江陵凹陷沙钾3井古近系沙市组地球化学特征及成钾指示

在盐湖沉积演化过程中,钾镁盐在盐类矿物沉积的中晚期才开始结晶析出。因此,研究含盐系地层中盐类矿物的沉积地球化学特征,不仅可以从侧面获取岩盐的沉积物物质来源和成盐期古卤水蒸发浓缩程度等地球化学信息,而且可以直接揭示古盐湖期钾盐富集趋势及规律。目前,除在江陵凹陷的古近系沙市组等含盐系内发现了富钾卤水外,还在中-南部的钻孔盐矿盐岩中,发现了微量钾石盐和钾石膏,这些说明该凹陷古近纪具有成钾潜力。本文通过对SK3井蒸发岩特征研究及岩芯中K、Mg、Cl、Br离子含量与Br×103/Cl系数的垂向变化分析,揭示古盐湖浓缩演化与钾盐富集趋势,进一步揭示该层段沉积时期及所在凹陷古盐湖卤水钾的富集程度。     

中新生代盆地蒸发岩沉积旋回对比及库车盆地成钾探讨

新疆库车盆地古近纪—新近纪发育巨厚的蒸发岩沉积,古近纪蒸发岩沉积主要发生在盆地西部的拜城凹陷,新近纪吉迪克时期,蒸发岩沉积迁移至盆地东部的康村凹陷。根据剖面及钻井资料,利用蒸发岩沉积旋回,对欧洲莱茵地堑盆地、库车盆地、云南兰坪_思茅盆地、江汉盆地、大汶口等盆地蒸发岩沉积特征进行分析和对比。结合蒸发岩沉积背景及库车盆地钻井资料,对库车盆地成钾影响因素、成钾可能性、成钾层位进行了探讨。研究认为,库车盆地的次级构造单元拜城凹陷、康村凹陷具有成钾的能力,钾盐层应位于Ⅰ₂、Ⅰ₄蒸发岩沉积旋回的上部。对比研究显示,库车盆地具有成钾的远景和潜力。     

Rietveld定量方法在蒸发岩矿物组分分析中的精确度评价和误差来源

Rietveld物相定量分析(RQPA)方法在地质学中已有大量应用,在蒸发岩定量分析中,对精确度的评价和误差控制是提高分析质量的重要因素。本文对人工配制和野外采集的样品(石膏和钾盐)进行RQPA分析,并与化学分析结果对比,评价其精确度并分析其主要的误差来源。结果表明:人工配制的氯化钠-氯化钾二元物相的绝对误差为0.4%~0.9%;氯化钠-氯化钾-碳酸钙三元物相的绝对误差为0.1%~1.2%;二元物相样品10次分析的标准偏差为0.702%,相对标准偏差为1.74%(氯化钾)和1.17%(氯化钠);野外采集的石膏和钾盐样品的RQPA分析结果与化学分析结果具有很好的一致性。表明RQPA方法在蒸发岩矿物组分定量分析中具有较高的精确度,其误差主要来源于样品性质、样品制备、测试条件和精修过程等。RQPA方法具有减弱择优取向效应、无需纯样以及提高数据利用率等优点,与化学分析技术联用在蒸发岩矿产勘探、储量评价以及工业应用中具有广泛的前景。     

构造与气候对江陵凹陷古近系蒸发盐沉积的耦合作用

江陵凹陷古近系厚层蒸发盐对区域构造和气候变化的响应机制仍然不明确。本文基于获取的江陵凹陷深钻SKD1岩芯和已有的研究资料,探讨了江陵凹陷古近系蒸发盐的矿物特征以及成盐环境,重建了蒸发盐的时空分布演化。研究结果表明,沙市组时期构造活动强烈,较快的沉降速率以及极端暖旱的气候使蒸发盐首先在凹陷北部沉积;新沟咀组下段沉积时,构造活动减弱,季节性干旱气候以及沉降中心向西南方向迁移等诸多因素共同导致膏盐岩在凹陷南部沉积,进一步指示在南部次级洼陷中找钾的前景。     

江陵凹陷古新统光卤石的发现及其钾盐找矿意义

通过薄片鉴定和XRD等分析,在江陵凹陷古新统发现光卤石矿物,单层厚度达23cm,经化学分析该层含光卤石石盐岩中光卤石含量为1.6%。光卤石在江陵凹陷古新统有两种产出状态:一种是被包裹在石盐岩内,呈颗粒状分布,粒度大小0.1~0.5mm;另一种是充填硬石膏孔隙中,粒度大小0.1~0.2mm。经石盐包裹体测温、碳氧同位素和元素地球化学研究,确定了江陵凹陷古新统时期的古气候属于"暖旱"型。江陵凹陷古近纪时期属于裂谷型小盆地,构造期沉降较大,盆地封闭性良好,同时期火山活动频繁,为凹陷带来丰富的成矿物质,火山期后的温热泉水补给同样也为凹陷带来丰富的成矿物质;裂谷的某些部分与大洋沟通,接受海水补给。这样的构造条件、物质条件与古近纪时期的干旱气候相互耦合,出现光卤石沉积。江陵凹陷古新统光卤石发现,说明在该时期江陵凹陷卤水已演化到析出钾盐阶段,具有重要找钾指示意义。     

江陵凹陷早始新世石盐流体包裹体均一温度研究及其古气候意义

近年来江陵凹陷因深层富钾卤水及钾盐矿物的发现受到各界的关注。而钾盐的形成与古环境有着密切的联系。本文通过石盐包裹体均一温度的研究,对江陵凹陷早始新世古气候进行了初步探讨,力求为确定江陵凹陷成钾有利期提供一定依据。通过对石盐样品中的单一液相流体包裹体采用冷冻法进行均一温度测定,测温结果显示其均一温度范围是14.9~32.3℃,均值23.7℃,且各样品间温度数据波动不大。由此说明,江陵凹陷早始新世新沟嘴组中段的古气温较高,且比较稳定,属于温暖干旱的气候。此外,还通过分析比对前人研究成果,发现该区域古气温自沙市组至新沟嘴组下段有明显降低的趋势,这可能与古新世—始新世极热事件(PETM)之后的降温期有关。     

思茅盆地下白垩统蒸发岩硫同位素地球化学特征及其钾盐成矿意义

关于思茅盆地下白垩统勐野井组蒸发岩主要物源为海水的认识争议很少,但是关于其成矿时代和成矿模式的认识还有争议,关于陆源淡水对蒸发岩物质成分的影响还缺乏探讨。本文主要通过分析盆地内L2井27件蒸发岩样品的化学成分和硫同位素地球化学特征,结合邻区已发表的硫同位素数据,探讨了蒸发岩的物质来源、陆源淡水对蒸发岩物质成分的影响、成盐时代以及可能的钾盐成矿模式。结果表明:(1)思茅盆地蒸发岩受陆源淡水和火山热液补给,其中陆源淡水补给使蒸发岩硫同位素明显低于同一地质时期的其他海相样品;(2)海水可能自现今盆地北西方向补给,一级周期上海水补给存在两次,二级周期上海水补给至少存在七次;(3)物源海水的时代为中侏罗世,沉积析盐的时代为早白垩世晚期,可能的钾盐成矿模式为中侏罗世海水侧向迁移成矿。这些结果对解释思茅盆地及邻区海相蒸发岩异常低的硫同位素值、高硫同位素值与中侏罗世海水相当以及钾盐成矿缺失"碳酸盐岩相和硫酸盐岩相"有重要的意义。     

库车前陆盆地古近纪—新近纪盐湖环境变迁及其成钾效应探讨

库车前陆盆地古近纪—新近纪发育巨厚的蒸发岩沉积。古新世, 盐湖沉积主要集中在库车盆地西部拜城凹陷的中东部; 始新世, 盐湖沉积扩展至整个拜城凹陷, 沉积中心和蒸发浓缩中心位于其北部; 渐新世, 盐湖沉积仍然分布于拜城凹陷, 但沉积和浓缩中心已从北部迁移到南部, 改变了此前“南浅北深”的箕状盆地构造格局; 中新世, 盆地沉积中心已从西部的拜城凹陷转移到东部的阳霞凹陷, 盐湖沉积区也随之迁移到东部, 浓缩中心呈串珠状分布。库车前陆盆地古近纪—新近纪环境变迁显示, 盆地次级凹陷的发育、迁移明显受控于盆地构造演化; 而盆地构造活动在制约盐湖岩相古地理面貌(沉积中心、物质来源与浓缩中心等)变迁的同时, 亦对盐湖晚期富钾卤水的再汇集过程具有明显的控制作用, 进而对随后可能的钾盐沉积起到决定性作用。进一步分析表明, 库车前陆盆地古近系—新近系蒸发岩序列中钾离子在横向上的富集势亦明显受控于这一时期盆地岩相古地理的变迁, 即在盐岩沉积面积、厚度大的凹地出现钾离子相对富集。而西部拜城凹陷, 钻孔(始新统)盐岩岩屑的钾离子含量从下向上逐渐增高的趋势, 峰值分别为1.07%、1.43%、3.05%; 东部凹陷钻孔(中新统)盐岩岩屑钾离子含量由下向上亦呈增高趋势, 最低值0.008%, 最高值为0.152%等证据表明, 地层中钾离子纵向上的富集趋势, 则正是始于对岩相古地理面貌变迁的地球化学响应。综上所述, 认为库车前陆盆地具有钾盐成矿远景: 始新世时期, 库车盆地西部凹陷的蒸发浓缩中心区成钾远景相对较好; 中新世时期, 有利的成钾区可能转移到东部凹陷的浓缩中心区。     

加拿大萨斯喀彻温亚盆地某钾盐矿地质特征及其成因探讨

加拿大萨斯喀彻温亚盆地某矿区含钾盐矿层的属性母岩——草原蒸发岩具有良好的连续性,深度通常小于960m。矿石品级相对较高,K_2O舍量在9.26%~58.20%。草原蒸发岩内含有三个钾盐成矿段,分别为耐心湖(Patience Lake)含钾岩段、贝尔平原(Belle Prairie)含钾岩段、埃斯特黑齐(Esterhazy)含钾岩段。根据萨省的地球物理测井资料得出的钾盐厚度和品位数据,以及萨省政府最近发布的评估萨省钾盐资源潜力的资料,作者研究整理了萨省某区的地震、钻孔数据,预测了某区的优先勘探靶区,并对该地区的钾盐矿床地质成因做了初步探讨。     

北羌塘坳陷中侏罗统夏里组蒸发岩硫同位素特征及其钾盐成矿意义

羌塘盆地是一个资源丰富的含蒸发岩盆地。为进一步探讨盆地内蒸发岩原始物源、沉积环境以及钾盐资源的成矿潜力,文章分析了北羌塘坳陷QY-1井37件中侏罗统夏里组硬石膏岩样品的硫同位素特征。结果表明：(1) QY-1井硬石膏岩的硫同位素值介于11.76‰～15.96‰,主峰值区间为15.0‰～16.0‰,平均值为15.16‰,与中侏罗世海水相比偏小,相对较低的硫同位素值指示存在陆源淡水补给蒸发盆地;(2)硫同位素值分布范围非常集中,98%的样品硫同位素值介于14.0‰～16.0‰。稳定的硫同位素值指示硬石膏沉积期及成岩后未遭受微生物的改造,沉积和成岩环境的氧化还原电位较高;(3)北羌塘坳陷地表盐泉水具有与夏里组硬石膏岩相一致的硫同位素特征,这表明盐泉水在地下运移时可能溶解了地层中的石膏沉积。再结合沉积学、矿物学、古地磁学等研究成果,笔者综合判断北羌塘坳陷具有良好的钾盐成矿条件和远景。     

东营凹陷沙四段盐湖的深水成因模式

东营凹陷下第三系沙四段广泛发育的蒸发岩类与暗色泥、页岩和深水浊积砂体呈现明显韵律层,为厚度达千米的盐湖沉积。通过分析了该地区蒸发岩地层的沉积特征和沉积条件,认为东营凹陷沙四段蒸发岩类的物质基础是深层卤水 深部古老地层中的盐类物质是其盐源 凹陷中北部的同沉积深大断裂是沟通凹陷与地壳深部盐类物质的通道。在此基础上提出东营凹陷沙四段盐湖的深水成因模式,可与东非裂谷基伍湖和东濮凹陷下第三系深水成因盐湖对比。     

Petroleum Potential of the Amu Dar'ya Province,Western Uzbekistan and Eastern Turkmenistan

The Amu Dar'ya gas-oil province coincides with a Mesozoic and Cenozoic sag basin that developed on an intermontane depression filled largely by Permian-Triassic redbeds and volcanics. The stratigraphic section of the basin is divided into two parts by an extensive evaporite deposit of Kimmeridgian age. The section below the evaporite consists of Lower-Middle Jurassic clastic rocks overlain by reef-bearing carbonate rocks of Callovian and Oxfordian age. The upper Jurassic and Cretaceous-Paleogene section consists largely of clastic rocks. Structurally the province is a mosaic of highs and lows controlled by basement faults. The Kimmeridgian evaporite is a regional seal for numerous pools in the Callovian- Oxfordian carbonate rocks. In the border areas of the province where the evaporite is not present, the hydrocarbons have migrated farther upward to collect in Lower Cretaceous traps. Prospects for further discovery are excellent in most parts of the province, but are particularly favorable in carbonate reef buildups in the southeastern part of the province.     

Tectonic control for evaporite formation in Wuyang Sag,Southern North China Basin

There is a wide distribution of thick evaporites in the He21 and He1 Members of the Wuyang Sag, Southern North China Basin. Based on drilling data, previous researchers have analyzed the formation mechanism of evaporites in Wuyang Sag, and considered that their origination stems from the insufficient provenance and dry climate of the area. However, other researchers have suggested that the Qinling-Dabie Mountains, on the southern part of Wuyang Sag, acted as a stable source material throughout the deposition period of the sag. These contrasting hypotheses indicate that further investigation is needed to clearly identify the evaporite genesis mechanism in Wuyang Sag. Using both seismic and geologic data, this paper analyzes the impact of the uplift structure of the Wuyan Sag area on evaporite formation. This analysis is based on restoration of the southern boundary of the sag in the deposition period with respect to the largest strike-slip fault. Taking the erosion of the lower Tertiary strata at the southern boundary of the sag (greatest tectonic activity) as the starting point of this study, and the movement of the NW strike-slip fault at the eastern part of the sag, the following conclusions were drawn: (1) The end stage of deposition of the He22 Member of the Hetaoyuan Formation was an important period in the base level transition for the Wuyang Sag. During the depositional period from the He3 Member to the He22 Member, the sag gradually expanded as the base level was rising. In the depositional period from the He21 Member to the He1 Member, the sag gradually shrank, and the base level was lowered due to the influence of structural uplift. In the meantime, inside the sag, the left-lateral strike-slip fault at the basement became active again and caused the eastern area of the strike-slip fault to be uplifted in the depositional period from the He21 Member to deposition of the Liaozhuang Formation. (2) The structure uplift during the depositional period from the He3 Member to the He22 Member blocked part of the provenance to infill the Wuyang Sag. Therefore, this activity resulted the sag becoming closed or semi-closed, leading to the deposition of evaporites.     

柴达木盆地北缘东段石炭系残留分布及控制因素

柴达木盆地北缘东段石炭系是侏罗系之外的另一套有利生烃层系,针对前人“石炭系为广泛分布于柴达木盆地各残留凹陷”的普遍认识与实际钻探不相符的矛盾,笔者充分利用野外地质调查、钻井、地震、电法等成果资料,通过露头引层、钻井标定、地震相与速度谱识别等方法手段,进行了石炭系顶底界面的追踪解释,重新厘定了柴北缘东段石炭系残留地层分布,并通过平衡剖面恢复分析了自古生代以来的构造演化特征及其对石炭系残留分布的控制作用。结果表明,柴达木盆地东部石炭系平面上残留分布于西段的尕丘凹陷和东段的欧南、霍布逊、德令哈等凹陷,发育尕丘、欧南、霍布逊等多个厚度中心;西段尕西-鱼卡凹陷、马海大红沟凸起、大柴旦凹陷、红山-小柴旦凹陷等基本无石炭系残留;印支末期构造运动造成不同构造单元的差异隆升剥蚀是控制石炭系残留分布及其厚度差异的主要因素,燕山晚期和喜山晚期构造运动造成残留分布的分隔性较强。     

珠江口盆地恩平凹陷恩平组物源体系分析及未来大洋钻探建议

物源体系分析是沉积盆地特征分析的重要内容，为进一步阐明珠江口盆地恩平凹陷恩平组的沉积特征和物源体系，本文拟利用恩平凹陷的三维地震资料和钻井数据，通过古生物环境分析和锆石U- Pb定年等方法，并借助地震剖面中古沟谷的识别、前积反射结构、地震多属性分析结果和沉积相带平面分布特征，对恩平凹陷恩平组物源体系特征进行综合分析。研究结果表明，恩平组PSQ1～PSQ2时期表现位明显的陆相湖盆特征，物源主要为珠江口盆地内隆起的古生代变质岩和中生代火成岩基底，少量来源于北部华南褶皱带的元古宙变质岩；随着PSQ3时期断层活动逐渐停止，湖平面不断上升，华南褶皱带物源供给能力明显增强，逐渐成为恩平凹陷主要物源。鉴于目前南海北部缺少陆相湖盆地层的完整岩芯剖面，制约了南海北部裂陷期构造- 沉积耦合研究并影响了该地区的油气勘探，建议下一步在南海北部陆相沉积盆地(如珠江口盆地)开展大洋钻探工作，以便获取更连续、时间精度更高，受风化作用影响更小的陆相湖盆地层的完整岩芯剖面。这不仅有利于指导下一步油气勘探，也可通过重建陆相沉积盆地不同地质历史时期的沉积变化过程，为了解古气候状态和预测未来气候变化提供重要依据。     

二连盆地早燕山期构造体制及原型盆地推测

本文在已有区域地质调查成果的基础上,通过钻井资料分析和三维地震资料的构造解析,确定二连盆地区及周缘侏罗系的分布存在两种型式:“叠合型”和“非叠合型”,其中前者分布在二连盆地区内;后者分布在盆地北部区域(以乌里雅思太凹陷为代表)和盆地周缘的露头区,并受“三纵四横”构造格架的控制.二连盆地区早燕山期处在南北向挤压和滨太平洋...     

渤海湾盆地大歧口凹陷新生代构造演化与盆地原型

大歧口凹陷位于渤海湾盆地黄骅坳陷中北部,是中新生代叠合盆地中新生界沉积最厚的凹陷。本文基于大量二维、三维地震剖面和钻井资料,从凹陷主控断裂活动性、沉积沉降中心分布和构造格架等方面,侧重对大歧口凹陷新生代构造演化过程和原型盆地类型进行研究。认为:1)大歧口凹陷构造单元有4级,凹陷具有"东西分带、南北分块"的平面构造格局和北断南超箕状断陷的剖面结构。2)凹陷内断裂有4级,主要断裂的规模、活动期次和断裂活动具有演化的阶段性和空间的迁移性,典型构造带活动性具有由北往南迁移的特点。3)新生代期间整个大歧口凹陷的沉积沉降中心均在东部海域的歧口主凹内,但整体具有往南迁移的趋势。4)凹陷经历了拓展裂谷、拉分断陷、箕状断陷和碟状坳陷4个构造演化阶段,断陷阶段在整个构造演化时期意义重大,且具有走滑拉分特点。故认为大歧口凹陷原型盆地是一种"板内拉分盆地"。     

北部湾盆地福山凹陷古近系流沙港组层序地层样式及其研究意义

为探究北部湾盆地福山凹陷古近系流沙港组层序地层样式,运用钻井、测井、地震等资料,建立了流沙港组等时层序地层格架,在此基础上,综合考虑构造活动、盆缘背景、物源供给等影响因素,并结合福山凹陷在不同构造部位、不同层段以及层序发育的时空差异性特点,将流沙港组层序构成样式总结为4种:断控陡坡型、多级断阶带型、挠曲坡折带型和斜坡型.通过对以上层序样式特征及其内部沉积特点的研究,总结了在不同层序构成样式控制下发育的油气藏圈闭类型,为福山凹陷油气藏勘探提供了重要的指导意义.      

Evaporites through time: Tectonic,climatic and eustatic controls in marine and nonmarine deposits

Throughout geological time, evaporite sediments form by solar-driven concentration of a surface or nearsurface brine. Large, thick and extensive deposits dominated by rock-salt (mega-halite) or anhydrite (mega-sulfate) deposits tend to be marine evaporites and can be associated with extensive deposits of potash salts (mega-potash). Ancient marine evaporite deposition required particular climatic, eustatic or tectonic juxtapositions that have occurred a number of times in the past and will so again in the future. Ancient marine evaporites typically have poorly developed Quaternary counterparts in scale, thickness, tectonics and hydrology. When mega-evaporite settings were active within appropriate arid climatic and hydrological settings then huge volumes of seawater were drawn into the subsealevel evaporitic depressions. These systems were typical of regions where the evaporation rates of ocean waters were at their maximum, and so were centred on the past latitudinal equivalents of today's horse latitudes. But, like today's nonmarine evaporites, the location of marine Phanerozoic evaporites in zones of appropriate adiabatic aridity and continentality extended well into the equatorial belts.Exploited deposits of borate, sodium carbonate (soda-ash) and sodium sulfate (salt-cake) salts, along with evaporitic sediments hosting lithium-rich brines require continental–meteoric not marine-fed hydrologies. Plots of the world's Phanerozoic and Neoproterozoic evaporite deposits, using a GIS base, shows that Quaternary evaporite deposits are poor counterparts to the greater part of the world's Phanerozoic evaporite deposits. They are only directly relevant to same-scale continental hydrologies of the past and, as such, are used in this paper to better understand what is needed to create beds rich in salt-cake, soda-ash, borate and lithium salts. These deposits tend be Neogene and mostly occur in suprasealevel hydrographically-isolated (endorheic) continental intermontane and desert margin settings that are subject to the pluvial–interpluvial oscillations of Neogene ice-house climates. When compared to ancient marine evaporites, today's marine-fed subsealevel deposits tend to be small sea-edge deposits, their distribution and extent is limited by the current ice-house driven eustasy and a lack of appropriate hydrographically isolated subsealevel tectonic depressions.For the past forty years, Quaternary continental lacustrine deposit models have been applied to the interpretation of ancient marine evaporite basins without recognition of the time-limited nature of this type of comparison. Ancient mega-evaporite deposits (platform and/or basinwide deposits) require conditions of epeiric seaways (greenhouse climate) and/or continent–continent proximity. Basinwide evaporite deposition is facilitated by continent–continent proximity at the plate tectonic scale (Late stage E through stage B in the Wilson cycle). This creates an isostatic response where, in the appropriate arid climate belt, large portions of the collision suture belt or the incipient opening rift can be subsealevel, hydrographically isolated (a marine evaporite drawdown basin) and yet fed seawater by a combination of ongoing seepage and occasional marine overflow. Basinwide evaporite deposits can be classified by their tectonic setting into: convergent (collision basin), divergent (rift basin; prerift, synrift and postrift) and intracratonic settings.Ancient platform evaporites can be a subset of basinwide deposits, especially in intracratonic sag basins, or part of a widespread epeiric marine platform fill. In the latter case they tend to form mega-sulfate deposits and are associated with hydrographically isolated marine fed saltern and evaporitic mudflat systems in a greenhouse climatic setting. The lower amplitude 4 and 5th order marine eustatic cycles and the greater magnitude of marine freeboard during greenhouse climatic periods encourages deposition of marine platform mega-sulfates. Platform mega-evaporites in intracratonic settings are typically combinations of halite and sulfate beds.     

Geochemical analysis of evaporite sedimentation in the Gachsaran Formation,Zeloi oil field,southwest Iran

In this study, the paleo-sedimentary depositional environment of the Gachsaran Formation and the Asmari reservoir cap rock (i.e., the stratigraphically lowest member of the Gachsaran Formation) was investigated from elemental geochemical data and mineralogical data obtained XRF and SEM analyses, respectively, of anhydrite samples collected from two oil wells in the Zeloi oil field in southwestern Iran. The present data reveal that arid conditions and cycles of transgression–regression of the sea contributed to the formation of evaporite sequences of the Gachsaran Formation in a coastal sabkha-lagoon basin that was partly closed to the sea. This interpretation was based on synthesis of statistical correlation analysis the geochemical data, chemostratigraphic correlation of geochemical ratios, and textural analysis of salts observed in SEM images.