盾构近距离下穿对已建地铁隧道的位移影响及施工控制

通过对盾构近距离下穿杭州地铁1号线已建隧道施工过程进行监测,针对盾构近距离、小角度下穿对已建隧道位移的影响过程和特点,研究了盾构机与已建地铁隧道相对位置关系不同时,已建隧道的隆沉、水平位移及收敛位移变化规律。对盾构参数进行实时记录,通过反馈的已建隧道位移监测进一步优化盾构施工参数,合理盾构参数的设置可以有效控制既有隧道变形在允许范围内。已建隧道变形规律显示,盾构隧道在距离已建隧道20 m以外工况下,对上部已建隧道影响很小;盾构整个过程中已建隧道穿越交叉点竖向和水平位移变化过程大致经历5个阶段。     

交叉隧道施工中新建隧道周围复合地层与间距对既有隧道的沉降影响研究

沿海地区特别是广州地区地铁建设多在复合地层中进行盾构施工,开挖引起的地层沉降很难控制,如何防止大面积的地层沉降,保证既有建(构)物安全成为施工难题。基于此,本文提出了复合地层盾构施工的地质概化模型,运用三维有限元方法对交叉隧道盾构施工进行了建模分析,研究了不同的复合地层类型及不同的覆土厚度与间距下,新建隧道盾构正交下穿施工对既有隧道沉降的影响。结果表明,新建隧道在近似均一土层中下穿施工引起的既有隧道沉降最大,上软下硬地层次之,长距离硬岩段最小,沉降随土层弹性模量的增加而减小; 同时,既有隧道沉降随覆土厚度的增加而增大; 随隧道间距的增大而减小,当间距小于2倍衬砌外径时,既有隧道沉降较大,存在损坏的危险。最后,提出了相应的沉降控制对策。     

地铁盾构隧道下穿京津城际高速铁路影响分析

以北京地铁14号线马家堡东路站–永定门外大街站盾构区间隧道为背景,对隧道施工中的特级风险源--区间下穿京津城际铁路段的施工过程进行了三维仿真数值模拟。京津城际列车最大时速可达350 km/h,两轨面间的差异沉降不得大于5 mm,对地铁下穿段的施工提出了较高要求。数值模拟的计算结果表明,通过对下穿段一定范围内的土体进行注浆加固可以有效控制盾构隧道施工引起的既有铁路纵向和横向沉降及不均匀沉降,从而保证既有铁路安全运营不受影响;同时,计算获得的管片后注浆参数及盾构机内土舱压力为隧道设计、施工提供了重要的参考依据。     

三管并行盾构隧道近接施工纵向效应离心模型试验研究

结合上海轨道交通9号线R413标段三管并行盾构隧道下穿沪杭铁路段工程,通过模拟盾构隧道的地层损失的方法,进行了离心模型试验,研究了设置地层加固和不设置地层加固情况下三管并行盾构隧道近接施工时的衬砌内力纵向效应规律。试验结果表明,中间隧道施工时,受其影响左右隧道拱腰位置弯矩和轴力均出现较大变化,设置地层加固可以有效减小纵向效应的影响,但仍需注意在施工中加强盾构壁后注浆,设置纵向钢架以减小近接施工纵向效应对管片尤其是接头处的影响。     

天津软土地区盾构掘进对上方建筑物影响分析

以天津地铁2号线下穿多层建筑物的盾构隧道为例,建立了盾构下穿空旷场地以及下穿建筑物的有限元模型,计算结果与现场实测数据进行了对比验证。在此基础上分析了在天津软土地区盾构隧道施工对地表沉降及多层砌体结构建筑物差异沉降的影响,并对采用小应变土体本构模型与硬化土本构模型的计算结果进行比较。结果表明,采用小应变本构模型的地表最大沉降和横向沉降槽宽度与实测数据吻合良好。盾构斜下穿砌体结构房屋时,建筑物有偏向隧道轴线方向的倾斜,采用小应变土体本构模型的计算结果可以更好地反映建筑物的倾斜斜率的变化。因此,研究软土地区盾构掘进对上方建筑物沉降影响的精细化分析时应考虑土体小应变的影响。     

多线叠交盾构隧道近距离穿越施工扰动机制研究

多线叠交盾构隧道在地下空间内布置形式繁多,土体-隧道间相互作用机制复杂。针对多线叠交盾构垂直上穿、垂直下穿和上、下夹穿3种典型穿越施工形式,根据盾构隧道近距离施工的技术特点和控制要求,采用排液法重点分析了施工中因地层损失和开挖卸荷引起的地表沉降以及既有隧道纵向变形规律,并通过构建三维弹塑性有限元动态模型,与部分试验结果进行了对比验证。研究结果表明:上穿施工中,地表沉降较大,既有隧道均呈现上浮趋势;下穿施工时,地表沉降较小,既有隧道均呈现下沉趋势;先下后上穿越施工在各阶段引起的地表沉降变化均匀,最终地表沉降量相对较小;先上后下穿越施工时既有隧道变形曲线曲率大,既有隧道变形呈现反复震荡变化。成果可为类似多线叠交隧道工程的施工提供理论指导。     

南京地铁区间盾构隧道"下穿"玄武湖公路隧道施工的关键技术研究

针对南京地铁区间盾构隧道“下穿”玄武湖公路隧道的超近接施工力学行为,进行了三维有限元数值模拟研究。研究结果表明,对于玄武湖隧道这种“卸荷”型地下建筑物,在其下方修筑盾构隧道时不宜采用“加大推进力-快速通过”盾构施工模式。相反地,在距玄武湖隧道不低于6m处,为盾构机推进力量值切换点,应降低推进力-放慢掘进速度,并对玄武湖隧道底板进行监测,以保证超近接结构物的安全。     

浅埋盾构隧道水下岩溶处治与施工控制技术

长沙地铁5号线晚朝区间盾构下穿浏阳河,隧道覆土浅,洞身全风化砾岩及上部砂砾层工程性质较差。隧道底板中风化钙质砾岩中发育岩溶,溶腔最大高度达15.8 m,主要充填物为松散圆砾及砂土。盾构下穿施工前,通过搭建水上作业平台,采用快速可控袖阀管注浆技术,高效处治岩溶。盾构下穿施工过程中,面对浅覆土水下掘进、富水地层、底板发育岩溶及侧穿桥梁桩基的复杂条件下,采取多项关键技术,有效规避风险,工程顺利高效,相关技术经验值得借鉴参考。     

粉质黏土地层超大直径泥水盾构隧道地表变形与施工参数相关关系研究

本文以粉质黏土地层超大直径泥水盾构隧道为工程背景,分析了地表变形特征随盾构掘进参数的变化规律。并针对粉质黏土地层隧道施工监测数据进行分析,提出了超大直径泥水盾构下穿建构筑物的施工关键控制参数。研究结果表明:不同施工参数对地表变形的影响存在显著差异,注浆量相对最大,刀盘扭矩和贯入度相对次之,刀盘推力、泥水压力、注浆压力和掘进速度相对最小。注浆量对地表变形的影响随隧道埋深的变化而变化,当隧道埋深小于一倍洞径时,注浆量对地表变形影响相对较大;当隧道埋深大于一倍洞径时,注浆量对地表变形影响相对较小。刀盘推力与泥水压力、注浆压力以及水土压力之间存在较好的相关关系。当泥水压力比水土压力约大0.1 MPa,注浆压力比水土压力约大0.3MPa时,盾构下穿建构筑物造成的地表变形相对较小,盾构地质适应性得以显著优化。相关研究成果可为后续粉质黏土地层超大直径盾构隧道地表变形分析和施工参数优化等提供理论依据和技术支撑。     

盾构隧道下穿城市道路的路面沉降计算方法研究

随着我国城市化进程的不断推进,地下空间的开发和利用越来越受重视,特别是盾构隧道已成为工程建设的重要技术手段。而城市地下环境日趋复杂,市政隧道下穿既有道路的项目愈发常见,研究与之对应的土体位移预测方法对地下空间安全评估至关重要。借助弹性力学中薄壁圆筒的平面模型,构建相应的边界条件,推导出适用于有重地层浅埋圆截面土体沉降变形计算方法。以澳门纯钢纤维混凝土盾构隧道下穿友谊大马路工程为实例,并与不同收敛模式下随机介质理论进行对比验证。研究结果表明：理论公式与土体位移实测值吻合度较高,且略优于随机介质理论的计算结果。理论公式综合考虑了路基土体参数、隧道深径比及施工技术水平等因素的影响,计算结果合理可靠,可为盾构隧道下穿施工诱发土体位移预测提供重要的理论支持。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案（1999/30/EC）,对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10 μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提出了具体测定要求。     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Mountains,nations, parks,and conservation

Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km² and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

NEW SET OF LOW CONCENTRATION STANDARDS FOR LA, CE, SM, YB, LU, Y, SC, V, NB AND TA IN SILICATES

We have developed a set of four synthetic standards for the rare earth and high field strength elements designed for use in the determination of those elements in silicates. The base material is a glass nominally at the eutectic of the MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ ternary system. The nominal doping level was 2 wt% of the elements as oxides. To avoid problems associated with peak interference, the elements were doped in four separate glasses.