Remigration of ground-penetrating radar data

Optimal electromagnetic wave propagation velocities and subsurface images for ground-penetrating radar (GPR) data can be specified by using an imaging scanning method. In addition to time-migrating the unmigrated GPR section, we remigrate the already time-migrated section by a one-step remigration operator using different velocities. This creates many time-migrated images for different constant migration velocities. In this way, the computation time for time-migration is very much reduced. Time-migrated reflector images `propagate' when the constant migration velocity is continuously changed. For this `propagation' there exists a wave-equation-type partial differential equation. Each time-migrated section can thus be viewed as a snapshot for a certain migration velocity. The time-migrated reflector images behave like `waves', called image waves. This is applied to real GPR data acquired over a concrete body within which a steel cable frame is buried. The method produces a quick velocity scan to find a reliable migration velocity leading to the best time-migrated image.     

双向单排配筋中高剪力墙抗震性能试验研究

双向单排配筋剪力墙结构适用于多层住宅结构。本文进行了1个普通双向双排配筋混凝土中高剪力墙、2个双向单排配筋混凝土中高剪力墙和1个带暗支撑双向单排配筋混凝土中高剪力墙的低周反复荷载试验,以研究双向单排配筋混凝土中高剪力墙的抗震性能及暗支撑对这种新型墙体结构的作用。较系统地分析了其承载力、刚度及其退化过程、延性、耗能、破坏机制和破坏特征等。试验表明,经过合理设计,这种双向单排配筋混凝土中高剪力墙可以满足多层住宅结构抗震要求。     

一般大气环境下钢筋锈蚀深度的RBF神经网络预测模型研究

钢筋锈蚀深度预测是评估在役RC结构服役性能的基础。为建立一般大气环境RC构件中钢筋锈蚀深度预测模型,通过收集实测数据,分析影响钢筋锈蚀深度的主要参数及其影响规律,继而基于实测数据建立数值模型和RBF神经网络预测模型,并进行参数敏感性分析。研究结果表明:与数值模型相比,RBF神经网络对钢筋锈蚀深度预测效率与精度更高,能够有效映射各影响参数与钢筋锈蚀深度之间复杂的非线性关系。参数敏感性分析结果显示,钢筋混凝土表面锈胀裂缝宽度对钢筋锈蚀深度影响最大,钢筋直径、保护层厚度与钢筋直径之比和混凝土抗压强度等其他因素影响次之。所得模型可用于工程检测中钢筋锈蚀程度预测与RC构筑物剩余服役寿命评估。     

Determination of reservoir induced earthquake using support vector machine and gaussian process regression

The prediction of magnitude (M) of reservoir induced earthquake is an important task in earthquake engineering. In this article, we employ a Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Gaussian Process Regression (GPR) for prediction of reservoir induced earthquake M based on reservoir parameters. Comprehensive parameter (E) and maximum reservoir depth (H) are considered as inputs to the SVM and GPR. We give an equation for determination of reservoir induced earthquake M. The developed SVM and GPR have been compared with the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) method. The results show that the developed SVM and GPR are efficient tools for prediction of reservoir induced earthquake M.     

双向单排配筋混凝土低矮剪力墙抗震性能试验研究

双向单排配筋混凝土低矮剪力墙适用于多层住宅结构。对4个原型的剪跨比为1.0配筋混凝土低矮剪力墙进行了低周反复荷载试验研究,包括1个双向双排配筋混凝土低矮剪力墙和3个双向单排配筋混凝土低矮剪力墙。其中1个双向单排配筋混凝土低矮剪力墙加设暗支撑,用以研究暗支撑对这种新型墙体的作用。在试验研究的基础上,对比分析了各剪力墙的刚度及其衰减过程、承载力、延性、滞回特征、耗能能力及破坏特征。试验表明,经过合理设计,这种双向单排配筋混凝土低矮剪力墙可以满足多层住宅结构抗震要求。     

三层单排配筋剪力墙结构抗震性能试验研究

为了对双排配筋剪力墙和单排配筋剪力墙的抗震性能进行对比研究,本文设计了1个1／3缩尺的三层混凝土剪力墙结构模型,模型的一侧墙体为双向双排配筋,另一侧墙体为双向单排配筋。对其进行了低周反复荷载下的抗震性能试验研究,分析了其承载力、延性、刚度及其退化过程、滞回特性、耗能能力和破坏特征。研究表明：在墙体的配筋率相同情况下,由于单排配筋墙体钢筋的间距相对于双排配筋墙体钢筋间距小,其首先约束混凝土裂缝的几率更大,其平面内的抗震性能优于双排配筋剪力墙;由于剪力墙的翼缘和腹板共同工作,单排配筋剪力墙平面外的性能也可满足多层剪力墙结构设计的要求。     

A three dimensional approach for tracking cracks in bridges using GPR

Corrosion associated with reinforcing bars is the most significant contributor to bridge deficiencies. The corrosion is usually caused by moisture and chloride ion exposure. The reinforcing bars are attacked by corrosion and yield expansive corrosion products. These oxidation products occupy a larger volume than the original intact steel and internal expansive stresses lead to cracking and debonding. There are some conventional inspection methods for the detection of the reinforcing bar's corrosion but they can be invasive and destructive, often laborious, and lane closure is required and it is difficult or unreliable for any quantification of corrosion. For these reasons, bridge engineers always prefer more to use the ground penetrating radar (GPR) technique. In this work a novel numerical approach for three dimensional tracking and mapping of cracks in the bridge is proposed. The work starts from some interesting results based on the use of the 3D imaging technique in order to improve the potentiality of the GPR to detect voids, cracks or buried objects. The numerical approach has been tested on data acquired on a bridge by using a pulse GPR system specifically designed for bridge deck and pavement inspection. The equipment integrates two arrays of Ultra Wide Band ground coupled antennas, having a main working frequency of 2 GHz. The two arrays are using antennas arranged with a different polarization. The cracks, associated often to moisture increase and higher values of the dielectric constant, produce a not negligible increase of the signal amplitude. Following this, the algorithm, organized in preprocessing, processing and postprocessing stages, analyzes the signal by comparing the value of the amplitude all over the domain of the radar scan.     

HRB500级钢筋网轻骨料混凝土剪力墙抗震性能研究

我国混凝土结构工程中目前应用的非预应力钢筋强度为300~400MPa,比发达国家低1~2个等级,结构材料用量偏大,消耗了过多的资源和能源。通过拟静力试验,对两片HRB500级钢筋网轻骨料混凝剪力墙分别进行了在低周期反复荷载作用下受力性能的研究,观测了墙体的整个破坏过程,分析了墙体的强度、底部剪切变形和抗震性能。试验及分析表明,剪力墙具有较大的延性和耗能能力,为HRB500级钢筋用作抗震剪力墙的分布筋提供了试验依据。     

考虑锈蚀损伤的黏结滑移本构模型

为合理反映钢筋锈蚀后黏结滑移性能劣化对钢筋混凝土(RC)结构抗震性能的影响,在既有黏结应力分布模式的基础上,推导得到钢筋应力-滑移关系,进而通过分析锈蚀对混凝土与钢筋界面黏结滑移机理的影响,建立考虑钢筋锈蚀损伤的黏结滑移本构模型。基于已有拉拔试验结果,与仅考虑纵筋锈蚀率影响的Cheng模型进行对比,验证所建模型的合理性与准确性。基于OpenSees有限元平台,采用纤维梁柱单元和零长度截面单元串联的方式,将所建钢筋黏结滑移模型嵌套于零长度截面单元的钢筋本构中,建立可考虑黏黏结滑移的锈蚀损伤纤维梁柱模型,并通过6根锈蚀RC柱拟静力试验结果验证模型的准确性,结果发现所提考虑黏结滑移的锈蚀RC纤维梁柱模型计算所得滞回曲线与试验滞回曲线吻合良好,累计耗能最大误差不超过15%。此外,通过参数分析研究影响锈蚀钢筋滑移量的因素,结果表明屈服滑移量与极限滑移量随体积配箍率的增大而明显减小,随混凝土保护层与钢筋直径之比(c/d)增大而变化的幅度较小。     

Multichannel analysis of surface wave method with the autojuggie

The shear (S)-wave velocity of near-surface materials and its effect on seismic-wave propagation are of fundamental interest in many engineering, environmental, and groundwater studies. The multichannel analysis of surface wave (MASW) method provides a robust, efficient, and accurate tool to observe near-surface S-wave velocity. A recently developed device used to place large numbers of closely spaced geophones simultaneously and automatically (the ‘autojuggie’) is shown here to be applicable to the collection of MASW data. In order to demonstrate the use of the autojuggie in the MASW method, we compared high-frequency surface-wave data acquired from conventionally planted geophones (control line) to data collected in parallel with the automatically planted geophones attached to steel bars (test line). The results demonstrate that the autojuggie can be applied in the MASW method. Implementation of the autojuggie in very shallow MASW surveys could drastically reduce the time required and costs incurred in such surveys.     

Investigating alluvial and tectonic features with ground-penetrating radar and analyzing diffractions patterns

Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) experiments were conducted on a Quaternary sedimentary (made up of gravel, sand and loess) site to image the structures and tectonic features. Two sets of antennae, 50 and 100 MHz, have been tested in a water saturated alluvial deposits (mostly sand and gravel). The 100 MHz antennae provided adequate penetration depth and allowed better lateral continuity and resolution of the subsurface targets than the 50 MHz antennae. Results show that most of GPR data are contaminated by strong diffraction hyperbolae caused by above-ground objects near the survey line. Therefore, it is very important to recognize the diffractions through air and not to confuse them with the reflections from underground geologic features. Despite the air diffraction problem, the GPR data allow us to prospect subsurface sedimentary and tectonic structures. Water table, channels and meander bars are observed on GPR data. Most of these observations are correlated with borehole and trench data.     

机载探地雷达的进展以及数值模拟

机载探地雷达可能解决危险环境或广域条件下的近地表探测问题,用于解决环境、生态或军事方面的问题.然而由于种种原因,该技术的发展却显得比较慢.为了推进该技术的发展,本文介绍了目前世界范围内机载探地雷达的进展,并利用时间域有限差分法对一些典型模型进行数值模拟,并用特定的偏移成像方法对模拟结果进行成像.目前存在的机载探地雷达主要有三种类型:第一种为将常规探地雷达天线悬挂在直升飞机上,第二种为针对机载探地雷达开发的雷达系统,第三种为具有探地能力的合成孔径雷达.数值模拟结果表明,不管是水平地面的情况下,还是起伏界面的情况下,机载探地雷达都能清楚探测一定深度范围内的地下目标.可见,机载探地雷达是存满希望的一种方法.     

Cyclic Displacement Model for Reinforced Concrete Columns

Reinforced concrete (RC) structures in low to moderate seismic regions and many older RC structures in high seismic regions include columns with steel reinforcement details not meeting the requirements of modern seismic design codes. These columns typically fail in shear or in a brittle manner and their behavior must be accurately captured when RC structures are modeled and analyzed. The total lateral displacement of a low ductility or shear critical RC column can be represented as the sum of three displacement components: (1) flexural displacement, (2) displacement due to slippage of the reinforcing bars at column ends, and (3) shear displacement. In this study, these three displacement components are separately modeled and then combined together following a proposed procedure based on the expected overall behavior of the column and its failure mechanism. A simplified slip model is proposed. The main objective of this research is to develop an easy-to-apply method to model and capture the cyclic behavior of RC columns considering the shear failure mechanism. The proposed model is validated using the available data from RC column and frame experiments.     

An efficient fiber beam-column element considering flexure–shear interaction and anchorage bond-slip effect for cyclic analysis of RC structures

In this paper, a fiber beam-column element considering flexure–shear interaction and bond-slip effect is developed for cyclic analysis of reinforced concrete (RC) structures. The element is based on conventional displacement-based Timoshenko beam theory, where the transverse shear deformation is included, and adopts the fiber model to describe the section force–deformation behavior. In the fiber model, shear deformation is assumed to be uniformly distributed along the section and is only resisted by concrete, thus the multi-dimensional concrete damage model is used for concrete fibers and therefore flexure–shear interaction is reflected naturally at the material level. Meanwhile, to account for the significant bond-slip effect at critical regions, the anchorage slip of bars at these regions is analytically derived. Then it is used to modify the uniaxial stress–strain model for steel fibers by assuming that the total strain can be treated as the sum of the bar deformation and anchorage slip, therefore the bond-slip effect is implicitly but simply represented. To validate the proposed element, a series of RC member and structure tests under cyclic loading are simulated. The results indicate that the proposed element can predict cyclic responses of RC structures, and can be used as a reliable tool for analysis of RC structures.     

高强钢筋ECC-RC复合桥梁地震易损性分析

考虑高强钢筋、ECC等高性能材料在桥梁工程中的推广应用,针对普通钢筋混凝土桥墩抗震性能相对较差的情况,研究高强钢筋ECC-RC复合桥墩的桥梁抗震性能。通过OpenSees平台建立普通RC桥墩桥梁、ECC-RC复合桥墩桥梁及高强钢筋ECC-RC复合桥墩桥梁非线性有限元模型,采用增量动力法和"能力需求比"分析方法建立桥梁各构件及系统的地震易损性曲线,探讨高强钢筋及ECC对桥梁抗震性能的影响。研究表明:ECC-RC、高强钢筋ECC-RC复合桥墩及其桥梁系统的地震易损性均有改善,且高强钢筋ECC的改善效果更显著,高强钢筋ECC-RC复合桥墩支座的地震易损性有所降低,高强钢筋及ECC的应用有助于提高桥墩和桥梁系统抗震性能和安全性,特别是在中震及大震作用下这一现象更加明显。     

双向单排配筋剪力墙节点抗震性能试验研究

双向单排配筋剪力墙结构适用于多层住宅结构。为了研究不同构造及不同连梁剪跨比的节点抗震性能,进行了5个连梁与墙肢节点的低周反复荷载试验。较系统地分析了其承载力、刚度及其退化过程、延性、耗能、破坏机制和破坏特征等。试验表明,经过合理设计,这种双向单排配筋剪力墙节点可以满足抗震要求。     

Effect of seismic design details on hysteresis performance of SRC-RC transfer columns

Four types of seismic design details were tested using 11 transfer column specimens and one comparison specimen of RC under low cyclic reversed loading. Test results show that diagonal cracks control the failure pattern and damage occurs mainly in the RC section with weak shear capacity in the transfer columns. There is a large difference in the bearing capacity and ductility of the transfer columns according to the test results, which indicates that the strengthening effect of diverse structural measures is quite different. The section ratio of I-section-encased steel and the axial compression ratio also have a great influence on the bearing capacity and ductility. Although the bearing capacity of transfer columns with additional longitudinal bars and additional X bars is relatively large, they have poor deformation capacity. Setting more stirrups along the columns is the best structural measure to enhance the seismic performance. The studs on the I-sectionencased steel by welding can help to complete the stress transfer between the steel and concrete, and avoid performance degradation of the two materials due to bonding failure.     

Detection of model voids by identifying reverberation phenomena in GPR records

In order to improve the reliability of the ground penetrating radar (GPR) method in identifying subsurface sinkholes and karst cavities, laboratory investigations have been performed. The main objective of this work was to examine the relationship between horizontal/vertical voids dimensions and wavelengths of various antennas, and the corresponding GPR responses. Emphasis was given to the investigation of the factors that cause the appearance of reverberation phenomena in the signal pattern.The tests were conducted in 5 m × 10 m area by 2-m-deep trench filled with homogenous, dry sand. The voids models (empty fiberglass cylinders in diameters of 0.6 m, 1.0 m, 1.5 m and 2.4 m, with various heights) were buried vertically with their tops at depths of between 0.7 and 1.5 m. Investigations were performed for the various model conditions by towing 500, 300 and 100 MHz antennas along a pre-established grid, for the various model conditions.The GPR data collected using the 500 MHz bistatic antenna above the 1.0-m- and the 1.5-m-diameter cylinders, and using the 300 MHz bistatic antenna above the 1.5-m-diameter cylinder, confirmed the presence of a reverberation phenomenon, i.e. a strong convex signal pattern, containing a series of high amplitude extending oscillations with reduced frequency.Based on past practical GPR experience of void detection and presently obtained experimental data, two rules of thumbs may be adopted for the prediction of the appearance of resonant radar pictures:

1. The void diameter larger than the wavelength in air of the antenna used.

2. The vertical size of the empty void not significantly smaller than its horizontal dimension.

The strong reverberations generated by the inner surface of the void targets were found to approximate standing waves generated in cylindrical waveguides and waveguide resonators. The theoretical, experimental and practical results obtained concur.     

基于Pade逼近的Cole-Cole频散介质GPR有限元正演

针对Cole-Cole频散介质中的复介电常数是jω的分数次幂函数,传统的时域有限元法难以离散及计算时间域分数阶导数,本文采用Pade逼近算法将含有时间分数阶导数的Cole-Cole频散介质电磁波方程推导为一组整数阶辅助微分方程,提出了一种适用于Cole-Cole频散介质的GPR有限元正演模拟算法.在复数伸展坐标系下,通过在频率域Cole-Cole频散介质电磁波方程中引入2个中间变量,并将其变换到时间域,从而以变分形式将PML边界条件加载到Cole-Cole频散介质GPR有限元方程组中,并给出了详细的求解公式.在此基础上,编制了基于Pade逼近的Cole-Cole频散介质GPR有限元正演程序,利用该程序对均匀模型进行计算,并与解析解进行对比,验证了本文构建的GPR有限元正演算法的正确性和有效性.设计了一个复杂Cole-Cole频散介质GPR模型,利用本文构建的GPR有限元正演算法进行模拟并与非频散介质模型的模拟结果进行对比,分析了电磁波在Cole-Cole频散介质中传播衰减增强、子波延伸,分辨率降低等传播规律,有助于实测雷达资料更可靠、更准确的解释.模拟结果表明,基于Pade逼近的GPR有限元正演算法可用于复杂Cole-Cole频散介质结构模拟,且具有较高的计算精度.