest-topography relationships vary geographically,and which potential drivers(topographic heterogeneity,forest cover,clay content,coastal/inland location) determine this geographic heterogeneity.Given a moist temperate climate and non-extreme soils all landscapes in Denmark would naturally be largely forest covered,and any topographic relationships will be totally or primarily human-driven.At regional scale,topographic predictors explained only 5% of the distribution of forest.In contrast,the explanatory power of topography varied from 0%–61% at landscape scale,with clear geographic patterning.Explanatory power of topography at landscape scale was moderately dependent on the potential drivers,with topographic control being strongest in areas with high topographic heterogeneity and little forest cover.However,these conditioning effects were themselves geographically variable.Our findings show that topography by shaping human land-use can affect forest distribution even in flat,lowland regions,but especially via localized,geographically variable effects.     

水汽对气候变化海拔依赖性的影响（英文）

气候变化的海拔依赖性在世界上大多数山脉地区已有报道,但导致这种变异的原因尚不明确。本研究利用中国四个不同的观测和再分析资料数据集,主要研究气候变暖对海拔的依赖性,结果表明:无论是在青藏高原地区还是中国其他地区,气候变暖的程度与海拔高度的一致性并不明显。但是,气候变暖与不同海拔水汽的变异具有很好的相关性。比湿度较低时,气温变化随比湿度的增加而升高;当比湿度上升到一定值,气温变化则随比湿度的增加而下降。而地表温度变化的最大值出现在比湿度2.0–3.0 g kg~(-1)范围内。因此,本研究揭示了水汽对气候变暖的海拔依赖性起到调节作用。     

社会政治地理和生态压力对传统牧业制度的影响综述（英文）

Pastoralism is a viable socio-economic system-shaped by landless and agro-pastoral communities in many pastoral regions of the world. This system is mainly based on seasonal migration of pastoralists and their livestock herds between upland and lowland pastures. Traditionally pastoral activities make significant contributions to mountain livelihood subsistence, regional economies and environmental sustainability. However, the pastoralist's lifestyle and their economies are increasingly confronted to various socio-political, economic and ecological stresses from the last few decades. Extensive literature reviewed on this subject with the aim to explore the current emerging challenges faced by pastoral communities in different pastoral regions. It has been revealed from literature that the prevalent socio-political and economic stress on pastoralism caused by modernization, insecure land tenure, integration of market economy, civil insecurities and pastoralist's exclusion in states policies while ecological stress on pastoral activities emerged with increasing focus on nature conservation in pastoral regions and climate change induced hazards and disasters. As a consequence of these challenges, pastoral households are abandoning livestock herding–as a traditional way of life and are in continuous transition to transform their pastoral practices and institutions. Thus, the attention and consultation of key stakeholders are needed toward pastoral resource development that improve and sustain traditional pastoral practices in a socio-politically and ecologically stressed environment of the world.     

中国生态补偿的现状与趋势（英文）

生态补偿的内涵在国际上指的是生态系统服务付费,在国内一般被认为是以保护生态服务功能、促进人与自然和谐相处为目的,根据生态系统服务价值、生态保护成本、发展机会成本等,运用财政、税费、市场等手段,调节生态保护者、受益者和破坏者经济利益关系的一种制度安排。建立生态补偿机制,是建设生态文明的重要制度保障。在综合考虑生态保护成本、发展机会成本和生态服务价值的基础上,采取财政转移支付或市场交易等方式,对生态保护者给予合理补偿,对于实施主体功能区战略、确保生态服务的有效供给具有重要意义。我国现行生态补偿的财税机制主要包括纵向财政转移支付、横向财政转移支付和市场化模式三大类。通过总结我国生态补偿现状可以看出,我国已经初步形成了由中央森林生态效益补偿基金制度、草原生态补偿制度、重点生态功能区转移支付制度等构成的生态补偿制度框架。在该制度框架下,各地区、各部门积极探索生态补偿机制建设,在森林、草原、湿地、流域和水资源、矿产资源开发、海洋以及重点生态功能区等领域取得了重要进展。但总体来看,我国的生态补偿机制还没有根本确立,谁开发谁保护、谁受益谁补偿的利益调节格局还没有真正形成,对生态环境保护还没有充分发挥作用。今后生态补偿的发展趋势有:(1)生态补偿投入力度的增强;(2)政府责任的强化;(3)补偿方式的多元化发展;(4)制度体系建立。     

东北地区未来气候变化对农业气候资源的影响（英文）

In this study, the spatial distribution and changing trends of agricultural heat and precipitation resources in Northeast China were analyzed to explore the impacts of future climate changes on agroclimatic resources in the region. This research is based on the output meteorological data from the regional climate model system for Northeast China from 2005 to 2099, under low and high radiative forcing scenarios RCP4.5(low emission scenario) and RCP8.5(high emission scenario) as proposed in IPCC AR5. Model outputs under the baseline scenario, and RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios were assimilated with observed data from 91 meteorological stations in Northeast China from 1961 to 2010 to perform the analyses. The results indicate that:(1) The spatial distribution of temperature decreases from south to north, and the temperature is projected to increase in all regions, especially under a high emission scenario. The average annual temperature under the baseline scenario is 7.70°C, and the average annual temperatures under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 are 9.67°C and 10.66°C, respectively. Other agricultural heat resources change in accordance with temperature changes. Specifically, the first day with temperatures ≥10°C arrives 3 to 4 d earlier, the first frost date is delayed by 2 to 6 d, and the duration of the growing season is lengthened by 4 to 10 d, and the accumulated temperature increases by 400 to 700°C·d. Water resources exhibit slight but not significant increases.(2) While the historical temperature increase rate is 0.35°C/10 a, the rate of future temperature increase is the highest under the RCP8.5 scenario at 0.48°C/10 a, compared to 0.19°C/10 a under the RCP4.5 scenario. In the later part of this century, the trend of temperature increase is significantly faster under the RCP8.5 scenario than under the RCP4.5 scenario, with faster increases in the northern region. Other agricultural heat resources exhibit similar trends as temperature, but with different specific spatial distributions. Precipitation in the growing season generally shows an increasing but insignificant trend in the future, with relatively large yearly fluctuations. Precipitation in the eastern region is projected to increase, while a decrease is expected in the western region. The future climate in Northeast China will change towards higher temperature and humidity. The heat resource will increase globally, however its disparity with the change in precipitation may negatively affect agricultural activities.     

放牧对内蒙古草原植被群落特征的影响（英文）

近年来,畜牧业的持续增长导致了内蒙古草原生态系统的严重退化。以往的放牧实验表明,放牧对全球植被类型存在着广泛的影响,但目前仍然缺乏研究来识别区域特定植被群落对放牧的响应。本文对内蒙古不同类型草地在不同放牧强度和放牧时长下的植被盖度(VC)、植被密度(PD)、总生物量(TB)、地上生物量(AGB)、地下生物量(UGB)和Shannon-Weaver指数(SI)进行了Meta分析。结果表明,放牧显著降低了VC、TB、AGB、UGB和PD值。放牧对内蒙古草原生物量产生的负面影响高于全球而低于全国平均水平。在中等放牧强度和时长条件下,内蒙古草甸草原TB值补偿性生长增加了40%。荒漠草原和草甸草原的SI与放牧强度呈负相关。放牧期间AGB、PD和SI的变化百分比与试验年的平均气温呈二次方关系。随着试验年年平均降水量的增加,放牧对UGB和SI的负面影响先减小后增大,放牧对VC的负面影响呈三次方关系。